ἁμαρτία: Difference between revisions

|astxt=[[ἁμαρτία]], -ας, ἡ (< [[ἁμαρτάνω]], [[quod vide|q.v.]]), [in [[LXX]] [[chiefly]] for חַטָּאת and cogn. forms, [[also]] for פֶּשַׁע,עָוֹן, etc.;] <br />[[prop]]. a [[missing]] the [[mark]]; in cl. (v. reff. to CR in MM, VGT, s.v.);<br /><b class="num">(a)</b>[[guilt]], [[sin]] (Plat., Arist., al.); <br /><b class="num">(b)</b>[[more]] freq., [[from]] Æsch. down, a [[fault]], [[failure]]. In NT (as LXX) [[always]] in [[ethical]] [[sense]]; <br /><b class="num">1.</b>as a [[principle]] and [[quality]] of [[action]], = τὸ ἁμαρτάνειν, a sinning, [[sin]]: Ro 5:12, 13 20; ὑφ’ ἁμαρτίαν [[εἶναι]], Ro 3:9; ἐπιμένειν, Ro 6:1; ἀποθνήσκειν, νεκρὸν [[εἶναι]] τῇ ἁ., Ro 6:2, 11; τὴν ἀ. γινώσκειν, Ro 7:7; [[σῶμα]] τῆς ἁ., Ro 6:6; [[ἀπάτη]] τῆς ἁ., He 3:13; personified as a [[ruling]] [[principle]], ἁ. βασιλεύει, κυριεύει, etc., Ro 5:216:12, 14 7:17, 20; δουλεύειν, Ro 6:6; [[δοῦλος]] τῆς ἁ., ib. 17; [[νόμος]] τῆς ἁ., Ro 7:23 8:2; [[δύναμις]] τῆς ἁ., I Co 15:56 (cf. Ge 4:7). <br /><b class="num">2.</b>As a generic [[term]] (disting. fr. the [[specific]] terms [[ἁμάρτημα]], [[quod vide|q.v.]], etc.) for [[concrete]] wrongdoing, [[violation]] of the [[divine]] [[law]], [[sin]]: Jo 8:46, Ja 1:15, al.; ποιεῖν (τὴν) ἁ., Jo 8:34, II Co 11:7, I Jo 3:8; εἴχειν ἁ., Jo 9:41 15:22, 24 19:11, I Jo 1:8; in plural ἁμαρτίαι, [[sin]] in the aggregate, I Th 2:16 (v. Milligan, in l.); ποιεῖν ἁμαρτίας, Ja 5:15; [[πλῆθος]] ἁμαρτιῶν, Ja 5:20, I Pe 4:8; [[ἄφεσις]] ἁμαρτιῶν, Mt 26:28, Mk 1:4, al.; ἐν ἁμαρτίαις [[εἶναι]], I Co 15:17; [[collectively]], αἴρειν τὴν ἁ. τ. κόσμου, Jo 1:29; ἀποθνήσκειν ἐν τῇ ἁ., Jo 8:21. <br /><b class="num">3.</b>= [[ἁμάρτημα]], a [[sinful]] [[deed]], a [[sin]]: Mt 12:31, Ac 7:60, I Jo 5:16. SYN.: [[vide supra|v.s.]] [[ἁμάρτημα]].

|txtha=(ας, ἡ (from 2nd aorist ἁμαρτεῖν, as [[ἀποτυχία]] from ἀποτύχειν), a [[failing]] to [[hit]] the [[mark]] ([[see]] [[ἁμαρτάνω]]. In Greek writings (from [[Aeschylus]] and [[Thucydides]] down). 1st, an [[error]] of the [[understanding]] (cf. Ackermann, Das Christl. im [[Plato]], p. 59 Anm. 3 (English translation (S. R. Asbury, 1861), p. 57n. 99)). 2nd, a [[bad]] [[action]], [[evil]] [[deed]]. In the N. T. [[always]] in an [[ethical]] [[sense]], and<br /><b class="num">1.</b> equivalent to τό ἁμαρτάνειν a sinning, [[whether]] it occurs by [[omission]] or [[commission]], in [[thought]] and [[feeling]] or in [[speech]] and [[action]] (cf. [[Cicero]], de [[fin]]. 3,9): ὑφ' ἁμαρτίαν [[εἶναι]] held down in [[sin]], ἐπιμένειν τῇ [[ἁμαρτία]], ἀποθνῄσκειν τῇ [[ἁμαρτία]] and [[ζῆν]] ἐν αὐτῇ, [[τήν]] ἁμαρτίαν γινώσκειν, [[νεκρός]] τῇ [[ἁμαρτία]] [[περί]] ἁμαρτίας to [[break]] the [[power]] of [[sin]], [[σῶμα]] τῆς ἁμαρτίας the [[body]] as the [[instrument]] of [[sin]], [[ἀπάτη]] τῆς ἁμαρτίας the [[craft]] by [[which]] [[sin]] is [[accustomed]] to [[deceive]], [[ἄνθρωπος]] τῆς ἁμαρτίας (ἀνομίας T Tr [[text]] WH [[text]]) the [[man]] so [[possessed]] by [[sin]] [[that]] he seems [[unable]] to [[exist]] [[without]] it, the [[man]] [[utterly]] given up to [[sin]], Winer's Grammar, § 34,3Note 2). In [[this]] [[sense]] [[ἁμαρτία]] (equivalent to τό ἁμαρτάνειν) as a [[power]] exercising [[dominion]] [[over]] men ([[sin]] as a [[principle]] and [[power]]) is [[rhetorically]] represented as an [[imperial]] [[personage]] in the phrases [[ἁμαρτία]] βασιλεύει, κυριεύει, κατεργάζεται, δουλεύειν τῇ ἁμ. [[δοῦλος]] τῆς ἁμ. WH brackets; G omits τῆς ἁμ.); [[νόμος]] τῆς ἁμ. the [[dictate]] of [[sin]] or an [[impulse]] [[proceeding]] from it, [[δύναμις]] τῆς ἁμ. [[ἁμαρτία]], in [[ἁμαρτία]] in [[sense]], [[but]] [[not]] in [[signification]], is the [[source]] [[whence]] the [[several]] [[evil]] acts [[proceed]]; [[but]] it [[never]] denotes vitiosity.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> [[that]] [[which]] is done [[wrong]], committed or [[resultant]] [[sin]], an [[offence]], a [[violation]] of the [[divine]] [[law]] in [[thought]] or in [[act]] (ἡ [[ἁμαρτία]] ἐστιν ἡ [[ἀνομία]], [[ἁμαρτία]] [[must]] be taken to [[mean]] [[neither]] [[error]], [[nor]] [[craft]] by [[which]] Jesus is corrupting the [[people]], [[but]] [[sin]] viewed [[generally]], as is [[well]] shown by Lücke at the [[passage]] and Ullmann in the Studien und Kritiken for 1842, p. 667ff (cf. his Sündlosigkeit Jesu, p. 66ff (English translation of the 7th edition, p. 71 f)); the [[thought]] Isaiah, 'If anyone convicts me of [[sin]], [[then]] [[you]] [[may]] [[lawfully]] [[question]] the [[truth]] and [[divinity]] of my [[doctrine]], for [[sin]] hinders the [[perception]] of [[truth]]'); [[χωρίς]] ἁμαρτίας so [[that]] he did [[not]] [[commit]] [[sin]], ποιεῖν ἁμαρτίαν and [[τήν]] ἁμαρτίαν ἔχειν ἁμαρτίαν to [[have]] [[sin]] as [[though]] it were [[one]]'s [[odious]] [[private]] [[property]], or to [[have]] done [[something]] needing [[expiation]], equivalent to to [[have]] committed [[sin]], [[αἷμα]] ἔχειν, of [[one]] [[who]] has committed [[murder]], [[Euripides]], Or. 514); [[very]] [[often]] in the plural ἁμαρτίαι (in the Synoptative Gospels the [[singular]] occurs [[but]] [[once]]: L T Tr WH); [[πλῆθος]] ἁμαρτιῶν, ποιεῖν ἁμαρτίας, [[ἄφεσις]] ἁμαρτιῶν, ἀφιέναι τάς ἁμαρτίας, etc. ([[see]] [[ἀφίημι]], 1d.), in [[which]] the [[word]] does [[not]] of itself [[denote]] the [[guilt]] or [[penalty]] of sins, [[but]] the sins are conceived of as removed so to [[speak]] from God's [[sight]], regarded by him as [[not]] having been done, and [[therefore]] are [[not]] punished. Ἐν ἁμαρτίαις σύ ἐγεννήθης [[ὅλος]] thou wast [[covered]] [[all]] [[over]] [[with]] sins [[when]] thou wast [[born]] i. e. didst [[sin]] [[abundantly]] [[before]] thou wast [[born]], ἐν ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις ἀποθνῄσκειν to [[die]] loaded [[with]] [[evil]] deeds [[therefore]] unreformed, [[ἔτι]] ἐν ἁμαρτίαις [[εἶναι]] [[still]] to [[have]] [[one]]'s sins, [[namely]], [[unexpiated]], [[some]] [[particular]] [[evil]] [[deed]]: [[τήν]] ἁμαρτίαν ταύτην, [[πᾶσα]] [[ἁμαρτία]], [[ἁμαρτία]] [[πρός]] θάνατον, [[ζωή]] [[received]] from Christ [[into]] the [[state]] of [[θάνατος]] (cf. [[θάνατος]], 2) in [[which]] he [[was]] [[before]] he became united to Christ by [[faith]]; cf. Lücke, DeWette ([[especially]] Westcott, at the [[passage]])).<br /><b class="num">3.</b> [[collectively]], the [[complex]] or aggregate of sins committed [[either]] by a [[single]] [[person]] or by [[many]]: αἴρειν [[τήν]] ἁμαρτίαν [[τοῦ]] κόσμου, [[αἴρω]], 3c.); ἀποθνῄσκειν ἐν τῇ [[ἁμαρτία]] [[περί]] ἁμαρτίας, [[namely]], θυσίας (Winer's Grammar, 583 (542): Buttmann, 393 (336)), [[expiatory]] sacrifices, Sept., [[who]] [[sometimes]] so [[translate]] the [[Hebrew]] חֲטָאָה and חַטָּאת, e. g. [[χωρίς]] ἁμαρτίας having no fellowship [[with]] the [[sin]] [[which]] he is [[about]] (?) to [[expiate]], Hebrews 9:28.<br /><b class="num">4.</b> abstract for the concrete, equivalent to [[ἁμαρτωλός]]: Romans 7:7 (ὁ νόμος ἁμαρτία, opposed to ὁ νόμος ἅγιος, Romans 7:12); 2 Corinthians 5:21 (τόν ... ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν he treated him, who knew not sin, as a sinner). Cf. Fritzsche on Romans, vol. i. 289ff; (see [[ἁμάρτημα]]; Trench, § lxvi.).