φθάνω: Difference between revisions

|Definition=<span class="bibl">Il.9.506</span>, impf. <span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> ἔφθανον <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>6.2.30</span>, <span class="title">AP</span>9.272 (Bianor): fut. φθήσομαι <span class="bibl">Il.23.444</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.5.10</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>375c</span>, etc.; but <b class="b3">φθάσω</b> [ᾰ] <span class="bibl">Hp. <span class="title">Morb.</span>3.13</span> ([[si vera lectio|s.v.l.]]), <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>5.4.38</span>: aor. ἔφθᾰσα <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.161</span>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span> 752</span> (troch.), <span class="bibl">Th.3.49</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>7.1.19</span>, etc.; imper. φθάσον <span class="bibl">J.<span class="title">AJ</span>6.11.7</span>; opt. 3sg. φθάσειε <span class="bibl">Isoc.8.120</span>, pl. φθάσειαν <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>7.2.14</span> (this tense prevails in later Gk., <span class="bibl">Plb.3.66.1</span>, etc.); Dor. ἔφθασσα <span class="bibl">Theoc.2.115</span>: but the only Ep. aor. is [[ἔφθην]], not found in A. or S., but the more usual form in E. and Ar., less freq. in Th., X., D.; pl. <b class="b3">ἔφθημεν, -ητε, -ησαν</b>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1468</span>, <span class="bibl">Isoc.5.7</span>, <span class="bibl">Antipho 2.2.5</span>, Ep.pl.3 φθάν <span class="bibl">Il.11.51</span>; subj. [[φθῶ]], Ep. 3sg. [[φθήῃ]], [[φθῇσιν]], <span class="bibl">16.861</span>, <span class="bibl">23.805</span>; Ep. 1pl. φθέωμεν <span class="bibl">Od.16.383</span>; 3pl. φθέωσι <span class="bibl">24.437</span>; opt. [[φθαίην]], Ep. 3sg. [[φθαίησι]] (παρα-) <span class="bibl">Il.10.346</span>; inf. φθῆναι <span class="bibl">Hdt.6.115</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.4.4</span>; part. φθάς <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.71</span>; Ep. part. Med. φθάμενος <span class="bibl">Il.5.119</span>, al., <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>554</span>: pf. [[ἔφθᾰκα]] Philipp. ap. <span class="bibl">D.18.39</span>, <span class="bibl">[[LXX]] <span class="title">2 Ch.</span>28.9</span>, <span class="title">IG</span>12 9).906.26 (Chalcis, iii A. D.); πέφθακα <span class="bibl">Ps.-Callisth. 2.10</span> (v. l): plpf. ἐφθάκει <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Galb.</span> 17</span>, <span class="bibl">Luc.<span class="title">Philops.</span>6</span>:—Pass., <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Mu.</span>395a18</span>: impf. ἐφθάνετο <span class="title">AP</span>9.278 (Bianor); ἐφθάνοντο <span class="bibl">J.<span class="title">BJ</span>5.2.4</span> ([[varia lectio|v.l.]] [[ἐφονεύοντο]]): aor. ἐφθάσθην <span class="bibl">D.H. 6.25</span>, <span class="title">Epigr.Gr.</span>315 (Smyrna), <span class="title">IPE</span>2.197 (Panticapaeum, ii A. D.), <span class="bibl">J.<span class="title">AJ</span>8.12.4</span>. Gal.4.560. [φθᾰνω always in Att. (so also in <span class="title">AP</span>9.272 (Bianor), <span class="title">APl.</span>4.382, 384); φθᾱνω in <span class="bibl">Il.9.506</span>, <span class="bibl">21.262</span> (where Zenod. read [[φθανέει]] for [[φθάνει]]) ]:—[[come]] or [[do first]] or [[before]] others: </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">I</span> c. acc. pers., to [[be beforehand with]], [[overtake]], [[outstrip]], in running or otherwise, φθάνει δέ τε καὶ τὸν ἄγοντα <span class="bibl">Il.21.262</span>; φθῆ σε τελος θανάτοιο <span class="bibl">11.451</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>554</span>,<span class="bibl">570</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.161</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Heracl.</span>120</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">IT</span>669</span>, <span class="bibl">Isoc.9.42</span>, etc.; οὐ μὴ φθάσωμεν τοὺς κοιμηθέντας <span class="bibl"><span class="title">1 Ep.Thess.</span>4.15</span>; so <b class="b3">ἔφθησαν τὸν χειμῶνα</b> they [[anticipated]] the storm, <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.188</span>; φθάσας τὸν λογισμόν <span class="bibl">D.21.38</span>:—Pass., to [[be overtaken]], ὑπό τινος <span class="bibl">Arist. <span class="title">Mu.</span>395a18</span>, <span class="title">AP</span>9.278 (Bianor); [[ἐφθάσθην]] (v. supr.). </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> abs., [[come]] or [[act first]], opp. [[ὑστερέω]] or [[ὑστερίζω]], <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ph.</span>975</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>6.1.18</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Th.4.121</span>; <b class="b3">τοῦ φθάσαντος ἁρπαγή</b> the prey of [[the first comer]], <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span>752</span> (troch.), cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Fr.</span>23</span> (lyr.); πρὶν ἐλθεῖν αὐτοὺς φθάσαι βουλόμενοι <span class="bibl">Th.7.36</span>; μὴ φθάσῃ ἐς τὸν Ἑλλήσποντον ἐσπλεύσας <span class="bibl">Id.8</span>, <span class="bibl">100</span>; φθάσαι πρὶν ἀδικηθῆναι <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1302b23</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Rh.</span>1373a23</span>; in later writers, <b class="b3">τὰ φθάσαντα</b> the things [[before mentioned]], <span class="bibl">Ael.<span class="title">VH</span> 1.34</span>, Arg.D.46; part. [[φθάνων]], [[φθάσας]] [[previous]], τῶν φθασάντων δυεῖν βιβλίων <span class="bibl">Porph.<span class="title">Abst.</span>3.1</span>; <b class="b3">ἐν τοῖς φθάνουσιν ἔργοις</b> Dex.Hist.<span class="title">Fr.</span>26 J.; τοῖς φθάνουσι κατορθώμασι Id.<span class="title">Fr.</span>6 J.; οἱ φθάσαντες πόνοι <span class="bibl">Agath.5.16</span>; τὸ φθάνον [[previous time]], <span class="bibl">Ael.<span class="title">VH</span>14.6</span>; <b class="b3">τὸ φθάσαν, τὰ φθάσαντα</b>, the [[past]], <span class="bibl">Agath.3.2</span>, al., <span class="bibl">Procop.Gaz.<span class="title">Ep.</span>32</span>; ὁ φθάσας χρόνος Men. Prot.<span class="bibl">p.127</span> D. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> with Preps., [[come]] or [[arrive first]], ἕως τῶν οὐρανῶν <span class="bibl">[[LXX]] <span class="title">2 Ch.</span>28.9</span>; ἔφθασεν ἐφ' ὑμᾶς <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Matt.</span>12.28</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Luc.</span>11.20</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">1 Ep.Thess.</span>2.16</span>: <b class="b3">φ. εἰς</b>... simply, [[arriveat]], [[attain to]], Ep.Rom.9.31, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ep.Phil.</span>3.16</span>, Plu.2.338a; φθάσομεν εἰς Πηλούσι&lt;ον&gt; <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PPar.</span>18.14</span> (ii A. D.): abs., of [[time]], [[arrive]], <b class="b3">καιρὸς τῆς τομῆς ἔφθακε</b> ([[varia lectio|v.l.]] [[ἔφθασεν]]) <span class="bibl">[[LXX]] <span class="title">Ca.</span> 2.12</span>; <b class="b3">ἔφθασεν ὁ μὴν ὁ ἕβδομος</b> ib.<span class="bibl"><span class="title">2 Es.</span>3.1</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> [[extend]], μέχρι γῆς <span class="bibl">Plot.3.27</span>; εἰς βορρᾶν <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PFlor.</span>50.87</span> (iii A. D.). </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">c</span> [[reach]], αἰθέρα <span class="title">APl.</span>4.384. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">d</span> Gramm., to [[be applied]] or [[applicable]], ἐπ' ἀμφοτέρας τὰς διαθέσεις <span class="bibl">A.D.<span class="title">Synt.</span>211.22</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">217.23</span>, al. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">III</span> the action in which one [[is beforehand]] is expressed by the part. agreeing with the subject, [<b class="b3">Ἄτη] πολλὸν ὑπεκπροθέει, φθάνει δέ τε πᾶσαν ἐπ' αἶαν βλάπτουσ' ἀνθρώπους</b> and [[is beforehand]] in doing men mischief, <span class="bibl">Il.9.506</span>; <b class="b3">ἀλλ' ἄρα μιν φθῆ Τηλέμαχος κατόπισθε βαλών</b> Telemachus [[was beforehand]] with him [[in]] striking, i.e. struck [[first]], <span class="bibl">Od.22.91</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">16.383</span>, <span class="bibl">Il.10.368</span>; ἔφθασέν με προαπελθὼν Χάρμος <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PCair.Zen.</span>16.3</span> (iii B. C.); <b class="b3">ἔφθησαν ἀπικόμενοι</b> arrived [[first]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.4.136</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">6.115</span>; so <b class="b3">φ. εὐεργετῶν</b> to [[be the first]] to show a kindness, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>2.3.14</span>; ὅπως φθάσειαν βοηθήσαντες <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">HG</span>7.2.14</span>; ἔφθασαν προκαταλαβόντες <span class="bibl">Th.3.112</span>; φθάνουσιν αὐτοὺς προκαταφυγοῦσαι <span class="bibl">Id.2.91</span>; ἢν φθάσωσιν πρότερον διαφθείραντες τὸ στράτευμα <span class="bibl">Id.7.25</span>; φ. γόνασι προσπεσὼν πατρός <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">HF</span>986</span>, etc: part. Pass. is also used, <b class="b3">ἦ κε πολὺ φθαίη πόλις ἁλοῦσα</b>, i.e. it would be taken [[first]], <span class="bibl">Il.13.815</span>; <b class="b3">εἴ κε φθήῃ τυπείς</b> shall be wounded [[first]], <span class="bibl">16.861</span>; <b class="b3">φθαίητε γὰρ ἂν . . ἐξανδραποδισθέντες ἣ</b> . . <span class="bibl">Hdt.6.108</span>; μὴ φθάσωσι προεπιβουλευόμενοι <span class="bibl">Th.3.83</span>; ἔφθη κατακωλυθείς <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>1.6.17</span>; <b class="b3">φθάνειν δεῖ πεφραγμένους τοὶς πόρους</b> they must [[first]] be blocked up, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>2.4.25</span>: these clauses, being compar. in sense, are followed by a gen., <b class="b3">φθὰν δὲ μέγ' ἱππήων . . κοσμηθέντες</b> were drawn up [[before]] the drivers, <span class="bibl">Il.11.51</span>; more freq. by [[πρὶν]] . . or ἢ... ἔφθη ὀρεξάμενος, πρὶν οὐτάσαι <span class="bibl">16.322</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Antipho1.29</span>, <span class="bibl">X. <span class="title">Cyr.</span>3.2.4</span>; φθήσονται τούτοισι πόδες καὶ γοῦνα καμόντα ἢ ὑμῖν <span class="bibl">Il.23.444</span>; ἔφθης πεζὸς ἰὼν ἢ ἐγὼ σὺν νηΐ <span class="bibl">Od.11.58</span>; <b class="b3">ἔφθησαν ἀναβάντες πρὶν ἢ</b> . . <span class="bibl">Hdt.9.70</span>; <b class="b3">ἔφθησαν ἐκπεσόντες πρότερον ἢ</b> . . <span class="bibl">Id.6.91</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> in later Gr., c. part. to express [[previous]] action or happening, <b class="b3">φθάνω ὑμῖν πρότερον γεγραφηκώς</b> I have [[already]] written to you, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">POxy.</span>1666.3</span> (iii A. D.), cf. <span class="bibl">237 vi30</span> (ii A. D.), etc.; ἔφθασα εἰρηκώς <span class="bibl">Luc.<span class="title">Pisc.</span>29</span>; ὡς ἔφθην εἰπών <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Par.</span>3</span>; cf. <span class="bibl">111.2b</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> in the same sense, part. [[φθάς]] or [[φθάσας]], Ep. [[φθάμενος]], is used like an Adv. with a principal Verb, <b class="b3">ὅς μ' ἔβαλε φθάμενος</b>, for <b class="b3">ὅς μ' ἔφθη βαλών</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.5.119</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">13.387</span>, <span class="bibl">Od. 19.449</span>; <b class="b3">οὐκ ἄλλος φθὰς ἐμεῦ κατήγορος ἔσται</b> no other shall be an accuser [[before]] me, <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.71</span>; <b class="b3">ἀνέῳξάς με φθάσας</b> you opened the door [[before]] me, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pl.</span>1102</span>; φθάσας προσπεσοῦμαι <span class="bibl">Th.5.9</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">2.91</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span> 1.5.3</span>, etc.; even with a part., φθάσας . . ἁρπάσας <span class="bibl">Hdt.6.65</span>; rarely part. pres., φθάνοντες δῃοῦμεν <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>3.3.18</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> in signf. <span class="bibl">111.1b</span>, <b class="b3">φθάσαντες ἐπληρώσαμεν αὐτούς</b> we had [[already]] paid them, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">POxy.</span>1103.6</span> (iv A. D.); but <b class="b3">ὡσεὶ καὶ ὁμογενῆ φθάσας εἶπον</b> as if I [[had]] said (not [[had already]] said) [[ὁ]]., Gal.16.502. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> rarely c. inf., <b class="b3">ὁ φθάσας θαρσῆσαι</b> he that [[first]] gains confidence, <span class="bibl">Th.3.82</span>; <b class="b3">σπεύδειν ὅπως . . φθαίης ἔτ' εἰς ἐκκλησίαν ἐλθεῖν</b> ([[varia lectio|v.l.]] [[ἐλθών]]) hurry to [[be in time]] to get to... <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span>935</span> (lyr.), cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Nu.</span>1384</span> (v. infr. IV. ''1''); <b class="b3">μόλις φθάνει θρόνοισιν ἐμπεσοῦσα μὴ χαμαὶ πεσεῖν</b> hardly [[manages]] by falling [[first]] on the seat not to fall on the ground, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Med.</span>1169</span>; more freq. in later writers, of actions which one [[manages]] to do, [[does before]] or [[has done first]] or [[already]], <span class="bibl">A.R.1.1189</span>, <span class="bibl">D.H.4.59</span>,<span class="bibl">61</span>, <span class="bibl">Sor.1.111</span>, Gal.15.2,93, <span class="bibl">Luc. <span class="title">DMort.</span>13.2</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Harm.</span>2</span>; ἐὰν φθάσω πρὸ τῆς τρύγης ἀνελθεῖν <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PSI</span>8.971.10</span> (iii/iv A. D.); ἐὰν ὁ ἰατρὸς αὐτὸ φθάσῃ κενῶσαι Gal.16.499; <b class="b3">φθάνοντος ἤδη πυρέττειν ἐκ τεττάρων ἡμερῶν τοῦ νοσοῦντος</b> [[having already begun]], ib.498; <b class="b3">μὴ φθάνων προσηκόντως τρέφεσθαι</b> if he [[is]] not [[first]] suitably nourished, Id.18(2).36, cf. 84,103; <b class="b3">συμβαίνει φθάνειν ἀποθνῄσκειν τοὺς νεωτέρους</b> the young die [[first]], ib.222; <b class="b3">εἰ φθάσαιμεν παλαιοὺς πίθους ἔχειν μεγάλους</b> if we [[already]] have... <span class="title">Gp.</span>6.3.11, cf. 10.22.2, al., <span class="bibl">A.D.<span class="title">Pron.</span>90.1</span>; ἔφθακεν οὖν ταῦτα ἐψηφίσθαι καὶ τῇ βουλῇ <span class="title">IG</span>12(9).906.26 (Chalcis, iii A. D.). </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">IV</span> with negatives, </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">1</span> with [[οὐ]] and part. (inf. is [[varia lectio|v.l.]] in <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span> 1384</span>), followed by [[καί]] or <b class="b3">καὶ εὐθύς</b>, of two actions following close on each other, <b class="b3">οὐ φθάνειν χρὴ συσκιάζοντας γένυν καὶ . . ὁρμᾶν</b> you must [[no sooner]] get your beard than you march, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Supp.</span>1219</span>; <b class="b3">οὐ φθάνει ἐξαγόμενος καὶ εὐθὺς ὅμοιός ἐστι τοῖς ἀκαθάρτοις</b> [[no sooner]] is he brought out than he becomes unclean, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Eq.</span>5.10</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>1384</span>; <b class="b3">οὐκ ἔφθημεν εἰς Τροιζῆν' ἐλθόντες καὶ τοιαύταις νόσοις ἐλήφθημεν ἐξ ὧν</b> . . [[no sooner]] had we come to Troezen than... <span class="bibl">Isoc.19.22</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">5.53</span>, <span class="bibl">8.98</span>, <span class="bibl">9.53</span>; <b class="b3">οὐκ ἔφθη μοι συμβᾶσα ἡ ἀτυχία καὶ εὐθὺς ἐπεχείρησαν διαφορῆσαι τἄνδοθεν</b> [[scarcely]] or [[no sooner]] had misfortune befallen me when... <span class="bibl">D.57.65</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">43.69</span>, <span class="bibl">Isoc.4.86</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b3">οὐκ ἂν φθάνοις, οὐκ ἂν φθάνοιτε</b>, with part. pres., express a strong exhortation or urgent command, <b class="b3">οὐκ ἂν φθάνοιτε τὴν ταχίστην ὀπίσω ἀπαλλασσόμενοι</b> you could not [[be too quick]] in departing, i.e. [[make haste and]] be off, <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.162</span>; <b class="b3">οὐ φθάνοιτ' ἔτ' ἄν θνῄσκοντες</b> [[make haste and]] die, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Or.</span>936</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">941</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Alc.</span> 662</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Heracl.</span>721</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Tr.</span>456</span> (troch.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">IT</span>245</span>; οὐκ ἂν φθάνοιτον τοῦτο πράττοντε <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pl.</span>485</span>; <b class="b3">ἀποτρέχων οὐκ ἂν φθάνοις</b> ib.<span class="bibl">1133</span>; <b class="b3">εἰς ἀγορὰν ἰὼν ταχέως οὐκ ἂν φθάνοις</b> ib.<span class="bibl">874</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ec.</span>118</span>; οὐκ ἂν φθάνοις λέγων <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Smp.</span>185e</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>2.3.11</span>; these phrases are not to be treated as questions, cf. <b class="b3">οὐκ ἂν φθάνοιμι</b> (sc. [[λέγων]]) <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Smp.</span>214e</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Phd.</span>100c</span>, <span class="bibl">D.25.40</span>, <span class="bibl">Luc.<span class="title">Fug.</span>26</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Symp.</span>2</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Anach.</span>14</span>: c. part. aor., once in <span class="bibl">Luc., <span class="title">Vit.Auct.</span>26</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> in ''1'', <span class="bibl">2</span>, or <span class="bibl">3</span> pers., to express immediate futurity, <b class="b3">οὐκ ἂν φθάνοις ἀκούων</b> you [[shall]] hear [[in a moment]], <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Euthd.</span> 272d</span>; <b class="b3">οὐκ ἂν φθάνοι τὸ πλῆθος τούτοις τοῖς θηρίοις δουλεῦον</b> [[will soon]] (or [[inevitably]]) be enslaved to... <span class="bibl">D.24.143</span>; also to express what is logically inevitable, <b class="b3">οὐκ ἂν φθάνοιεν αὐτοὺς προσκυνοῦντες</b> they [[will soon be]] (or [[cannot logically help]]) worshipping them, Aristeas 137; τοῦτο μὲν οὐκ ἂν φθάνοις καὶ Ἐμπεδοκλεῖ πρὸ αὐτοῦ ἐγκαλῶν <span class="bibl">Luc.<span class="title">Fug.</span>2</span>; οὐκ ἂν φθάνοι κἀμὲ μάντιν λέγων <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Hes.</span>8</span>; οὐκ ἂν φθάνοι τις ἁπάσας ἀναιρῶν τὰς τοιαύτας προστασίας <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Apol.</span>11</span>: c. part. aor., <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Tox.</span>2</span>.</span>