μηχανή: Difference between revisions

|btext=ῆς (ἡ) :<br /><b>I.</b> machine, engin, <i>particul.</i><br /><b>1</b> machine de guerre;<br /><b>2</b> machine de théâtre ; <i>◊ [[proverb|prov.]]</i> [[ὥσπερ]] ἀπὸ μηχανῆς DÉM comme de la machine, <i>càd</i> d'une façon imprévue <i>ou</i> soudaine (<i>cf. lat.</i> ex machina) ; μηχανὴν αἴρειν, lever la machine, <i>càd</i> faire un coup de théâtre;<br /><b>II.</b> <i>fig.</i> toute invention ingénieuse;<br /><b>1</b> <i>en b. part</i> moyen, expédient : πάσῃ μηχανῇ par tous les moyens ; οὐδεμίᾳ μηχανῇ, par aucun moyen ; οὐδεμία [[μηχανή]] ἐστι [[ὅκως]] [[οὐ]] HDT <i>ou</i> μὴ [[οὐ]] HDT <i>ou</i> τὸ [[μή]] HDT il n’y a aucun moyen de ; [[τίς]] ἔστι [[μηχανή]] ; avec l'inf. quel moyen y a-t-il de ? <i>etc.</i><br /><b>2</b> <i>en mauv. part</i> ruse, artifice, machination.<br />'''Étymologie:''' cf. <i>lat.</i> machina.

|etymtx=Grammatical information: f.<br />Meaning: [[means]], [[tool]], [[contrivance]], [[apparatus]], [[machine]], [[device]] (IA, Dor.).<br />Other forms: Dor. [[μαχανά]].<br />Compounds: Compp., e.g. <b class="b3">μηχανο-ποιός</b> [[machine-builder]], [[engineer]], [[machinist]] (Att.), <b class="b3">ἀ-μήχανος</b> (Dor. <b class="b3">-ά-</b>) <b class="b2">without means etc., helpless; who cannot be helped with means, irresistible, impossible</b> (Il.; partly associated with [[μηχανάομαι]]) with <b class="b3">ἀμηχαν-ία</b>, <b class="b3">-ίη</b> (ι 295), <b class="b3">-έω</b> (Ion.).<br />Derivatives: 1. Uncertain <b class="b3">Μαχα-νεύς</b> surn. of Zeus (Argos, Tanagra, Cos, since Va; [[sub verbo|s.v.]] Wilamowitz Glaube 2, 172), also name of a month (Corcyra), [[Μαχανεῖος]] name of a month (Chalcedon); <b class="b3">Μαχαν-ίς</b> surn. of Athena (Cos), <b class="b3">-ῖτις</b> surn. of Aphrodite and Athena (Megalopolis). -- 2. [[μηχανιώτης]] [[contriver]], of Hermes (h. Merc. 436; after <b class="b3">ἀγγελι-ώτης</b> a.o., Zumbach Neuerungen 7). -- 3. [[μηχανάριος]] [[machinist]] (pap.). -- 4. <b class="b3">μηχαν-όεις</b> [[full of means]], [[inventive]] (S.), <b class="b3">-ικός</b> <b class="b2">id., belonging to machines, mechanical</b>, subst. [[machinebuilder]] (X., Arist.; Chantraine Études 101 a. 141). -- 5. [[μηχάνωμα]] (Dor. <b class="b3">μα-</b>) n. [[apparatus]], [[crane]] (Thphr., Delphi; enlarged from [[μηχανη]], Chantraine Form. 187). -- 6. Denomin. [[μηχανάομαι]] (<b class="b3">-άω</b>), aor. [[μηχανήσασθαι]] etc., also with prefix, e.g. <b class="b3">ἐπι-</b>, <b class="b3">ἀντι-</b>, <b class="b3">προσ-</b>, <b class="b2">realize, construct, manufacture artificially, devise (with ruse)</b> (Il.); from this <b class="b3">μηχάν-ημα</b> [[invention]], [[apparatus]], [[mechanical device]] (Hp., D., trag.), <b class="b3">-ησις</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (Hp., Plb. ), <b class="b3">-ητής</b> m. [[inventor of warmaschines]] (Sch.), <b class="b3">-ητικός</b> [[inventive]] (X.). -- Besides [[μῆχαρ]] n. indecl. [[means]], [[tool]] (A., Lyc.), [[μῆχος]] (Dor. <b class="b3">μᾶ-</b>) n. <b class="b2">id.</b> (Il., also Hdt.), both as opposed to [[μηχανή]] dying words without compp. a. abl.<br />Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]<br />Etymology: Not with Frisk from a heteroclitic <b class="b3">*μᾶχαρ</b>, <b class="b3">*μάχαν-ος</b>, from which with added [[-ā]] (cf. Schwyzer 459) the almost absolute reigning <b class="b3">μαχαν-ά</b>, <b class="b3">μηχαν-ή</b> arose; accent after the verbal nouna (<b class="b3">φυλακ-ή</b>, <b class="b3">κομιδ-ή</b> etc.). Beside the [[r-n-]]stem as so often an [[s]] -stem, [[μῆχος]]. -- As cognate are usually with Osthoff PBBeitr. 15, 211 ff. (after Bopp, Pott a.o.) considered some short-vowel verbal forms with accompanying nouns in Germanic and Slavic: Germ., e.g. Goth. [[mag]] [[can]], [[is able]], [[mag]], Slav., e.g. OCS [[mogǫ]], [[mošti]], Russ. [[mogú]], [[močь]] [[can]], [[be able]] with Goth. [[mahts]] [[power]], [[Macht]] etc. = OCS [[moštь]], Russ. [[močь]] <b class="b2">id.</b>. Beside this [[ti-]]derivation stands in Germ. a [[n-]]formation in OHG [[magan]], [[megin]], OWNo. [[magn]], [[megin]] [[power]], [[might]], which may belong directly to [[μηχανή]]. Here also (with v. Windekens Lex. etym.) Toch. A [[mokats]] [[mighty]] (like [[tsop-ats]] [[great]] etc.). -- Diff. Prellwitz (as alternative), Fraenkel Lexis 2, 170 a. Wb. s.v.: to Lith. [[móku]], <b class="b2">mokė́ti</b> [[can]], [[understand]], [[pay]] assuming a IE tenuis asp. [[kʰ]]; [[mag]], [[mogǫ]] etc. are then classified diff. (to Lith. [[magù]], <b class="b2">-ė́ti</b> [[please]], [[be pleasant]], <b class="b2">mė́gstu</b>, <b class="b2">mė́gti</b> [[love]], [[like]] etc.). To connect the last mentioned Lith. words also with [[μηχανή]] (W.-Hofmann s. [[mactus]], Vasmer s. [[mogú]]) is, apart from the meaning, doubtful already because of the ablaut [[ē]]: [[ā]] one would have to assume. In 1998, 10f [MKNAW Afd. Lett. 61, 9] I pointed out that in Slavic a laryngeal cannot have been vocalized; so the Germ. and Slavic forms cannot go back to <b class="b2">*mh₂gh-</b>. The Greek word then remains isolated. The suffix <b class="b3">-αν-</b> is typical for Pre-Greek words; note still that Greek has no forms with <b class="b3">*μαχ-</b>. -- From Dor. [[μαχανά]] Lat. [[māchina]], from [[μηχανή]] Pashto [[mēčan]] [[handmill]] (Morgenstierne Acta Or. 7, 200; 18, 143); on the meaning cf. VLat. [[māchina]] also [[millstone]], [[handmill]], Alb. (through Illyrian) [[mókërë]] [[millstone]]. -- WP. 2, 227, Pok. 695; further W.-Hofmann, Vasmer and Fraenkel (s. above).