καί: Difference between revisions

|Definition=Conj., copulative, joining words and sentences, <span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> [[and]]; also Adv., [[even]], [[also]], [[just]], freq. expressing emphatic assertion or assent, corresponding as positive to the negative [[οὐ]] (μή) or [[οὐδέ]] (μηδέ). </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> copulative, [[and]], </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">I</span> joining words or sentences to those preceding, ἦ, καὶ κυανέῃσιν ἐπ' ὀφρύσινεῦσε Κρονίων <span class="bibl">Il.1.528</span>, etc.: repeated with two or more Nouns, αἱ δὲ ἔλαφοι καὶ δορκάδες καὶ οἱ ἄγριοι οἶες καὶ οἱ ὄνοι οἱ ἄγριοι <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>1.4.7</span>; joining only the last pair, <span class="bibl">Cleom.2.1</span> (<span class="bibl">p.168.5</span> Z.), <span class="bibl">Phlp.<span class="title">in APr.</span>239.30</span>, etc., [[varia lectio|v.l.]] in <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Po.</span>1451a20</span>; <b class="b3">ὁ ὄχλος πλείων καὶ πλείων ἐπέρρει</b> more [[and]] more, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>7.5.39</span>; to add epithets after πολύς, πολλὰ καὶ ἐσθλά <span class="bibl">Il.9.330</span>; πολλὰ καὶ μεγάλα <span class="bibl">D.28.1</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> to add a limiting or defining expression, <b class="b3">πρὸς μακρὸν ὄρος καὶ Κύνθιον ὄχθον</b> to the mountain [[and specially]] to... <span class="bibl"><span class="title">h.Ap.</span> 17</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span> 63</span> (anap.), <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>1277</span> (anap.) (sts. in reverse order, πρὸς δῶμα Διὸς καὶ μακρὸν Ὄλυμπον <span class="bibl">Il.5.398</span>); to add by way of climax, <b class="b3">θεῶν… καὶ Ποσειδῶνος</b> all the gods, [[and above all]]…, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span>750</span>, etc.; ἐχθροὶ καὶ ἔχθιστοι <span class="bibl">Th.7.68</span>; τινὲς καὶ συχνοί <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Grg.</span>455c</span>; freq. <b class="b3">ἄλλοι τε καί... ἄλλως τε καί</b>…, v. [[ἄλλος]] <span class="bibl">11.6</span>, ἄλλως <span class="bibl">1.3</span>; <b class="b3">ὀλίγου τινὸς ἄξια καὶ οὐδενός</b> little [[or]] nothing, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ap.</span>23a</span>: joined with the demonstr. Pron. [[οὗτος]] ([[quod vide|q.v.]]), εἶναι… δούλοισι, καὶ τούτοισι ὡς δρηπέτῃσι <span class="bibl">Hdt.6.11</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">1.147</span>; <b class="b3">καὶ ταῦτα</b> [[and]] this [[too]]…, γελᾶν ἀναπείθειν, καὶ ταῦθ' οὕτω πολέμιον ὄντα τῷ γέλωτι <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>2.2.16</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> at the beginning of a sentence, </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">1</span> in appeals or requests, καί μοι δὸς τὴν Χεῖρα <span class="bibl">Il.23.75</span>; <b class="b3">καί μοι λέγε... καί μοι ἀπόκριναι</b>…, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Euthphr.</span>3a</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Grg.</span>462b</span>; freq. in Oratt., <b class="b3">καί μοι λέγε… τὸ ψήφισμα, καί μοι ἀνάγνωθι</b>…, <span class="bibl">D.18.105</span>, <span class="bibl">Lys.14.8</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> in questions, to introduce an objection or express surprise, <b class="b3">καὶ τίς τόδ' ἐξίκοιτ' ἂν ἀγγέλων τάχος</b>; <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>280</span>; <b class="b3">καὶ πῶς</b>…; [[pray]] how…? <span class="bibl">E. <span class="title">Ph.</span>1348</span>; <b class="b3">καὶ δὴ τί</b>…; [[but]] then what…? <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Hel.</span>101</span>; <b class="b3">καὶ ποῖον</b>…; <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span> 462</span>; <b class="b3">καὶ τίς εἶδε πώποτε βοῦς κριβανίτας</b>; <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ach.</span>86</span>; <b class="b3">κἄπειτ' ἔκανες</b>; <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Med.</span>1398</span> (anap.); <b class="b3">καὶ τίς πώποτε Χαριζόμενος ἑτέρῳ τοῦτο εἰργάσατο</b>; <span class="bibl">Antipho 5.57</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Is.1.20</span>, <span class="bibl">Isoc.12.23</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Tht.</span>163d</span>,al. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> = [[καίτοι]], [[and yet]], <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span>1245</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">HF</span>509</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">4</span> at the beginning of a speech, <span class="bibl">Lys.<span class="title">Fr.</span>36a</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">III</span> after words implying sameness or like ness, [[as]], <b class="b3">γνώμῃσι ἐχρέωντο ὁμοίῃσι καὶ σύ</b> they had the same opinion [[as]] you, <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.50</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">84</span>; [[ἴσον]] or <b class="b3">ἴσα καί</b>…, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>611</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">El.</span>994</span>; <b class="b3">ἐν ἴσῳ</b> (sc. [[ἐστὶ]]) καὶ εἰ… <span class="bibl">Th.2.60</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> after words implying comparison or opposition, αἱ δαπάναι οὐχ ὁμοίως καὶ πρίν <span class="bibl">Id.7.28</span>; πᾶν τοὐναντίον ἔχει νῦν τε καὶ ὅτε… <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>967a</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> to express simultaneity, ἦν ἦμαρ δεύτερον... κἀγὼ κατηγόμην <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>355</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Th.1.50</span>; <b class="b3">παρέρχονταί τε μέσαι νύκτες καὶ ψύχεται</b> [<b class="b3">τὸ ὕδωρ</b>] <span class="bibl">Hdt.4.181</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">3.108</span>; [<b class="b3">οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι</b>] οὐκ ἔφθασαν τὴν ἀρχὴν κατασχόντες καὶ Θηβαίοις εὐθὺς ἐπεβούλευσαν <span class="bibl">Isoc.8.98</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">IV</span> joining an affirm. clause with a neg., ἀλλ' ὥς τι δράσων εἷρπε κοὐ θανούμενος <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>160</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">V</span> <b class="b3">καί... καί</b>… correlative, [[not only]]... [[but also]]…, <b class="b3">καὶ ἀεὶ καὶ νῦν, καὶ τότε καὶ νῦν</b>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Grg.</span>523a</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Phlb.</span>60b</span>; καὶ κατὰ γῆν καὶ κατὰ θάλατταν <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>1.1.7</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">VI</span> by anacoluthon, <b class="b3">ὣς φαμένη καὶ κερδοσύνῃ ἡγήσατ' Ἀθήνη</b>, for <b class="b3">ὣς ἔφη καί</b>…, <span class="bibl">Il.22.247</span>; <b class="b3">ἔρχεται δὲ αὐτή τε… καὶ τὸν υἱὸν ἔχουσα</b>, for <b class="b3">καὶ ὁ υἱός</b>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>1.3.1</span>; ἄλλας τε κατηγεόμενοί σφι ὁδούς, καὶ τέλος ἐγίνοντο <span class="bibl">Hdt.9.104</span>; τοιοῦτος ὤν, κᾆτ' ἀνὴρ ἔδοξεν εἶναι <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span>392</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Nu.</span>624</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">B</span> [[even]], [[also]], [[just]], </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">1</span> <b class="b3">τάχα κεν καὶ ἀναίτιον αἰτιόῳτο</b> [[even]] the innocent, <span class="bibl">Il.11.654</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">4.161</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">δόμεναι καὶ μεῖζον ἄεθλον</b> an [[even]] greater prize, <span class="bibl">23.551</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">10.556</span>, <span class="bibl">5.362</span>: with numerals, <b class="b3">καὶ πέντε</b> [[full]] five, <span class="bibl">23.833</span>; γενομένης καὶ δὶς ἐκκλησίας <span class="bibl">Th.1.44</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.44</span>,<span class="bibl">60</span>, <span class="bibl">68</span>, al. (but <b class="b3">ἐτῶν δύο καὶ τριῶν</b> two [[or]] three, <span class="bibl">Th.1.82</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Eq.</span>4.4</span>). </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> [[also]], <b class="b3">καὶ ἐγώ</b> I [[also]], <span class="bibl">Il.4.40</span>; <b class="b3">καὶ αὐτοί</b> they [[also]], <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>3.4.44</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">Ἀγίας καὶ Σωκράτης καὶ τούτω ἀπεθανέτην</b> [[likewise]] died, ib. <span class="bibl">2.6.30</span>; in adding surnames, etc., Ὦχος ὁ καὶ Δαρειαῖος <span class="bibl">Ctes.<span class="title">Fr.</span>29.49</span> (sed Photii est): Ptol. Papyri have nom. <b class="b3">ὃς κ</b>., gen. <b class="b3">τοῦ κ</b>. etc., Πανίσκος ὃς καὶ Πετεμῖνις <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PLond.</span>2.219</span> (b) <span class="bibl">2</span> (ii B.C.); dat. <b class="b3">τῷ κ</b>. ib.(a) <span class="bibl">v2</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PRein.</span>26.5</span> (ii B. C.); nom. <b class="b3">ὁ κ</b>. first in <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PTeb.</span>110.1</span> (i B. C.), freq. later, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">BGU</span>22.25</span> (ii A. D.), etc.; Ἰούδας ὁ καὶ Μακκαβαῖος <span class="bibl">J.<span class="title">AJ</span>12.6.4</span>; Σαῦλος ὁ καὶ Παῦλος <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Act.Ap.</span>13.9</span>: with ἄλλος, λαβέτω δὲ καὶ ἄλλος <span class="bibl">Od.21.152</span>; <b class="b3">εἴπερ τι καὶ ἄλλο, ὥς τις καὶ ἄλλος</b>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>3.6.2</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">An.</span>1.3.15</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Phd.</span>59a</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>356</span>: freq. in antithetic phrases, <b class="b3">οὐ μόνον... ἀλλὰ καὶ</b>…, [[not only]]... [[but also]]…, v. [[μόνος]]; οὐδὲν μᾶλλον… ἢ οὐ καὶ… <span class="bibl">Hdt.5.94</span>, al. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> freq. used both in the anteced. and relat. clause, where we put [[also]] in the anteced. only, εἰ μὲν καὶ σὺ εἶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ὧνπερ καὶ ἐγώ <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Grg.</span>458a</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Il.6.476</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>2.1.21</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> freq. in apodosi, after temporal Conjs., ἀλλ' ὅτε δή ῥα... καὶ τότε δή… <span class="bibl">Il.1.494</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">8.69</span>, <span class="bibl">Od. 14.112</span>; also after [[εἰ]], <span class="bibl">Il.5.897</span>: in Prose, ὡς δὲ ἔδοξεν, καὶ ἐχώρουν <span class="bibl">Th.2.93</span>: as a Hebraism, καὶ ἐγένετο… κ.… <span class="bibl">[[LXX]] <span class="title">Ge.</span>24.30</span>, al., <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Luc.</span>1.59</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">4</span> with Advs., to give emphasis, καὶ κάρτα <span class="bibl">Hdt.6.125</span>; <b class="b3">καὶ λίην</b> [[full]] [[surely]], <span class="bibl">Il.19.408</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.1.46</span>; καὶ μᾶλλον <span class="bibl">Il.8.470</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Heracl.</span>386</span>; <b class="b3">καὶ πάλαι, καὶ πάνυ</b>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>1252</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Chrm.</span>154e</span>; <b class="b3">καὶ μάλα, καὶ σφόδρα</b>, in answers, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>1326</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">La.</span> 191e</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">5</span> with words expressing a minimum, [[even so much as]], [[were it but]], [[just]], ἱέμενος καὶ καπνὸν ἀποθρῴσκοντα νοῆσαι <span class="bibl">Od.1.58</span>; [[οἷς]] ἡδὺ καὶ λέγειν <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>528</span>; <b class="b3">τίς δὲ καὶ προσβλέψεται</b>; who will [[so much as]] look at you? <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">IA</span>1192</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ra.</span>614</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ap.</span>28b</span>, <span class="bibl">35b</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">6</span> [[just]], <b class="b3">τοῦτ' αὐτὸ καὶ νοσοῦμεν</b> [[it is just that that ails me]], <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Andr.</span>906</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ba.</span>616</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>490</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pax</span>892</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ra.</span>73</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Grg.</span>456a</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Tht.</span>166d</span>: freq. with a relat., τὸ καὶ κλαίουσα τέτηκα <span class="bibl">Il.3.176</span>; διὸ δὴ καὶ… <span class="bibl">Th.1.128</span>, etc.: also in interrogations (usu. to be rendered by emphasis in intonation), <b class="b3">ποίου Χρόνου δὲ καὶ πεπόρθηται πόλις</b>; and [[how long ago]] was the city sacked? <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>278</span>; <b class="b3">ποῦ καί σφε θάπτει</b>; [[where]] is he burying her? <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Alc.</span>834</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>1290</span>, al., <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>5.8.2</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pax</span>1289</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Euthphr.</span>6b</span>, <span class="bibl">D.4.46</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">7</span> [[even]], [[just]], implying assent, <b class="b3">ἔπειτά με καὶ λίποι αἰών</b> thereafter let life [[e'en]] leave me, <span class="bibl">Il.5.685</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">17.647</span>, <span class="bibl">21.274</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.7.224</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">8</span> <b class="b3">καὶ εἰ</b> [[even if]], of a whole condition represented as an extreme case, opp. [[εἰ καί]] = [[although]], [[notwithstanding that]], of a condition represented as immaterial even if fulfilled, cf. <span class="bibl">Il.4.347</span>, <span class="bibl">5.351</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.13.292</span>, <span class="bibl">16.98</span> with <span class="bibl">Il.5.410</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.6.312</span>, <span class="bibl">8.139</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">εἰ καὶ ἠπιστάμην</b> if I [[had]] been able, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>108d</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Lg.</span>663d</span>. (This remark does not apply to cases where [[εἰ]] and [[καί]] each exert their force separtely, as εἴ περ ἀδειής τ' ἐστί, καὶ εἰ… [[and if]]… <span class="bibl">Il.7.117</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Hdt.5.78</span>, etc.) </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">9</span> before a Participle, to represent either <b class="b3">καὶ εἰ</b>…, or <b class="b3">εἰ καί</b>…, [[although]], [[albeit]], <b class="b3">Ἕκτορα καὶ μεμαῶτα μάχης σχήσεσθαι ὀΐω</b>, for <b class="b3">ἢν καὶ μεμάῃ</b>, [[how much soever]] he rage, [[although]] he rage, <span class="bibl">Il.9.655</span>; <b class="b3">τί σὺ ταῦτα, καὶ ἐσθλὸς ἐών, ἀγορεύεις</b>; (for <b class="b3">εἰ καὶ ἐσθλὸς εἶ</b>) <span class="bibl">16.627</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">13.787</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.2.343</span>, etc.; καὶ τύραννος ὢν ὅμως <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>851</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">C</span> Position: [[καί]] [[and]], is by Poets sometimes put after another word, <b class="b3">ἔγνωκα, τοῖσδε κοὐδὲν ἀντειπεῖν ἔχω</b>, for καὶ τοῖσδε οὐδέν <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>51</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Euph.51.7</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> [[καί]] [[also]], sometimes goes between a Prep. and its case, ἐν καὶ θαλάσσᾳ <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>2.28</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> very seldom at the end of a verse, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>312</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">V.</span>1193</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">D</span> crasis: with ᾰ, as [[κἄν]], [[κἀγαθοί]], etc.; with ε, as [[κἀγώ]], [[κἄπειτα]], etc., Dor. [[κἠγώ]], [[κἤπειτα]], etc.; with η, as [[Χἠ]], [[Χἠμέρη]], [[Χἠμεῖς]], etc.; with ῐ in [[Χἰκετεύετε]], [[Χἰλαρή]]; with ο, as [[Χὠ]], [[Χὤστις]], etc.; with υ in [[Χὐμεῖς]], [[Χὐποχείριον]], etc.; with ω in the pron. [[ᾧ]], [[Χᾦ]]; with αι, as [[κᾀσχρῶν]]; with αυ, as [[καὐτός]]; with ει, as [[κεἰ]], [[κεἰς]] (but also [[κἀς]]) <b class="b3">, κᾆτα</b>; with <b class="b3">εὐ-</b>, as [[κεὐγένεια]], [[κεὐσταλής]]; with οι in [[Χοἰ]] (Χᾠ <span class="bibl"><span class="title">EM</span>816.34</span>); with ου in [[Χοὖτος]], [[κοὐ]], [[κοὐδέ]], and the like .</span>