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ἄνθρωπος: Difference between revisions
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==Wiktionary EN== | ==Wiktionary EN== | ||
First attested in Hellenic as Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀵𐀫𐀦 (a-to-ro-qo), of uncertain origin. Scholars used to consider it to be a compound from ἀνήρ (anḗr, “man”) and ὤψ (ṓps, “face, appearance, look”): thus, "he who looks like a man". However, a δ (d) would be expected to develop by epenthesis, as in the genitive ἀνδρός (andrós), yielding *ἀνδρωπος (*andrōpos). Rosén defends this etymology, positing that the original laryngeal *h₃ in the root for ὤψ (ṓps) (from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ókʷs) changed the δ to its aspirated counterpart θ even across the intervening ρ. Beekes argues that since no convincing Indo-European etymology has been found, the word is probably of Pre-Greek origin; he connects the word with the word δρώψ (drṓps, “man”). According to Beekes (2009:xxix), "Shift of aspiration is found in some cases: θριγκός / τριγχός, ἀθραγένη / ἀνδράχνη". Garnier proposes a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥dʰéreh₃kʷós (“that which is below”) (from *n̥dʰér + -h₃kʷ-o-), hence "earthly, human". | First attested in Hellenic as Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀵𐀫𐀦 (a-to-ro-qo), of uncertain origin. Scholars used to consider it to be a compound from ἀνήρ (anḗr, “man”) and ὤψ (ṓps, “face, appearance, look”): thus, "he who looks like a man". However, a δ (d) would be expected to develop by epenthesis, as in the genitive ἀνδρός (andrós), yielding *ἀνδρωπος (*andrōpos). Rosén defends this etymology, positing that the original laryngeal *h₃ in the root for ὤψ (ṓps) (from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ókʷs) changed the δ to its aspirated counterpart θ even across the intervening ρ. Beekes argues that since no convincing Indo-European etymology has been found, the word is probably of Pre-Greek origin; he connects the word with the word δρώψ (drṓps, “man”). According to Beekes (2009:xxix), "Shift of aspiration is found in some cases: θριγκός / τριγχός, ἀθραγένη / ἀνδράχνη". Garnier proposes a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥dʰéreh₃kʷós (“that which is below”) (from *n̥dʰér + -h₃kʷ-o-), hence "earthly, human". | ||
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Abkhaz: ауаҩы; Achuar: aishmang; Afrikaans: mens; Ahom: 𑜀𑜤𑜃𑜫; Ainu: アイヌ; Aja: i'i; Albanian: njeri; Aleut: tayaĝux̂; Amharic: የሰው ልጅ, ሰው; Apache Western Apache: ndeeń; Arabic: إِنْسَان, نَاس, بَشَر, إِنْس; Egyptian Arabic: إنسان, بنيآدم; Hijazi Arabic: إنسان, بني آدم; Moroccan Arabic: إنسان, بنادم; Aragonese: homo, umano; Aramaic Hebrew: אנשא; Syriac: ܐܢܫܐ; Armenian: մարդ; Aromanian: om; Assamese: মানুহ; Asturian: home, humanu, ser humanu; Atikamekw: iriniw; Avar: чи, гӏадан, инсан; Azerbaijani: insan, adam, kişi; Bashkir: кеше, әҙәм, бәндә; Basque: gizon, gizaki; Belarusian: чалаве́к, лю́дзі; Bengali: মানুষ, মানব, ইনসান; Berber Kabyle: amdan; Tashelhit: afgan, bnadm; Bilua: maba; Bislama: man; Bouyei: wenz; Bulgarian: чове́к, хо́ра, лю́де; Burmese: လူ, မနုဿ, လူသား, ပုဂ္ဂိုလ်, လူ; Buryat: хүн; Catalan: home, humà, ésser humà; Catawba: ye; Central Melanau: tenawan; Chechen: адам; Cherokee: ᏴᏫ; Chichewa: munthu; Chinese Cantonese: 人, 人類, 人类; Dungan: жын; Hakka: 人類, 人类; Mandarin: 人, 人類, 人类; Min Bei: 人; Min Dong: 儂, 侬, 人, 人類, 人类; Min Nan: 儂, 侬; Wu: 人類, 人类; Chukchi: о’равэтԓьан; Chuvash: ҫын, этем, тӑнлӑ ҫын; Coptic: ⲣⲱⲙⲉ; Crimean Tatar: adam, insan; Czech: člověk, lidská bytost; Dalmatian: jomno; Danish: menneske; Darkinjung: kuri; Dhivehi: އިންސާނުން; Dutch: mens; Eastern Mari: айдеме, еҥ; Egyptian:; r; T A1;; Emilian: òmen; Erzya: ломань; Esperanto: homo; Estonian: inimene; Evenki: иле), бэе; Ewe: ame, amegbetɔ; Faroese: menniskja, fólk, maður; Finnish: ihminen; Franco-Provençal: homo, étre humen, humen; French: homme, être humain, humain; Friulian: om, omp; Galician: home, humano, ser humano; Georgian: კაცი, ადამიანი; German: Mensch; menschliches Wesen; Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰; Greek: άνθρωπος, ανθρώπινο ον; Ancient Greek: ἄνθρωπος; Guaraní: ava; Gujarati: પુરુષ, મનુષ્ય; Haitian Creole: moun; Hausa: mutun; Hawaiian: kanaka; Hebrew: בֶּן אָדָם, אָדָם; Hiligaynon: tawo; Hindi: मनुष्य, मानव, इंसान, लोग, आदमी, आदम, जन, बशर, व्यक्ति, मानस, मानुस, मानुष; Hungarian: ember; Hunsrik: Mensch; Iban: mensia; Icelandic: manneskja, maður; Ido: homo; Indonesian: orang, manusia, insan; Interlingua: homine, esser human; Inuktitut: ᐃᓄᒃ; Irish: duine; Old Irish: duine; Isubu: motu; Italian: uomo, umano, essere umano; Japanese: 人, 人間, 人類; Javanese: ꦮꦺꦴꦁ, ꦠꦶꦪꦁ, ꦩꦤꦸꦁꦱ; Kaingang: ũn gré; Kalmyk: күн; Kannada: ಮಾನವ; Karachay-Balkar: адам, киши; Karelian: ihmini; Kashmiri: اِنسان; Kashubian: χlʉ̀ɵ̯p, człowiek; Kazakh: адам, кісі; Khmer: មនុស្ស, ជគត, ជន, នរ; Kikuyu: mũndũ Komi-Permyak: морт; Konkani: मनिषु; Korean: 사람, 인류); Kurdish Central Kurdish: مرۆڤ, مردۆڤ; Northern Kurdish: mirov, insan, mirov; Kyrgyz: киши, адам; Lakota: wičháša; Lao: ມະນຸດ, ຄົນ; Latgalian: cylvāks; Latin: homō; Latvian: cilvēks; Lezgi: инсан, кас; Lingala: moto; Lithuanian: žmogus, žmonės; Low German German Low German: Minsch, Mensch; Luganda: omuntu; Luxembourgish: Mënsch; Lü: ᦅᦳᧃ; Macedonian: човек, луѓе; Maguindanao: taw; Malagasy: olombelona; Malay: orang, manusia, insan; Malayalam: മനുഷ്യൻ; Maltese: bniedem, uman; Manchu: ᠨᡳᠶ᠋ᠠᠯᠮᠠ; Maori: tangata; Mapudungun: che; Maranao: taw; Marathi: मानव, माणूस; Maricopa: 'iipaa; Mirandese: persona, pessona, houmano; Moksha: ломанць; Mongolian Cyrillic: хүн; Uyghurjin: ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ; Mòcheno: mènsch, mènsch; Nahuatl Central: tlacatl; Central Huasteca: tlakatl; Classical: tlacatl; Nanai: най; Navajo: diné, bílaʼashdlaʼii; Neapolitan: perzona; Nepali: मानव, मान्छे; Nogai: аьдем; North Frisian: mansche, mensk, karmen,an; Northern Thai: ᨤᩫ᩠ᨶ; Norwegian Bokmål: menneske, mann; Nynorsk: menneske; Old Church Slavonic Cyrillic: чловѣкъ; Glagolitic: ⱍⰾⱁⰲⱑⰽⱏ; Old East Slavic: человѣкъ; Old English: mann; Old Javanese: wwang; Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰃𐰾𐰃; Oriya: ମଣିଷ; Orok: нари; Ossetian: адӕймаг; Pali Devanagari: नर; Latin: nara, manussa; Thai: นะระ, มะนุสสะ; Papiamentu: hende; Pashto: انسان, بشري, آدم; Persian: انسان, آدم, آدمی, خاکزاد, مردم, مشیه, دوپای, بشر; Pipil: takat, tacat; Pitjantjatjara: wati; Plautdietsch: Mensch; Polabian: clåvăk; Polish: człowiek pers, ludzie, istota ludzka; Portuguese: homem, ser humano, humano; Punjabi: ਮਨੁੱਖ; Quechua: runa; Rapa Nui: tangata; Rohingya: manúic; Romani: manuś, murś; Romanian: om; Romansch: uman; Russian: челове́к, лю́ди; Rusyn: чолові́к; Samoan: tagata; Sanskrit: मनुष्य, मानव, नृ, नर, जन; Sardinian: òmine; Scots: bodie, human; Scottish Gaelic: duine; Seimat: tel; Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: човек, човјек, чо̏вјек, људи; Roman: čovek, čovjek, ljudi; Shan: ၵူၼ်း; Silesian: czowjek; Sindhi: آدِمي; Sinhalese: මිනිසා; Slovak: človek, ľudia, ľudská bytosť; Slovene: človek anim, ljudje; Somali: dad, aadame; Sorbian Lower Sorbian: cłowjek, luź; Upper Sorbian: čłowjek; Southern Sierra Miwok: naŋŋaʔ; Spanish: hombre, humano, ser humano; Sundanese: manusa; Swahili: binadamu; Swedish: människa, människa, mänska; Sylheti: ꠝꠣꠘꠥ, ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡ, ꠝꠣꠘ; Tagalog: tao; Tai Nüa: ᥐᥨᥢᥰ; Tajik: инсон, одам, башар; Tamil: மனிதன், மனிதர்; Tatar: инсан, кеше, адәм; Telugu: మనిషి, మగవాడు; Thai: มนุษย์, คน, ชาว; Tibetan: འགྲོ་བ་མི, མི; Tocharian B: śaumo; Tok Pisin: man, wanpela manmeri; Tongan: tangata; Turkish: insan, kişi, adam, beşer; Turkmen: ynsan, ynsaan, adam, kişi; Tuvaluan: tagata; Udmurt: адями, мурт; Ukrainian: люди́на, лю́ди, чолові́к; Urdu: انسان, آدمی, منشیہ, لوگ; Uyghur: ئىنسان, ئادەم; Uzbek: inson, odam, kishi, bashar; Venetian: òm, òmo; Veps: ristit; Vietnamese: người, con người, loài người; Vilamovian: menś; Volapük: men; Votic: injehmiin; Vurës: atm̄ēn; Wallisian: tagata; Walloon: djin, ome; Wauja: enoja; Welsh: dyn; West Frisian: minske; Winnebago: wąk; Wolof: nit; Xhosa: umntu; Yakut: киһи; Yiddish: מענטש, מענטשנקינד; Yoruba: ènìyàn; Yucatec Maya: wíinik; Zazaki: insan, merdım; Zealandic: mense; Zhuang: vunz; Zulu: umuntu; Zuojiang Zhuang: koenz | |trtx=Abkhaz: ауаҩы; Achuar: aishmang; Afrikaans: mens; Ahom: 𑜀𑜤𑜃𑜫; Ainu: アイヌ; Aja: i'i; Albanian: njeri; Aleut: tayaĝux̂; Amharic: የሰው ልጅ, ሰው; Apache Western Apache: ndeeń; Arabic: إِنْسَان, نَاس, بَشَر, إِنْس; Egyptian Arabic: إنسان, بنيآدم; Hijazi Arabic: إنسان, بني آدم; Moroccan Arabic: إنسان, بنادم; Aragonese: homo, umano; Aramaic Hebrew: אנשא; Syriac: ܐܢܫܐ; Armenian: մարդ; Aromanian: om; Assamese: মানুহ; Asturian: home, humanu, ser humanu; Atikamekw: iriniw; Avar: чи, гӏадан, инсан; Azerbaijani: insan, adam, kişi; Bashkir: кеше, әҙәм, бәндә; Basque: gizon, gizaki; Belarusian: чалаве́к, лю́дзі; Bengali: মানুষ, মানব, ইনসান; Berber Kabyle: amdan; Tashelhit: afgan, bnadm; Bilua: maba; Bislama: man; Bouyei: wenz; Bulgarian: чове́к, хо́ра, лю́де; Burmese: လူ, မနုဿ, လူသား, ပုဂ္ဂိုလ်, လူ; Buryat: хүн; Catalan: home, humà, ésser humà; Catawba: ye; Central Melanau: tenawan; Chechen: адам; Cherokee: ᏴᏫ; Chichewa: munthu; Chinese Cantonese: 人, 人類, 人类; Dungan: жын; Hakka: 人類, 人类; Mandarin: 人, 人類, 人类; Min Bei: 人; Min Dong: 儂, 侬, 人, 人類, 人类; Min Nan: 儂, 侬; Wu: 人類, 人类; Chukchi: о’равэтԓьан; Chuvash: ҫын, этем, тӑнлӑ ҫын; Coptic: ⲣⲱⲙⲉ; Crimean Tatar: adam, insan; Czech: člověk, lidská bytost; Dalmatian: jomno; Danish: menneske; Darkinjung: kuri; Dhivehi: އިންސާނުން; Dutch: mens; Eastern Mari: айдеме, еҥ; Egyptian:; r; T A1;; Emilian: òmen; Erzya: ломань; Esperanto: homo; Estonian: inimene; Evenki: иле), бэе; Ewe: ame, amegbetɔ; Faroese: menniskja, fólk, maður; Finnish: ihminen; Franco-Provençal: homo, étre humen, humen; French: homme, être humain, humain; Friulian: om, omp; Galician: home, humano, ser humano; Georgian: კაცი, ადამიანი; German: Mensch; menschliches Wesen; Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰; Greek: άνθρωπος, ανθρώπινο ον; Ancient Greek: ἄνθρωπος; Guaraní: ava; Gujarati: પુરુષ, મનુષ્ય; Haitian Creole: moun; Hausa: mutun; Hawaiian: kanaka; Hebrew: בֶּן אָדָם, אָדָם; Hiligaynon: tawo; Hindi: मनुष्य, मानव, इंसान, लोग, आदमी, आदम, जन, बशर, व्यक्ति, मानस, मानुस, मानुष; Hungarian: ember; Hunsrik: Mensch; Iban: mensia; Icelandic: manneskja, maður; Ido: homo; Indonesian: orang, manusia, insan; Interlingua: homine, esser human; Inuktitut: ᐃᓄᒃ; Irish: duine; Old Irish: duine; Isubu: motu; Italian: uomo, umano, essere umano; Japanese: 人, 人間, 人類; Javanese: ꦮꦺꦴꦁ, ꦠꦶꦪꦁ, ꦩꦤꦸꦁꦱ; Kaingang: ũn gré; Kalmyk: күн; Kannada: ಮಾನವ; Karachay-Balkar: адам, киши; Karelian: ihmini; Kashmiri: اِنسان; Kashubian: χlʉ̀ɵ̯p, człowiek; Kazakh: адам, кісі; Khmer: មនុស្ស, ជគត, ជន, នរ; Kikuyu: mũndũ Komi-Permyak: морт; Konkani: मनिषु; Korean: 사람, 인류); Kurdish Central Kurdish: مرۆڤ, مردۆڤ; Northern Kurdish: mirov, insan, mirov; Kyrgyz: киши, адам; Lakota: wičháša; Lao: ມະນຸດ, ຄົນ; Latgalian: cylvāks; Latin: homō; Latvian: cilvēks; Lezgi: инсан, кас; Lingala: moto; Lithuanian: žmogus, žmonės; Low German German Low German: Minsch, Mensch; Luganda: omuntu; Luxembourgish: Mënsch; Lü: ᦅᦳᧃ; Macedonian: човек, луѓе; Maguindanao: taw; Malagasy: olombelona; Malay: orang, manusia, insan; Malayalam: മനുഷ്യൻ; Maltese: bniedem, uman; Manchu: ᠨᡳᠶ᠋ᠠᠯᠮᠠ; Maori: tangata; Mapudungun: che; Maranao: taw; Marathi: मानव, माणूस; Maricopa: 'iipaa; Mirandese: persona, pessona, houmano; Moksha: ломанць; Mongolian Cyrillic: хүн; Uyghurjin: ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ; Mòcheno: mènsch, mènsch; Nahuatl Central: tlacatl; Central Huasteca: tlakatl; Classical: tlacatl; Nanai: най; Navajo: diné, bílaʼashdlaʼii; Neapolitan: perzona; Nepali: मानव, मान्छे; Nogai: аьдем; North Frisian: mansche, mensk, karmen,an; Northern Thai: ᨤᩫ᩠ᨶ; Norwegian Bokmål: menneske, mann; Nynorsk: menneske; Old Church Slavonic Cyrillic: чловѣкъ; Glagolitic: ⱍⰾⱁⰲⱑⰽⱏ; Old East Slavic: человѣкъ; Old English: mann; Old Javanese: wwang; Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰃𐰾𐰃; Oriya: ମଣିଷ; Orok: нари; Ossetian: адӕймаг; Pali Devanagari: नर; Latin: nara, manussa; Thai: นะระ, มะนุสสะ; Papiamentu: hende; Pashto: انسان, بشري, آدم; Persian: انسان, آدم, آدمی, خاکزاد, مردم, مشیه, دوپای, بشر; Pipil: takat, tacat; Pitjantjatjara: wati; Plautdietsch: Mensch; Polabian: clåvăk; Polish: człowiek pers, ludzie, istota ludzka; Portuguese: homem, ser humano, humano; Punjabi: ਮਨੁੱਖ; Quechua: runa; Rapa Nui: tangata; Rohingya: manúic; Romani: manuś, murś; Romanian: om; Romansch: uman; Russian: челове́к, лю́ди; Rusyn: чолові́к; Samoan: tagata; Sanskrit: मनुष्य, मानव, नृ, नर, जन; Sardinian: òmine; Scots: bodie, human; Scottish Gaelic: duine; Seimat: tel; Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: човек, човјек, чо̏вјек, људи; Roman: čovek, čovjek, ljudi; Shan: ၵူၼ်း; Silesian: czowjek; Sindhi: آدِمي; Sinhalese: මිනිසා; Slovak: človek, ľudia, ľudská bytosť; Slovene: človek anim, ljudje; Somali: dad, aadame; Sorbian Lower Sorbian: cłowjek, luź; Upper Sorbian: čłowjek; Southern Sierra Miwok: naŋŋaʔ; Spanish: hombre, humano, ser humano; Sundanese: manusa; Swahili: binadamu; Swedish: människa, människa, mänska; Sylheti: ꠝꠣꠘꠥ, ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡ, ꠝꠣꠘ; Tagalog: tao; Tai Nüa: ᥐᥨᥢᥰ; Tajik: инсон, одам, башар; Tamil: மனிதன், மனிதர்; Tatar: инсан, кеше, адәм; Telugu: మనిషి, మగవాడు; Thai: มนุษย์, คน, ชาว; Tibetan: འགྲོ་བ་མི, མི; Tocharian B: śaumo; Tok Pisin: man, wanpela manmeri; Tongan: tangata; Turkish: insan, kişi, adam, beşer; Turkmen: ynsan, ynsaan, adam, kişi; Tuvaluan: tagata; Udmurt: адями, мурт; Ukrainian: люди́на, лю́ди, чолові́к; Urdu: انسان, آدمی, منشیہ, لوگ; Uyghur: ئىنسان, ئادەم; Uzbek: inson, odam, kishi, bashar; Venetian: òm, òmo; Veps: ristit; Vietnamese: người, con người, loài người; Vilamovian: menś; Volapük: men; Votic: injehmiin; Vurës: atm̄ēn; Wallisian: tagata; Walloon: djin, ome; Wauja: enoja; Welsh: dyn; West Frisian: minske; Winnebago: wąk; Wolof: nit; Xhosa: umntu; Yakut: киһи; Yiddish: מענטש, מענטשנקינד; Yoruba: ènìyàn; Yucatec Maya: wíinik; Zazaki: insan, merdım; Zealandic: mense; Zhuang: vunz; Zulu: umuntu; Zuojiang Zhuang: koenz | ||
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