hostis: Difference between revisions

{{Lewis

|lshtext=<b>hostis</b>: (also fos-), is, comm. Sanscr. [[root]] ghas-, to [[eat]], [[consume]], [[destroy]]; Germ. Gast; cf. also [[hasta]],<br /><b>I</b> a [[stranger]], [[foreigner]]; [[afterwards]] transf., an [[enemy]] (cf.: [[adversarius]], [[inimicus]], [[perduellis]]): [[equidem]] [[etiam]] illud [[animadverto]], [[quod]] qui [[proprio]] nomine [[perduellis]] esset, is [[hostis]] vocaretur, lenitate verbi rei tristitiam mitigatam. Hostis [[enim]] [[apud]] majores nostros is dicebatur, quem [[nunc]] peregrinum dicimus ... [[quamquam]] id [[nomen]] [[durius]] effecit jam [[vetustas]]: a peregrino [[enim]] recessit et [[proprie]] in eo qui [[arma]] [[contra]] ferret remansit, Cic. Off. 1, 12, 37; cf. Varr. L. L. 5, § 3 Müll.: [[hostis]] [[apud]] antiquos [[peregrinus]] dicebatur, et qui [[nunc]] [[hostis]] [[perduellio]], Paul. ex Fest. p. 102 P.—<br /><b>II</b> An [[enemy]] in [[arms]] or of one's [[country]] (opp. [[inimicus]], a [[private]] [[enemy]], or one [[who]] is [[inimically]] disposed).<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>A</b> Lit.: qui ([[Pompeius]]) saepius cum hoste conflixit [[quam]] [[quisquam]] cum [[inimico]] concertavit, Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 10, 28; cf.: omnes nos statuit [[ille]] [[quidem]] non inimicos sed hostes, id. Phil. 11, 1, 3; opp. [[inimicus]], Curt. 7, 10 (v. also the foll.): debent oratori sic esse adversariorum [[nota]] consilia, ut hostium imperatori, Quint. 12, 1, 35: legiones hostium, Plaut. Am. prol. 136: hostes nefarios prostravit, Cic. Phil. 14, 10, 27: ([[bellum]]) compellere [[intra]] hostium [[moenia]], id. Rep. 1, 1: [[vita]] ex hostium [[telis]] servata, id. ib. 1, 3: [[adventus]] hostium, id. ib. 2, 3: ut eam (probitatem) vel in eis quos [[numquam]] vidimus, vel, [[quod]] majus est, in hoste [[etiam]] diligamus, id. Lael. 9, 29: hostem rapinis prohibere, Caes. B. G. 1, 15, 4: [[quando]] [[hostis]] [[alienigena]] terrae Italiae [[bellum]] intulisset, Liv. 29, 10, 5: servit Hispanae [[vetus]] [[hostis]] orae Cantaber [[sera]] [[domitus]] [[catena]], Hor. C. 3, 8, 21: [[terra]] marique [[victus]] [[hostis]], id. Epod. 9, 27 et saep.: inimicis [[quoque]] et hostibus ea indigna videri, Cic. Inv. 1, 54, 105; cf.: [[inimicus]], [[hostis]] esset, tanta [[contumelia]] [[accepta]], id. Verr. 2, 2, 24, § 58: sibi [[inimicus]] [[atque]] [[hostis]], id. Fin. 5, 10, 29: horum omnium [[communis]] [[hostis]] praedoque, id. Verr. 2, 2, 6, § 17: tam dis hominibusque [[hostis]], id. Phil. 2, 26, 64; id. Att. 15, 21, 1: Cn. [[Pompeius]] [[auctor]] et dux mei [[reditus]], illius (Clodii) [[hostis]], id. Mil. 15, 39: [[acer]] Bupalo [[hostis]] ([[Hipponax]]), Hor. Epod. 6, 14: fas est et ab hoste doceri, Ov. M. 4, 428: di meliora piis erroremque hostibus illum! Verg. G. 3, 513; cf. Ov. H. 16, 219; id. Am. 2, 10, 16; id. F. 3, 494; id. P. 4, 6, 35: [[quam]] (aquam) [[hostis]] hosti commodat, Plaut. Rud. 2, 4, 21.— In fem.: [[hostis]] est [[uxor]], invita quae ad virum nuptum datur, Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 83: [[nupta]] meretrici [[hostis]] est, Ter. Hec. 5, 2, 23: ut, quo [[die]] captam hostem vidisset, [[eodem]] matrimonio junctam acciperet, Liv. 30, 14, 2: cum certa videbitur [[hostis]], Ov. A. A. 2, 461; id. H. 6, 82; Prop. 1, 4, 18: [[ille]] uxorem, tu hostem luges, Curt. 4, 11, 4.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>B</b> Transf., of animals or things ([[poet]]. and in [[post]]-Aug. [[prose]]): qualem ministrum fulminis alitem ... in ovilia Demisit hostem [[vividus]] [[impetus]], Hor. C. 4, 4, 10; Ov. F. 1, 359: [[rhinoceros]] [[genitus]] [[hostis]] elephanto, Plin. 8, 20, 29, § 71.—Of a chessman: [[unus]] cum [[gemino]] [[calculus]] hoste perit, Ov. A. A. 3, 358: fac, pereat vitreo [[miles]] ab hoste [[tuus]], id. ib. 2, 208: rerum ipsa [[natura]] non [[parens]] sed [[noverca]] fuerit, si facultatem dicendi sociam scelerum, adversam innocentiae, hostem veritatis invenit, Quint. 12, 1, 2: [[illa]] [[vero]] vitiosissima, quae jam [[humanitas]] vocatur, studiorum perniciosissima [[hostis]], id. 2, 2, 10—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>2</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Of an [[adversary]] in a [[suit]], in a [[parody]] of the [[law]] of the Twelve Tables: si [[status]] condictus cum hoste intercedit [[dies]], Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 5; cf. also Gell. 16, 4, 4.

{{Georges

|georg=hostis, is, c., (got. gasts, ahd. gast, [[Fremdling]], [[Gast]]), I) der [[Fremde]], [[Fremdling]], Ausländer (= [[peregrinus]], Ggstz. [[civis]], s. [[Varro]] LL. 5, 3. Cic. de off. 1, 37. Macr. [[sat]]. 1, 16, 14), Plaut. trin. 102; Curc. 5. Hor. ep. 1, 15, 29. Ambros. de off. 1, 29, 141. – II) insbes., [[ein]] kriegführender Fremder = der [[Feind]] im Felde und Kriege, griech. [[πολέμιος]], (Ggstz. [[pacatus]]), [[sowie]] der offene [[Feind]] [[des]] Vaterlandes übh. (Ggstz. [[civis]]; [[dagegen]] [[inimicus]] = der [[Feind]] [[von]] [[Gesinnung]], εχθρός, Ggstz. [[amicus]]; [[adversarius]] = der [[Gegner]], [[Widersacher]] übh., [[ἀνταγωνιστής]], A) eig.: socii [[atque]] hostes, Sall.: cives hostesque, Liv.: hostes [[atque]] cives permixti, Sall.: [[pacatus]] an [[hostis]] sit, Cic.: [[maritimus]] [[ille]] et [[navalis]] [[hostis]], der zur [[See]] u. zu Schiffe kommt, Cic.: cives, hostes [[iuxta]] metuere, Sall.: [[impransus]] [[non]] [[qui]] civem dignosceret hoste, Hor.: [[Pompeius]] saepius cum hoste conflixit, [[quam]] [[quisquam]] cum [[inimico]] concertavit, Cic.: omnes [[nos]] statuit [[ille]] [[non]] inimicos, [[sed]] hostes, Cic.: vicimus perfidos hospites, imbelles hostes, Liv.: se, cum [[primum]] posset, hostem [[fore]] [[populo]] Romano, [[als]] [[Feind]] [[auftreten]] [[gegen]] usw., Liv.: [[Hannibal]] [[natus]] [[adversus]] Romanos [[hostis]], Liv.: hostem alqm iudicare, [[für]] [[einen]] [[Feind]] ([[des]] Vaterlandes) [[erklären]], Cic.: Sing. kollekt., [[obsessus]] [[multo]] hoste [[locus]], Sen ad Marc. 9, 3. – fem., [[capta]] [[hostis]], feindliche Gefangene, Liv. 30, 14, 2: [[ille]] uxorem, tu hostem luges, Curt. 4, 11 (45), 4. – poet., vom Steine im Brettspiele, Ov. art. am. 2, 208. – B) übtr. = [[ein]] offener, [[tätlich]] verfahrender, erbitterter [[Feind]] in Privatverhältnissen, 1) im allg.: h. omnium hominum, Cic.: h. omnium bonorum, Sall. fr.: m. Dat., [[dis]] hominibusque [[hostis]], Cic. ([[mehr]] Beisp. s. [[Drak]]. Liv. 41, 16 extr.). – [[als]] fem., Ov. her. 6, 82; art. am. 2, 461. – v. Tieren, [[genitus]] [[hostis]] pecoris, v. Löwen, Catull.: [[rhinoceros]] [[hostis]] elephanto, Plin.: v. Abstrakten, [[licentia]] studiorum perniciosissima [[hostis]], [[Feindin]], Quint. 2, 2, 10: si facultatem dicendi hostem veritatis invenerit, Quint. 12, 1, 2. – 2) insbes.: a) [[ein]] [[Feind]] in der [[Liebe]] = der [[Nebenbuhler]], Prop. u. Ov. – b) [[vor]] [[Gericht]] = der [[Gegner]] (= [[adversarius]]), Plaut. Curc. 5. – / Archaist. [[Form]] [[fostis]], Paul. ex [[Fest]]. 84, 5.

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