praesum: Difference between revisions

{{Lewis

|lshtext=<b>prae-sum</b>: fūi, esse, v. n.,<br /><b>I</b> to be [[before]] a [[thing]]; [[hence]], to be [[set]] [[over]], to [[preside]] or [[rule]] [[over]], to [[have]] the [[charge]] or [[command]] of, to [[superintend]] ([[class]].).<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>(a)</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; With dat.: omnibus Druidibus praeest [[unus]], Caes. B. G. 6, 12: qui [[oppido]] praeerat, id. ib. 2, 6: regionibus, id. ib. 5, 22: provinciae, Sall. C. 42, 3: [[censor]] [[factus]], [[severe]] praefuit ei potestati, Nep. Cat. 2, 3: classi, to [[have]] the [[command]] of the [[fleet]], Caes. B. C. 3, 25: exercitui, id. ib. 3, 57: alicui negotio, to [[have]] [[charge]] of it, to [[carry]] it on, id. ib. 3, 61: ei [[studio]], Cic. de Or. 1, 55, 235: artificio, id. Fin. 4, 27, 76: vigiliis, to [[superintend]], Sall. C. 30, 6: regiis opibus, Nep. Con. 4, 3: rebus regiis, id. Phoc. 3, 4: statuis faciendis, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 59, § 144: aedibus, i. e. aedilem esse, Dig. 1, 2, 2: mercimoniis, Cod. 5, 5, 7.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>(b)</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Absol.: praeesse in provinciā, to be [[governor]], Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 77, § 180.—<br /><b>II</b> Transf.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>A</b> To be the [[chief]] [[person]], to [[take]] the [[lead]] in [[any]] [[thing]]: non [[enim]] paruit [[ille]] Ti. Gracchi temeritati, sed praefuit, Cic. Lael. 11, 37: qui non [[solum]] interfuit his rebus, sed [[etiam]] praefuit, id. Fam. 1, 8, 1: [[illi]] crudelitati non [[solum]] praeesse, [[verum]] [[etiam]] interesse, id. Att. 9, 6, 7.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>B</b> To [[protect]], [[defend]] ([[poet]].): stant [[quoque]] pro nobis, et praesunt moenibus Urbis, Ov. F. 5, 135.—Hence, [[praesens]], entis (abl. [[sing]]. of persons [[usually]] praesente; of things, praesenti), adj.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>A</b> That is [[before]] one, in [[sight]] or at [[hand]], [[present]], in [[person]] ([[rarely]] of the [[immediate]] [[presence]] of the [[speaker]] or [[writer]], for [[which]] the [[proper]] [[case]] of hic is used; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 908, and<br /> v. [[infra]]): [[assum]] [[praesens]] praesenti [[tibi]], I am [[with]] [[you]], Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 27: non [[quia]] ades [[praesens]], [[dico]] hoc, [[because]] [[you]] [[happen]] to be [[present]], Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 39: quo praesente, in whose [[presence]], Cic. de Or. 1, 24, 112: [[quod]] adest quodque [[praesens]] est, id. Off. 1, 4, 11; so, [[nihil]] [[nisi]] [[praesens]] et [[quod]] adest, id. Fin. 1, 17, 55: vivi [[atque]] praesentes, id. Off. 1, 44, 156: [[praesens]] [[tecum]] egi, [[myself]], in [[person]], id. Fam. 2, 7, 4: [[perinde]] ac si [[ipse]] interfuerit, et [[praesens]] viderit, id. Inv. 1, 54, 104: [[praesens]] [[sermo]], [[communication]] by [[word]] of [[mouth]], id. Q. Fr. 2, 8, 1: [[praesens]] in praesentem [[multa]] dixerat, id. Att. 11, 12, 1; Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 34: praesente for praesentibus ([[ante]]-[[class]].): praesente amicis, Pompon. ap. [[Don]]. ad Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 7; so, testibus, id. ap. Non. 154, 17: his, Att. ib. 154, 19: suis, Fenest. ib. 154, 20: omnibus, Nov. ib. 154, 23: legatis, Varr. ap. [[Don]]. Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 7: nobis, Ter. ib.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>2</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Esp., of [[time]]: [[narratio]] praeteritarum rerum aut praesentium, Cic. Part. Or. 4, 13: non [[solum]] [[inopia]] praesentis, sed [[etiam]] futuri temporis, Caes. B. C. 1, 52 init.: [[praesens]] [[tempus]] futuri metu perdere, Sen. Ep. 24, 1: [[tempus]] [[enim]] [[tribus]] partibus [[constat]], praeterito, praesente, futuro, id. ib. 124, 17.—Esp. in opp. to [[other]] times referred to: quanta [[tempestas]] invidiae nobis si [[minus]] in [[praesens]] [[tempus]] ... at in posteritatem impendeat, Cic. Cat. 1, 9, 22: et reliqui temporis recuperandi [[ratio]], et praesentis tuendi, id. Att. 8, 9, 3: et consiliorum superiorum conscientiā et praesentis temporis moderatione me consoler, id. Fam. 9, 16, 6; id. Fl. 1, 3.—Very [[rarely]] [[alone]], of the times of the [[writer]] or [[speaker]]. as opp. to the times of [[which]] he speaks: [[quod]] [[pietas]] principis nostri praesentium [[quoque]] temporum [[decus]] fecit, Quint. 3, 7, 9: vive moribus praeteritis, loquere verbis praesentibus, [[now]] in [[use]], Gell. 1, 10, 4.—Also of a [[time]] [[spoken]] of, [[present]] to the [[mind]], existing: movit Scipionem cum [[fortuna]] pristina viri, praesenti fortunae conlata, Liv. 30, 13, 8: [[populo]] erat persuasum, et adversas superiores et praesentes secundas res accidisse, etc., Nep. Alcib. 6, 2: [[praetor]] [[factus]] non [[solum]] praesenti [[bello]], id. Them. 2, 1: et [[praesens]] [[aetas]] et [[posteritas]] [[deinde]] mirata est, Curt. 9, 10, 28: praesentem saevitiam melioris [[olim]] fortunae recordatione allevabant, Tac. A. 14, 63: in [[praesens]] [[tempus]], and [[more]] freq. absol., in [[praesens]], for the [[present]]: pleraque differat, et [[praesens]] in [[tempus]] omittat, Hor. A. P. 44; so (opp. in posteritatem) Cic. Cat 1, 9, 22: si [[fortuna]] in [[praesens]] deseruit, Tac. H. 4, 58; cf.: [[laetus]] in [[praesens]] [[animus]], Hor. C. 2, 16, 25: ad [[praesens]] [[tempus]], or [[simply]] ad [[praesens]], for the [[present]]: [[Harpagus]] ad [[praesens]] [[tempus]] dissimulato dolore, for the [[moment]], Just. 1, 5, 7: [[quod]] [[factum]] [[aspere]] [[acceptum]] ad [[praesens]], mox, etc., at the [[time]], Tac. A. 4, 31; 40: [[munimentum]] ad [[praesens]], in posterum ultionem, id. H. 1, 44; Suet. Tit. 6: vocem adimere ad [[praesens]], for a [[short]] [[time]], Plin. 8, 22, 34, § 80: praesenti tempore and in praesenti, at [[present]], [[now]]: praesenti tempore, Ov. F. 3, 478: haec ad te in praesenti scripsi, ut [[speres]], Cic. Fam. 2, 10, 4: in praesenti, Nep. Att. 12, 5; Liv. 34, 35, 11.—Prov.: praesenti [[fortuna]] pejor est futuri [[metus]], Ps.-Quint. Decl. 12, 15.— Subst.: praesentĭa, ĭum, n., [[present]] circumstances, the [[present]] [[state]] of affairs: cum hortatur ferenda esse [[praesentia]], Suet. Aug. 87: [[praesentia]] sequi, Tac. H. 4, 59: ex praeteritis [[enim]] aestimari solent [[praesentia]], Quint. 5, 10, 28: sed [[penitus]] haerens [[amor]] [[fastidio]] praesentium [[accensus]] est, Curt. 8, 3, 6.—Esp., in [[phrase]] in [[praesentia]] (sc. tempora), for the [[present]], at this [[time]], under [[present]] circumstances: hoc [[video]] in [[praesentia]] [[opus]] esse, Cic. Att. 15, 20, 4: providere [[quid]] oneris in [[praesentia]] tollant, id. Verr. 2, 3, 1, § 1: quae in [[praesentia]] in mentem mihi venerunt, id. Fam. 4, 5, 1; id. Fin. 5, 8, 21; Liv. 31, 22, 8; 33, 27, 10; 33, 28, 6; Tac. Agr. 31; 39; Suet. Tib. 22; id. Claud. 4; Ter. Phorm. 5, 2, 14; Plin. 12, 3, 7, § 14.—Very [[rarely]] in [[praesentia]], at [[hand]], on [[hand]], on the [[spot]]: id [[quod]] in [[praesentia]] vestimentorum fuit, arripuit, Nep. Alcib. 10, 5; cf.: in re praesenti, [[infra]]: in rem praesentem venire, to go to the [[place]] itself, go to the [[very]] [[spot]], for the [[sake]] of a closer [[examination]], Cic. de Or. 1, 58, 250: in rem praesentem venias [[oportet]], [[quia]] homines [[amplius]] oculis [[quam]] auribus credunt, Sen. Ep. 6, 5: in rem praesentem perducere audientes, to [[transport]] one's hearers to the [[very]] [[spot]], Quint. 4, 2, 123: in re praesenti, in the [[place]] itself, on the [[spot]]: in re praesenti, ex copiā piscariā consulere, [[quid]] emam, aequom est, [[when]] I am on the [[spot]], Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 65; Liv. 40, 9: [[eodem]] [[anno]] [[inter]] populum Carthaginiensem et regem Masinissam in re praesenti disceptatores Romani de agro fuerunt, id. 40, 17; Quint. 6, 2, 31: praesenti [[bello]], [[while]] [[war]] is [[raging]], Nep. Them. 2, 1; so [[sup]].: [[quod]] praesentissimis quibusque periculis desit, Quint. 10, 7, 1; and comp.: jam praesentior res erat, Liv. 2, 36, 5.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>B</b> That happens or is done [[immediately]], [[immediate]], [[instant]], [[prompt]], [[ready]], [[direct]]: [[praesens]] [[poena]] [[sit]], the [[punishment]] [[might]] be [[instant]], Cic. Div. 2, 59, 122: [[preces]], [[immediate]], not delayed, Prop. 2, 23, 64 (3, 28, 12): mercari praesenti pecuniā, [[with]] [[ready]] [[money]], [[cash]], Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 8; Cic. Clu. 12, 34: numerare praesentes denarios ducentos, Petr. 109: nummi, id. 137: [[supplicium]], [[instant]] [[execution]], Tac. A. 1, 38: Maelium praesenti morte multavit, Flor. 1, 26: [[praesens]] [[debitum]], Dig. 12, 1, 9; 20, 1, 13: praesenti [[die]] dari, in [[ready]] [[money]]: quoties in obligationibus [[dies]] non ponitur, praesenti [[die]] [[pecunia]] debetur, ib. 45, 1, 41: libertatem aut praesenti [[die]], aut sub condicione [[dare]], ib. 28, 7, 22.—Hence, adv.: [[prae]]-sens (opp. in diem), [[forthwith]], [[immediately]]: si, cum in diem mihi deberetur, [[fraudator]] [[praesens]] solverit, in [[ready]] [[money]], in [[cash]], Dig. 42, 9, 10: [[quod]] vel [[praesens]] vel ex [[die]] dari potest, ib. 7, 1, 4.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>C</b> That operates [[immediately]] or [[quickly]], [[instant]], [[prompt]], [[efficacious]], [[powerful]] (i. q. [[valens]]): [[praesens]] [[auxilium]] oblatum est, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 49, § 107: non ulla [[magis]] [[praesens]] [[fortuna]] laborum est, no [[more]] [[effective]] [[cure]] for [[their]] troubles, Verg. G. 3, 452: quo non praesentius ullum, Pocula si [[quando]] saevae infecere novercae, id. ib. 2, 127: si [[quid]] praesentius audes, [[more]] [[effective]], bolder, id. A. 12, 152: praesentissimum [[remedium]], Col. 6, 14; Plin. 28, 5, 14, § 53.—With objectclause: o [[diva]] ... Praesens vel imo tollere de gradu Mortale [[corpus]], vel, etc., [[mighty]], [[able]], Hor. C. 1, 35, 2.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>D</b> Of [[disposition]] or [[character]], [[present]], [[collected]], [[resolute]]: [[animo]] virili praesentique ut sis, para, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8, 64: si cui [[virtus]] animusque in pectore [[praesens]], Verg. A. 5, 363: [[animus]] [[acer]] et [[praesens]], Cic. de Or. 2, 20, 84: non [[plures]], sed [[etiam]] praesentioribus animis, Liv. 31, 46: praesentissimo [[animo]] pugnare, Auct. B. Alex. 40: [[Crassus]], ut [[praesens]] ingenio [[semper]] respondit, Plin. 17, 1, 1, § 4.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>E</b> Present, [[aiding]], favoring, [[propitious]]: [[Hercules]] [[tantus]], et tam [[praesens]] habetur [[deus]], Cic. Tusc. 1, 12, 28; id. N. D. 2, 2, 6; 3, 5, 11: [[deus]], Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 31; cf.: tu dea, tu [[praesens]], nostro succurre labori, Verg. A. 9, 404: [[modo]] [[diva]] [[triformis]] Adjuvet, et [[praesens]] ingentibus adnuat ausis, Ov. M. 7, 178.—Comp.: [[nihil]] [[illo]] ([[praesagio]]) praesentius, Flor. 4, 7, 9.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>F</b> Appropriate, [[pertinent]], [[timely]]: [[praesens]] hic quidemst [[apologus]], Plaut. Stich. 4, 1, 38; cf.: en [[hercle]] [[praesens]] [[somnium]], id. Mil. 2, 4, 41.

{{Georges

|georg=[[prae]]-[[sum]], fuī, [[esse]], eig. [[vorn]] [[sein]], an der [[Spitze]] [[stehen]]; dah. 1) [[einer]] [[Sache]] [[vorstehen]], [[über]] etw. [[gesetzt]] [[sein]], etw. [[betreiben]], a) übh.: [[sacris]], Cic.: aedibus, ICt.: negotio, Caes.: artificio, Cic.: ei studio, Cic.: potestati (Amte), Nep.: colendis praediis, Cic.: Vestae colendae ([[von]] den Vestalinnen), Cic.: navi faciendae, Cic.: navi aedificandae [[publice]], Cic.: ludis faciendis, Liv. – absol., [[qui]] praesunt, die Vorgesetzten, [[Varro]] r. r. 1, 17, 4. – b) [[als]] publiz. t. t., [[vorstehen]], [[gesetzt]] [[sein]] [[über]] usw., [[verwalten]], m. Dat., [[populo]], Cic.: magistratui, [[ein]] [[Amt]] [[bekleiden]], Cic. u. Caes.: tantis rebus, [[über]] so Großes zu [[gebieten]] [[haben]], Nep.: ei provinciae, Sall. – [[bes]]. [[Statthalter]] [[sein]], m. Dat., Ciliciae, Curt.: absol., in [[Media]], Curt.: in ea [[provincia]] [[triennium]] praefuisse, Cic.: Sardibus (zu S.), Nep. – c) [[als]] milit. t. t., vorgesetzt [[sein]], den [[Oberbefehl]] [[führen]] ([[haben]]), [[befehligen]], [[kommandieren]] (s. [[Held]] Caes. b. c. 3, 28. 2. Drak. Liv. 27, 15, 13), m. Dat. ([[über]]), summae imperii, den [[Oberbefehl]] [[haben]], Nep.: exercitui, Caes. u. Nep.: [[regis]] opibus (Streitmacht), Nep.: legionibus, Caes.: classi, navibus, Caes. – absol., [[qui]] praesunt, die [[Befehlshaber]], Nep.: [[mit]] Ang. [[des]] Ortes wo? [[ibi]], Caes.: eā regione, Liv.: in Bruttiis, Liv.: Lissi (zu L.), Caes.: Hadrumeti (zu Hadr.), Auct. b. Afr.: [[circum]] ea castella, Auct. b. Hisp. – II) übtr.: A) die [[Hauptperson]] [[bei]] etw. [[sein]], an etw. großen [[Anteil]] [[nehmen]], temeritati Ti. [[Gracchi]], Cic.: [[illi]] crudelitati, Cic. – B) [[schützen]], moenibus [[urbis]], [[von]] den [[Laren]], Ov. [[fast]]. 5, 135.

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