καλός: Difference between revisions

|Definition=ή, όν, Aeol. [[κάλος]] (v. infr.), α, ον, Boeot. [[καλϝός]] <span class="title">Schwyzer</span> 538 (vi B. C.):—<span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> [[beautiful]], of outward form, freq. of persons, [[κάλλιστος]] ἀνὴρ ὑπὸ Ἴλιον ἦλθεν <span class="bibl">Il.2.673</span>: in Hom. usually in the phrase καλὸς τε μέγας τε <span class="bibl">Il.21.108</span>, al.; <b class="b3">μέγας καὶ καλός</b> <span class="bibl">Od.9.513</span>; καλή τε μεγάλη τε <span class="bibl">13.289</span>, <span class="bibl">15.418</span>; <b class="b3">καλὸς δέμας</b> [[beautiful]] of [[form]], <span class="bibl">17.307</span>; κ. ἰδέᾳ <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>10</span> (''ΙΙ'').<span class="bibl">103</span>; εἶδος [[κάλλιστος]] <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>1.2.1</span>; κ. τὸ [[σῶμα]] <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Mem.</span>2.6.30</span>; τὰς ὄψεις <span class="bibl">Theopomp.Hist.195</span>; <b class="b3">Χορῷ καλή</b> [[beauteous]] in the [[dance]], <span class="bibl">Il. 16.180</span>: c. inf., καλλίονες καὶ μείζονες εἰσοράασθαι <span class="bibl">Od.10.396</span>; <b class="b3">ἐσορᾶν κ</b>. <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>8.19</span>: freq. of parts of the body, [[fair]], [[shapely]], <b class="b3">κ. πρόσωπα, ὅμματα, παρήϊα, σφυρά</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.19.285</span>, <span class="bibl">23.66</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.19.208</span>, <span class="bibl">Il.4.147</span>; Χρώς <span class="bibl">5.354</span>, al.; of clothes, <b class="b3">εἵματα, φάρεα, Χιτών, Χλαῖνα, πέδιλα</b>, <span class="bibl">Od.6.111</span>, <span class="bibl">24.277</span>, <span class="bibl">Il.2.43</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.10.365</span>, <span class="bibl">1.96</span>; [[πέπλος]] κάλλιστος ποικίλμασιν ἠδὲ μέγιστος <span class="bibl">Il.6.294</span>; of arms and [[armour]], κνημῖδες, [[ἀσπίς]], [[σάκος]], [[κόρυς]], φάσγανα, ἔντεα, <span class="bibl">3.331</span>, <span class="bibl">11.33</span>, <span class="bibl">22.314</span>, <span class="bibl">18.612</span>, <span class="bibl">15.713</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.19.18</span>; of buildings, manufactured articles, etc., αὐλὴ κ. τε μεγάλη τε <span class="bibl">14.7</span>; <b class="b3">κ. δώματα, τεῖχος, πόλιες</b>, <span class="bibl">3.387</span>, <span class="bibl">Il.21.447</span>, <span class="bibl">18.491</span>; [[ἄμαξα]], [[τράπεζα]], [[θρόνος]], <span class="bibl">24.267</span>, <span class="bibl">11.629</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.1.131</span>; also [[τέμενος]], [[ἀγρός]], <span class="bibl">Il.12.314</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.24.206</span>; so after Hom., Λύδιον κ. ἔργον Sapph.19, etc.; <b class="b3">ἐέρσα κ</b>. ead.<span class="bibl"><span class="title">Supp.</span>25.12</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> in Att. added to a name in token of love or [[admiration]], as [[Ἀρίσημος]] κ. <span class="title">IG</span>12.921, etc.; <b class="b3">ἐν τοῖσι τοίχοις ἔγραφ' Ἀθηναῖοι καλοί</b>" <span class="bibl">Ar. <span class="title">Ach.</span>144</span>, cf.<span class="bibl"><span class="title">V.</span>98</span>; [[Ἀλκιβιάδης]] ὁ καλός, Σαπφὼ ἡ καλή, Pl.<span class="title">Alc.</span>1.113b, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Phdr.</span>235c</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> <b class="b3">ἡ Καλή</b> or [[Καλλίστη]], as [[epithet]], <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>140</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl">Paus. 1.29.2</span>, <span class="title">CIG</span>4445 (Beroea). </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">c</span> [[Καλοί]], [[οἱ]], divinities worshipped in childbirth, <span class="title">IG</span>5(1).1445 (Messene, ii B. C.). </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> <b class="b3">τὸ καλόν</b> [[beauty]], Sapph.79, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">IA</span>21</span> (anap.), etc.; [[τὰ καλά]] = the [[propriety|proprieties]] or [[elegance|elegancies]] of [[life]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.8</span>, <span class="bibl">207</span>; ἁπάντων καλῶν ἄμμορος <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>1.84</span>; αἱ τέχναι ἃς πηγάς φασι τῶν κ. εἶναι <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>7.2.13</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> with ref. to use, [[good]], [[of fine quality]], κ. λιμήν <span class="bibl">Od.6.263</span>; <b class="b3">Βορέῃ ἀνέμῳ… καλῷ</b> [[fair]], <span class="bibl">14.253</span>, <span class="bibl">299</span>; <b class="b3">κ. ἀργύριον</b>, opp. [[κίβδηλον]], [[genuine]] silver, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>3.1.9</span>; opp. [[ἀποτετριμμένον]], [[good]] [[silver]] [[currency]], <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PCair.Zen.</span>21.33</span> (iii B. C.); ἐλαῖαι <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PHib.</span> 1.49.12</span> (iii B. C.); γῆ <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Luc.</span>8.15</span>; κ. [[οἶνος]] <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PFay.</span>133.8</span> (iv A. D.); στρατόπεδον κάλλιστον <span class="bibl">Th.5.60</span>; ἀνταπεδώκατε πονηρὰ ἀντὶ καλῶν <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Ge.</span> 44.4</span>; κ. ἐς στρατιάν <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>3.3.6</span>; πρός τι <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Hp.Ma.</span>295c</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Grg.</span>474d</span>, etc.: c. inf., [[λόφος]] [[κάλλιστος]] τρέχειν <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>4.8.26</span>; <b class="b3">ἐν καλῷ</b> ([[τόπῳ]]) in a [[good]] place, [[καθίζεσθαι]], [[ὁρμεῖν]], <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Th.</span>292</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>2.1.25</span>; <b class="b3">ἐν καλῷ μὲν τοῦ κόλπου καὶ τῶν πόλεων, ἐν κ. δὲ τοῦ τὴν Χώραν βλάπτειν</b>, ib.<span class="bibl">6.2.9</span>; [[ἐν καλῷ]] = [[under]] [[favourable]] [[circumstance]]s, <span class="bibl">Th.5.59.60</span>; <b class="b3">ἐν κ</b>. (sc. [[χρόνῳ]]) in [[good]] [[time]], in [[season]], <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">IA</span>1106</span>; <b class="b3">ἐν οὐ κ</b>. <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Or.</span>579</span>; <b class="b3">ἐν καλῷ</b> ([[ἐστι]]) c. inf., <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>384</span> (so <b class="b3">καλόν ἐστι</b> c. inf., <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1155</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pax</span> 278</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.8.2</span>); ἐς καλόν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>78</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Men.</span>89e</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Smp.</span>174e</span>; <b class="b3">τί γὰρ ἐμοὶ ζῆν καλόν</b>; what is the [[good]] of [[life]] to me? <span class="bibl">Ph.2.594</span>; [[καλῇ πίστει]] = Lat. [[bona fide]], PTeb.418.14 (iii A. D.). </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> of sacrifices, [[auspicious]], σφάγια <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>379</span>; οἰωνοί <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ion</span>1333</span>; ἱερά <span class="bibl">Th.4.92</span>; τὸ τέλος κ. τῆς ἐξόδου <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>5.2.9</span>; κ. τὰ ἱερὰ ἦν αὐτῷ <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>3.2.3</span>: c. inf., ἰέναι… κ. ἡμῖν τὰ ἱερὰ ἦν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">An.</span>2.2.3</span>: Com., <b class="b3">τὰ τῆς πυγῆς κ</b>. (for <b class="b3">τοῦ θεοῦ</b>) <span class="bibl">Ar. <span class="title">Pax</span>868</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">III</span> in a moral sense, [[beautiful]], [[noble]], [[honourable]], in Hom. only in neut., οὐ καλὸν ἔειπες <span class="bibl">Od.8.166</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">17.381</span>; μεῖζον κλέος… καὶ κάλλιον <span class="bibl">18.255</span>; freq. [[καλόν]] ([[ἐστι]]) c. inf., κ. τοι σὺν ἐμοὶ τὸν κήδειν ὅς κ' ἐμὲ κήδῃ <span class="bibl">Il.9.615</span>; <b class="b3">οὐ γὰρ ἔμοιγε κ</b>. (sc. [[ἄρχειν]]) <span class="bibl">21.440</span>; οὐ κ. [[ἀτέμβειν]] οὐδὲ δίκαιον <span class="bibl">Od.20.294</span>; so in Trag., καλόν μοι τοῦτο ποιούσῃ θανεῖν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>72</span>, etc.; μάθετε καλὸν ποιεῖν <span class="bibl">LXX<span class="title">Is.</span>1.17</span>: Comp., οὐ μέν τοι τόδε κάλλιον οὐδὲ ἔοικε <span class="bibl">Od.7.159</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Il.24.52</span>; after Hom. freq. of actions, etc., κάλων κἄσλων <span class="bibl">Sapph.<span class="title">Supp.</span>2.4</span> (unless of persons here); καλὰ [[ἔργμα]]τα = [[noble]] [[deed]]s, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">I.</span>4(3).42</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>839</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">ἀναστροφὴ κ</b>. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">1 Ep.Pet.</span>2.12</span>: in plural, [[excellence]]s, πλῆθος καλῶν <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>13.45</span>; πολλῶν καλῶν δεῖ τῷ καλόν τι μωμένῳ <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>938</span>; <b class="b3">τὰ τοῦ παιδὸς κ</b>. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Smp.</span>8.17</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> [[τὸ καλόν]] = [[moral beauty]], [[virtue]], [[honour]], opp. <b class="b3">τὸ αἰσχρόν</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Mem.</span>1.1.16</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Smp.</span>183d</span>, etc.; ὅττι καλόν, φίλον ἐστί, τὸ δ' οὐ καλὸν οὐ φίλον ἐστίν <span class="bibl">Thgn.17</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ba.</span>881</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Ly.</span>216c</span>; οὐ ταὐτὸν ἡγῇ σύ, ὡς ἔοικας, κ. τε καὶ ἀγαθὸν καὶ κακὸν καὶ αἰσχρόν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Grg.</span>474d</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Smp.</span>201e</span>; <b class="b3">τοὐμὸν κ</b>. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Supp.</span>300</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> of persons, in early writers coupled with [[ἀγαθός]], v. [[καλοκἀγαθός]]; later κ. ποιμήν <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Jo.</span>10.11</span>; κ. [[στρατιώτης]] ''2 Ep.Tim''. <span class="bibl">2.3</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">IV</span> in Att. and Trag. freq. ironically, [[fine]], [[specious]], <b class="b3">γέρας κ</b>. <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Eu.</span>209</span>; κ. γὰρ οὑμὸς [[βίοτος]] ὥστε θαυμάσαι <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>393</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ba.</span>652</span>; κ. Χάρις <span class="bibl">D.9.65</span>; κ. ὕβριν ὑβρισμένοι <span class="bibl">Id.23.121</span>; καί σοι… θωπεῦσαι καλόν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span> 1003</span>; μετ' ὀνομάτων καλῶν <span class="bibl">Th.5.89</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">B</span> Degrees of Comp.: Comp. [[καλλίων]], ον, <span class="bibl">Il.24.52</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.10.396</span>, etc.: neut. [[κάλιον]] [ᾰ] <span class="bibl">Alc.134</span>: Sup. [[κάλλιστος]], [[καλλίστη]], [[κάλλιστον]], <span class="bibl">Il.20.233</span>, etc.; late [[καλλιώτερος]] or [[καλλιότερος]], <span class="bibl"><span class="title">POxy.</span>1672.6</span> (i A. D.), Sch.<span class="bibl">E. <span class="title">Tr.</span>966</span>; also καλώτερος <span class="bibl">Hdn.<span class="title">Epim.</span>69</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">C</span> Adv.:—Poets freq. use neut. [[καλόν]] as adverb, κ. [[ἀείδειν]] <span class="bibl">Il.18.570</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.1.155</span>; καλά <span class="bibl">Il.6.326</span>; later <b class="b3">τὸ κ</b>. <span class="bibl">Theoc.3.3</span>, <span class="bibl">18</span>, <span class="bibl">Call.<span class="title">Epigr.</span>53</span>, <span class="bibl">Herod.1.54</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> regul. Adv. [[καλῶς]] (Dor. [[καλώς]] <span class="bibl">Sophr.22</span>), [[well]], [[rightly]], οὐδ' ἔτι κ. [[οἶκος]] ἐμὸς διόλωλε <span class="bibl">Od.2.64</span>; [[καλῶς]] [[ζῆν]], [[καλῶς]] [[τεθνηκέναι]], etc., <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>479</span>, etc.; [[καλῶς]] [[φρονεῖν]] = to be in one's [[right]] [[mind]], <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Fr.</span>836</span>; οὐ κ. ταρβεῖς <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Tr.</span>457</span>; [[καλῶς]] [[ἀγωνιεῖσθαι]] = [[fairly]], on the [[merit]]s of the [[case]], <span class="bibl">Lys.13.88</span>; <b class="b3">Χρήματα δατῆθθαι κ</b>. <span class="title">Leg.Gort.</span>4.39; κ. εἰρημένα <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span> 576.6</span>; κάλλιον λέγεις <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span>161b</span>; κάλλιστ' ἂν εἴποι <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>1172</span>: freq. in phrase <b class="b3">καλῶς καὶ εὖ, καλῶς τε καὶ εὖ</b>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Prt.</span>319e</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Prm.</span>128b</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> of good [[fortune]], [[well]], [[happily]], [[καλῶς]] [[πράσσειν]] = [[εὖ]] [[πράσσειν]], <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span> 979</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>271</span>; [[καλῶς]] καὶ [[εὖ]] [[πράττειν]] <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Chrm.</span>172a</span>; [[καλῶς]] [[ἔχειν]] = to be [[well]], <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>799</span>, etc.; κ. ἔχει σοι <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ach.</span>946</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>816</span>; [[καλῶς]] [[ἔχει]] c. inf., 'tis [[well]] to... <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>3.11.1</span>: c. gen., [[καλῶς]] ἔχειν τινός = to be [[well off]] in [[respect]] to a thing, <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Superf.</span>29</span>; κ. παράπλου κεῖσθαι <span class="bibl">Th.1.36</span>; εἰ κ. σφίσιν ἔχοι <span class="bibl">Id.4.117</span>; οὔτε τοῖς θεοῖς ἔφη [[καλῶς]] ἔχειν, εἰ… <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>1.3.3</span>; [[καλλιόνως]] ἔχει <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span>169e</span>, etc.; [[κάλλιστα]] ἕζει <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Hp.Ma.</span>295b</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> [[καλῶς]], = [[πάνυ]], [[thoroughly]], [[altogether]], τὸν κ. εὐδαίμονα <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Fr.</span>317</span>, = <span class="bibl">S. <span class="title">Fr.</span>934</span>; κ. ἔξοιδα <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">OC</span>269</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">OT</span>1008</span>; κ. ὑπὸ τοῦ πυρὸς διεφθάρθαι <span class="bibl">D.S.13.108</span>: Comp., κάλλιον εἰδέναι <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Hp.Ma.</span>300d</span>; <b class="b3">κάλλιον ἐοικέναι</b> to [[be]] [[just]] [[like]], Hp.<span class="title">Genit.</span>8. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">4</span> [[καλῶς]] [[ἀκούειν]] = to be [[well]] spoken of, <span class="bibl">Men.<span class="title">Mon.</span>285</span>, Plu.2.177e. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">5</span> [[καλῶς]] [[ποιῶν]] = [[rightly]], [[deservedly]], [[καλῶς]] ποιῶν ἀπόλλυται <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pl.</span>863</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">D.1.28</span>, al., <span class="bibl">Aeschin.3.232</span>; in requests, <b class="b3">κ. ποιήσεις πριάμενος</b>, etc., <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PPetr.</span>3p.143</span> (iii B. C.), etc.; also c. inf., κ. π. γράψαι <span class="bibl"><span class="title">BGU</span>1203.7</span> (i B. C.), etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">6</span> in answers, to approve the words of the former speaker, [[well said]]! <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Or.</span>1216</span>, <span class="bibl">D.39.15</span>; also, to [[decline]] an [[offer]] [[courteously]], [[no, thank you]]! <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ra.</span>888</span>; [[καλῶς]] ἔχει <span class="bibl">Antiph.165</span>, <span class="bibl">Men.<span class="title">Pk.</span>266</span>; [[πάνυ]] [[καλῶς]] <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ra.</span>512</span>; ἀμέλει [[καλῶς]] ib.<span class="bibl">532</span>: Sup., κάλλιστ', [[ἐπαινῶ]] ib.<span class="bibl">508</span>; ἔχει κάλλιστα <span class="bibl">Theoc.15.3</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">7</span> ironically, [[finely]], καλῶς ἐρήμης γ' ἂν σὺ γῆς ἄρχοις μόνος <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>739</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Med.</span>588</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span>344</span>, <span class="bibl">Din.1.69</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">8</span> [[καλῶς]] ὁ [[ἱερεύς]] = [[hurrah]] for the [[priest]]! <span class="title">SIG</span>1109.14 (Athens, ii A. D.). </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">9</span> repeated with the Adj., καλὴ καλῶς <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ach.</span>253</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Pax</span>1330</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ec.</span>730</span>; καλὸς κάλλιστά τε ῥέξαις <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>9.94</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">10</span> Comp. [[καλλιόνως]] Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span> [[l.c.]], <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Lg.</span>660d</span>: Sup. [[καλλίστως]] <span class="title">PMag.Par.</span>1.2443,2465, Sch.<span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hec.</span>310</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">D</span> for compds., v. [[καλλι-]], [[καλο-]]. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">E</span> Quantity: ᾱ in Ep. and early Iamb. Poets (exc. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">h.Ven.</span>29</span>, <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>63</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Th.</span>585</span>): ᾰ in Lyr. (exc. κᾱλῶς <span class="bibl">B.12.206</span>) and Trag. (<span class="bibl">A. <span class="title">Fr.</span>314</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1381</span> are corrupt).--In Eleg., Epigr., and Bucol. Poets ᾰ or ᾱ (the latter usually in thesi); τὰ μὴ κᾰλὰ κᾱλὰ πέφανται <span class="bibl">Theoc.6.19</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Herod.7.115</span>, <span class="bibl">Call.<span class="title">Jov.</span>55</span>.--In Comp., ῐ in Hom., ῑ in Trag. and later.</span>