γάρ: Difference between revisions

|Definition=([[γε]], [[ἄρα]]), causal Conj., used alone or with other Particles. <span class="sense"><span class="bld">I</span> introducing the reason or cause of what precedes, [[for]], τῷ γὰρ ἐπὶ φρεσὶ θῆκε θεὰ λευκώλενος Ἥρη· κήδετο γὰρ Δαναῶν <span class="bibl">Il.1.56</span>, etc.; but freq. in expl. of that wh. is implied in the preceding clause, πολλάων πολίων κατέλυσε κάρηνα… τοῦ γὰρ κράτος ἐστὶ μέγιστον <span class="bibl">2.118</span>, etc.: hence, </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> in simple explanations, esp. after a Pronoun or demonstr. Adj., ἀλλὰ τόδ' αἰνὸν ἄχος κραδίην καὶ θυμὸν ἱκάνει· Ἕκτωρ γὰρ ποτε φήσει <span class="bibl">8.148</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Od.2.163</span>; <b class="b3">ὃ δὲ δεινότατον… ὁ Ζεὺς γάρ</b>… <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Av.</span>514</span>; ὃ δὲ πάντων ἀδικώτατον ἔδοξε· τῶν γὰρ προγε γραμμένων ἠτίμωσε καὶ υἱούς <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Sull.</span>31</span>; freq. in introducing proofs or examples, <b class="b3">μαρτύριον δέ· Δήλου γὰρ καθαιρομένης</b>… <span class="bibl">Th.1.8</span>; <b class="b3">τεκμήριον δέ· οὔτε γὰρ Λακεδαιμόνιοι</b>… <span class="bibl">Id.2.39</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">D.20.10</span>, etc.; in full, <b class="b3">τεκμήριον δὲ τούτου τόδε· αἱ μὲν γάρ</b>… <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.58</span>; <b class="b3">παράδειγμα τόδε τοῦ λόγου· ἐκ γάρ</b>… <span class="bibl">Th.1.2</span>; <b class="b3">δηλοῖ δέ μοι τόδε· πρὸ γάρ</b>… ib.<span class="bibl">3</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">c</span> to introduce a detailed description or narration already alluded to, <b class="b3">ὅμως δὲ λεκτέα ἃ γιγνώσκω· ἔχει γὰρ [ἡ χώρα] πεδία κάλλιστα</b>… <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>5.6.6</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">d</span> in answers to questions or [[statement]]s [[challenging]] [[assent]] or [[denial]], [[yes]],... [[no]],…, <b class="b3">οὔκουν… ἀνάγκη ἐστί;—ἀνάγκη γὰρ οὖν, ἔφη</b>, [[ay]] [[doubtless]] [[it is necessary]], <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>2.1.7</span>, cf. § <span class="bibl">4</span> and <span class="bibl">13</span>; indicating assent, ἔχει γάρ <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>268a</span>; <b class="b3">ἱκανὸς γάρ, ἔφη, συμβαίνει γάρ, ἔφη</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">R.</span>502b</span>, <span class="bibl">502c</span>,cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ap.</span>41a</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">οὔκουν δὴ τό γ' εἰκός.—οὐ γάρ</b>: <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>276c</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> by inversion, preceding the fact explained, [[since]], [[as]], Ἀτρεΐδη, πολλοὶ γὰρ τεθνᾶσιν Ἀχαιοί… τῷ σε χρὴ πόλεμον παῦσαι <span class="bibl">Il.7.328</span>; <b class="b3">χρόνου δὲ οὐ πολλοῦ διελθόντος</b> (χρῆν γὰρ Κανδαύλῃ γενέσθαι κακῶς) <b class="b3"> ἔλεγε πρὸς τὸν Γύγην τοιάδε, Γύγη, οὐ γὰρ σε δοκέω πείθεσθαι</b>… (ὦτα γὰρ τυγχάνει κτλ.) <b class="b3">, ποίει ὅκως</b>… <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.8</span>. cf. <span class="bibl">6.102</span>, al.; <b class="b3">εἶεν, σὺ γὰρ τούτων ἐπιστήμων, τί χρὴ ποιεῖν</b>; <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>117a</span>; the principal proposition is sometimes </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> blended with the causal one, <b class="b3">τῇ δὲ κακῶς γὰρ ἔδεε γενέσθαι εἶπε</b>, i.e. <b class="b3">ἡ δέ</b> (κακῶς γὰρ οἱ ἔδεε γενέσθαι) εἶπε <span class="bibl">Hdt. 9.109</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">1.24</span>, <span class="bibl">4.149</span>, <span class="bibl">200</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.1.72</span>, <span class="bibl">8.30</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">c</span> attached to the hypothet. Particle instead of being joined to the apodosis, <b class="b3">οὐδ' εἰ γὰρ ἦν τὸ πρᾶγμα μὴ θεήλατον, ἀκάθαρτον ὑμᾶς εἰκὸς ἦν οὕτως ἐᾶν</b>, i.e. <b class="b3">οὐδὲ γὰρ εἰ ἦν</b>... <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>255</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">d</span> repeated, <b class="b3">οὐ γὰρ οὖν σιγήσομαι· ἔτικτε γάρ</b>… <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">OC</span>980</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ant.</span>659</span> sq., <span class="bibl">1255</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> in elliptical phrases, where that of which [[γάρ]] gives the reason is omitted, and must be supplied, </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">a</span> freq. in Trag. dialogue and Pl., when [[yes]] or [[no]] may be supplied from the context, <b class="b3">καὶ δῆτ' ἐτόλμας τούσδ' ὑπερβαίνειν νόμους;—οὐ γὰρ τί μοι Ζεὺς ἦν ὁ κηρύξας τάδε</b> [yes], [[for]] it was not Zeus, etc., <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>450</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">OT</span>102</span>, etc.; καλῶς γὰρ αὐτὸς ἠγάνισαι <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Smp.</span>194a</span>; freq. in phrase <b class="b3">ἔστι γὰρ οὕτω</b> [yes], [[for]] so it is, i. e. yes certainly: <b class="b3">λέγεταί τι καινόν; γένοιτο γὰρ ἄν τι καινότερον ἢ</b>…; [why,] could there be… ? <span class="bibl">D.4.10</span>; with negs., <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ra.</span>262</span> <b class="b3">τούτῳ γὰρ οὐ νικήσετε</b> [do so], [[yet]] shall ye never prevail by this means: for <b class="b3">ἀλλὰ γάρ</b>, v. infr.<span class="bibl">11.1</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> to confirm or strengthen something said, <b class="b3">οἵδ' οὐκέτ' εἰσί· τοῦτο γάρ σε δήξεται</b> [I say this], [[for]] it will sting thee, <span class="bibl">E. <span class="title">Med.</span>1370</span>: after an Exclamation, ὦ πόποι· ἀνάριθμα γὰρ φέρω πήματα <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>168</span> (lyr.), cf. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hel.</span>857</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">c</span> in conditional propositions, where the condition is omitted, [[else]], <b class="b3">οὐ γὰρ ἄν με ἔπεμπον πάλιν</b> (''[[sc.]]'' <b class="b3">εἰ μὴ ἐπίστευον</b>) <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>7.6.33</span>; <b class="b3">γίνεται γὰρ ἡ κοινωνία συμμαχία</b> [[for in that case]], <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1280b8</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">4</span> in abrupt questions, [[why]], [[what]], <b class="b3">τίς γὰρ σε θεῶν ἐμοὶ ἄγγελον ἧκεν</b>; [[why]] who hath sent thee? <span class="bibl">Il.18.182</span>; <b class="b3">πῶς γὰρ νῦν… εὕδουσι</b>; <span class="bibl">10.424</span>; <b class="b3">πατροκτονοῦσα γὰρ ξυνοικήσεις ἐμοί</b>; [[what]], wilt thou… ? <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span>909</span>: generally, after interrog. Particles, <b class="b3">ἦ γάρ</b>…; [[what]], was it… ? <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>1000</span>,<span class="bibl">1039</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">τί γάρ</b>; [[quid enim]]? i. e. it must be so, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">OC</span>539</span>,<span class="bibl">542</span>,<span class="bibl">547</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">τί γὰρ δή ποτε</b>; <span class="bibl">D.21.44</span>; also <b class="b3">πῶς γὰρ; πῶς γὰρ οὔ</b>;, v. [[πῶς]]. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">5</span> to strengthen a wish, c. opt., <b class="b3">κακῶς γὰρ ἐξόλοιο</b> <span class="title">O</span> that you might perish ! <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Cyc.</span>261</span>; cf. <b class="b3">αἴ, εἰ, εἴθε, πῶς</b>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> joined with other Particles: </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">1</span> <b class="b3">ἀλλὰ γάρ</b> where [[γάρ]] gives the reason of a clause to be supplied between [[ἀλλά]] and itself, as <b class="b3">ἀλλ' ἐν γὰρ Τρώων πεδίῳ</b>… but [[[far otherwise]]], [[for]]... <span class="bibl">Il.15.739</span>; <b class="b3">ἀλλὰ γὰρ ἥκουσ' αἵδ' ἐπὶ πρᾶγος πικρόν</b> but [[[hush]]], [[for]]... <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>861</span>; <b class="b3">ἀλλ' οὐ γὰρ σ' ἐθέλω</b>… but [<b class="b2">look out] for</b>... <span class="bibl">Il.7.242</span>; in full, ἀλλ' οὐ γάρ σφιν ἐφαίνετο κέρδιον εἶναι μαίεσθαι προτέρω, τοὶ μὲν πάλιν αὖτις ἔβαινον <span class="bibl">Od.14.355</span>; ἀλλ', οὐ γὰρ ἔπειθε, διδοῖ τὸ φᾶρος <span class="bibl">Hdt.9.109</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> [[γὰρ ἄρα]] = [[for indeed]], <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Prt.</span>315d</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Smp.</span>205b</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> [[γὰρ δή]] = [[for of course]], [[for you know]], <span class="bibl">Il.2.301</span>,<span class="bibl">23.607</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.34</span>, <span class="bibl">114</span>, etc.; [[φάμεν γὰρ δή]] = [[yes certainly we say so]], <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span>187e</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">164d</span>; οὐ γὰρ δή <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>46</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">4</span> γὰρ νυ <span class="bibl">Od.14.359</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">5</span> [[γὰρ οὖν]] = [[for indeed]], to [[confirm]] or [[explain]], <span class="bibl">Il.15.232</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.5.34</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>489</span>,<span class="bibl">771</span>, etc.; [[φησὶ γὰρ οὖν]] = [[yes]] of course he says so, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span>170a</span>; γὰρ οὖν δή <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Prm.</span>148c</span>, etc.; [[οὐ γὰρ οὖν]] ib.<span class="bibl">134b</span>; cf. [[τοιγαροῦν]]. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">6</span> [[γὰρ που]] = [[for I suppose]], esp. with negs., <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">R.</span>381c</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Phd.</span>62d</span>, etc.; οὐ γὰρ δήπου <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Prt.</span>309c</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">7</span> [[γὰρ ῥα]], = [[γὰρ ἄρα]], <span class="bibl">Il.1.113</span>, al. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">8</span> [[γὰρ τε]], <span class="bibl">23.156</span>; also τε γὰρ <span class="bibl">D.19.159</span>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1333a2</span>, al. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">9</span> [[γὰρ τοι]] = [[for surely]]... <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hel.</span>93</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Supp.</span>564</span>, etc.; οὐ γὰρ τοι <span class="bibl">Od.21.172</span>, etc.; cf. [[τοιγάρτοι]]. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">B</span> POSITION: [[γάρ]] prop. stands after the first word in a clause, but in Pocts it freq. stands third or fourth, when the preceding words are closely connected, as <b class="b3">ὁ μὲν γὰρ</b>… <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>764</span>; <b class="b3">χἠ ναῦς γὰρ</b>… <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ph.</span>527</span>; <b class="b3">τό τ' εἰκαθεῖν γὰρ</b>… <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ant.</span>1096</span>; <b class="b3">τὸ μὴ θέμις γὰρ</b>… <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span>641</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">753</span>: also in Prose, <b class="b3">τὸ κατ' ἀξίαν γὰρ</b>… <span class="bibl">Arist. <span class="title">EN</span>1163b11</span>: sometimes for metrical reasons, where there is no such connection, as third (<span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>222.729</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>219</span> (all lyr.)), fourth (<span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Av.</span>1545</span>); in later Com. fifth (<span class="bibl">Men.462.2</span>); sixth (<span class="bibl">Antiph.26.22</span>); seventh (<span class="bibl">Men.<span class="title">Epit.</span>531</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Pk.</span>170</span>, <span class="bibl">Athenio 1.5</span>); once sixth in S., καιρὸς καὶ πλοῦς ὅδ' ἐπείγει γὰρ κατὰ πρύμναν <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ph.</span>1451</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> inserted before the demonstr. <b class="b3">-ί</b>, as [[νυνγαρί]] for <b class="b3">νυνὶ γάρ</b>; cf. [[νυνί]]. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">C</span> QUANTITY: [[γάρ]] is sometimes long in Hom. metri gr., θήσειν γὰρ ἔτ' ἔμελλεν <span class="bibl">Il.2.39</span>; φωνῆς γὰρ ἤκουσα <span class="bibl"><span class="title">h.Cer.</span>57</span>.—In Att. always short: <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span>366</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">V.</span>217</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Lys.</span>20</span> are corrupt.</span>