ἐπεί: Difference between revisions

|Definition=Conj., both temporal and causal; also [[ἐπειδή]], ἐπείτε.<br><span class="bld">A</span> OF TIME ([[ἐπειδή]] is more freq. in this sense in Prose), [[after that]], [[since]], [[when]], from Hom. downwds.:<br><span class="bld">I</span> with Ind.,<br><span class="bld">1</span> of a definite occurrence in past time, mostly c. aor., <b class="b3">ἐπεὶ π' εὔξαντο</b> [[after]] they had prayed, Il.1.458; ἐπειδὴ ἐτελεύτησε Δαρεῖος καὶ κατέστη Ἀρταξέρξης [[after]] D. had died and A. had succeeded, X.''An.''1.1.3: rarely c. impf., ἐπειδὴ εἱστιώμεθ' Ar.''Nu.''1354; ἐπεὶ πόντον εἰσεβάλλομεν E.''IT''260; ἐπεὶ ἠσθένει Δαρεῖος X.''An.''1.1.1: c. plpf., <b class="b3">ἐπειδὴ ἐξηπάτησθε.</b>. [[after]] you had been deceived... D.18.42; but generally the aor. is found, the plpf. being used only for special emphasis: c. impf. to express an action not yet complete, <b class="b3">ἐπεὶ ὑπηντίαζεν ἡ φάλαγξ καὶ ἡ σάλπιγξ ἐφθέγξατο</b> [[after]] the phalanx began to advance and the trumpet had sounded, X.''An.''6.5.27.<br><span class="bld">2</span> with implied reference to some later time, ἐπεὶ or [[ἐπειδή]], = [[ἐξ οὗ]], [[from the time when]], [[since]], mostly c. aor., πολλὰ πλάγχθη, ἐπεὶ ἔπερσε Od.1.2; <b class="b3">ἐπείτε παρέλαβον τὸν θρόνον, τοῦτο ἐφρόντιζον</b> [[ever since]] I came to the throne, I had this in mind, Hdt.7.8.ά; [[ἐπειδήπερ]] ὑπέστη Th.8.68; δέκατον μὲν ἔτος τόδ' ἐ… ἦραν A.''Ag.'' 40: sometimes c. pres. (used in pf. sense) and pf., <b class="b3">ἐπεὶ δὲ φροῦδός ἐστι στρατός</b> [[since]] the army is gone, S.''Ant.''15; <b class="b3">ἐπείτε ὑπὸ τῷ Πέρσῃ εἰσί, πεπόνθασι τοιόνδε</b> [[ever since]] they have been, [[now that]] they are... Hdt.3.117.<br><span class="bld">II</span> with Subj., [[ἄν]] being always added in Att. Prose, and [[ἄν]] or κε generally in Poetry: [[ἐπεί]] with [[ἄν]] becomes [[ἐπήν]] (so in Com., Ar.''Lys.''1175,''Av.''983), later [[ἐπάν]] ([[quod vide|q.v.]]), Ion. [[ἐπεάν]] ''Schwyzer'' 800 (vi B.C.), Hdt.3.153, al., ἐπήν Hp.''Fract.''6, al., and [[ἐπειδή]] with <b class="b3">ἄν ἐπειδάν</b> ([[quod vide|q.v.]]); Hom. has <b class="b3">ἐπεὶ κε, ἐπήν</b> (once ἐπεὶ ἄν Il.6.412):<br><span class="bld">1</span> referring to future time with fut. apodosis, <b class="b3">τέκνα ἄξομεν.. ἐπὴν πτολίεθρον ἕλωμεν</b> [[when]] we shall have taken the city, Il.4.238; ἐπεὶ κ' ἀπὸ λαὸς ὄληται 11.764. cf. Od.17.23; ἐπεάν περ ἡμίονοι τέκωσι, τότε τὸ τεῖχος ἁλώσεσθαι Hdt.3.153; <b class="b3">ταῦτ', ἐπειδὰν περὶ τοῦ γένους εἴπω, τότ' ἐρῶ</b> I will speak of this, [[when]] I have spoken... D.57.16, cf. X.''An.''2.3.29; ἐπεὶ ἂν σύ γε πότμον ἐπίσπῃς Il.6.412; <b class="b3">χρὴ δέ, ὅταν μὲν τιθῆσθε τοὺς νόμους,.. σκοπεῖν, ἐπειδὰν δὲ θῆσθε, φυλάττειν</b> whenever you are enacting your laws,.. and [[after]] you have enacted them... D.21.34.<br><span class="bld">2</span> of repeated action, with a pres. apodosis, [[whenever]], [[when once]], δαμνᾷ, ἐπεὶ κε λίπῃ ὀστέα θυμός Od.11.221, cf. Il.9.409; <b class="b3">ἐπειδὰν ἡ ἐκφορὰ ᾖ.. ἄγουσι</b> [[whenever]] the burial takes place they bring, Th.2.34; <b class="b3">ἐπειδὰν κρύψωσι γῇ.. λέγει</b> [[when]] they have covered them with earth, ibid.: sometimes without [[ἄν]] or κε in Poets, ἐπεὶ ἂρ βλέφαρ' ἀμφικαλύψῃ Od.20.86; ἐπεὶ δὴ τόν γε δαμάσσεται.. ὀϊστός Il.11.478, cf. S.''OC''1225 (lyr.), ''Ant.'' 1025.<br><span class="bld">3</span> like A.1.2, <b class="b3">δέκα ἡμερῶν ἐπειδὰν δόξῃ</b> within ten days [[from]] the passing of the resolution, ''IG''12.88.7.<br><span class="bld">III</span> with Opt. (without [[ἄν]]):<br><span class="bld">1</span> referring to future time, <b class="b3">ἐπειδὴ πρὸς τὸ φῶς ἔλθοι, ὁρᾶν οὐδ' ἂν ἓν δύνασθαι</b> (''[[sc.]]'' <b class="b3">οὐκ οἴει</b>); [[after]] he had come into the light... [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Republic|R.]]'' 516a: Hom. sometimes uses [[ἐπήν]] with opt. in same sense as [[ἐπεί]], Il.24.227, Od.2.105 (codd.), etc.<br><span class="bld">2</span> more freq. of repeated action, with a past apodosis, ἐπεὶ ζεύξειεν... δησάσκετο Il.24.14; ἐπειδὴ δέ τι ἐμφάγοιεν, ἀνίσταντο X.''An.''4.5.9; ἐπεὶ πύθοιτο, ἐπῄνει Id.''Cyr.''5.3.55, cf. Th.8.38, [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedo|Phd.]]'' 59d, ''Prt.''315b.<br><span class="bld">3</span> in orat. obliq. after past tenses, representing a subj. in orat. rect., <b class="b3">αὐτὸς δὲ ἐπεὶ διαβαίης, ἀπιέναι ἔφησθα</b> (the direct form being <b class="b3">ἐπὴν διαβῶ</b>) X.''An.'' 7.2.27, cf. 3.5.18, ''Cyr.''1.4.21; after opt. in a final clause, [[ἐπορεύοντο]], ὅπως ἐπειδὴ γένοιντο ἐπὶ τῷ ποταμῷ.. ἴοιεν Th.7.80.<br><span class="bld">4</span> by assimilation to opt. in principal clause, ἦ τ' ἂν.. νῦν μὲν ἀνώγοιμι πτολεμίζειν.. ἐπὴν τεισαίμεθα λώβην Il.19.208; ὃς τὸ καταβρόξειεν ἐπεὶ κρητῆρι μιγείη Od.4.222.<br><span class="bld">5</span> [[ἐπειδάν]] c. opt. is [[falsa lectio|f.l.]] in some passages of early authors, as [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''1.3.11, D.30.6 (c. ind., Plb.13.7.8): found in later Gr., Agath.2.5, al., Zos.5.18.10.<br><span class="bld">IV</span> with Inf., only in orat. obliq., <b class="b3">ἐπειδὴ δὲ κατὰ σχολὴν σκέψασθαι, κόπτεσθαι</b> (''[[sc.]]'' [[ἔφη]]) [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Republic|R.]]'' 619c, cf.''Smp.''174d, Hdt.4.10, 7.150.<br><span class="bld">V</span> with other words:<br><span class="bld">1</span> <b class="b3">ἐπεὶ τάχιστα</b> [[as soon as]], freq. separated by a word, ἐπεὶ ἦλθε τάχιστα,.. ἀπέδοτο X.''An.''7.2.6; ἐπεὶ δὲ τάχιστα διέβη Id.''Cyr.''3.3.22; ἐπεὶ θᾶττον Arist.''Pol.''1284a40; ἐπεὶ εὐθέως X.''HG''3.2.4; ἐ… αὐτίκα Pi.''N.''1.35; ἐπειδὴ τάχιστα [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Protagoras|Prt.]]'' 310c, D.27.16; ἐπειδὰν τάχιστα Hdt.8.144, X.''An.''3.1.9; rarely ἐπειδὴ θᾶττον D.37.41; ἐπειδὰν θᾶττον [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Protagoras|Prt.]]'' 325c.<br><span class="bld">b</span> ἐπεὶ τὰ πρῶτα Il.12.420; ἐπεὶ τὸ πρῶτον A.''Ag.''1287.<br><span class="bld">2</span> with emphatic Particles, <b class="b3">ἐπεὶ ἄρα</b> [[when]] then, in continuing a narrative, Il.6.426; <b class="b3">ἐπεὶ οὖν</b> [[when]] then, in resuming a narrative, 1.57, 3.4; ἐπεὶ ὦν Hdt.3.9; ἐπεὶ γὰρ δή Id.9.90, etc.<br><span class="bld">B</span> CAUSAL ([[ἐπεί]] more freq. in this sense in early Prose: [[ἐπειδή]] [[whereas]] is used in preambles of decrees, ''IG''22.103, etc.; [[ἐπειδήπερ]] [[inasmuch as]], Ev. Luc. 1.1), [[since]], [[seeing that]], freq. from Hom. downwards:<br><span class="bld">1</span> with Ind. (after both present and past tenses), ἐπεὶ οὐδὲ ἔοικε Il.1.119, cf. 153,278, Pi.''O.''4.16, [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Memorabilia|Mem.]]''2.3.4; ἐπειδή Th.8.80; ἐπειδὴ οὐκ ἐθέλεις [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Protagoras|Prt.]]'' 335c; νίκη δ' ἐπείπερ ἕσπετ', ἐμπέδως μένοι A.''Ag.''854; freq. with past tenses with ἄν, ἐπεὶ οὔποτ' ἂν στόλον ἐπλεύσατ' ἄν S.''Ph.''1037; ἐπεὶ οὔ κεν ἀνιδρωτί γ' ἐτελέσθη Il.15.228, cf. D. 18.49; <b class="b3">οὐ γὰρ ἂν σθένοντά γε εἷλέν μ'· ἐπεὶ οὐδ' ἂν ὧδ' ἔχοντ'</b> (''[[sc.]]'' [[εἷλεν]]) S.''Ph.''948: especially in the sense, [[for otherwise]].., Pi.''O.''9.29, S.''OT''433, [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Memorabilia|Mem.]]''2.7.14, Herod.2.72, etc.: so c. fut., <b class="b3">ἐξέστω δὲ μηδενὶ.. τεθῆναι... ἐπεὶ ἀποδώσει.</b>. [[otherwise]] he shall pay... ''Rev.Et.Anc.''4.261 (near Smyrna): c. imper., <b class="b3">ἐπεὶ δίδαξον</b> [[for]] teach me, S.''El.''352, ''OC''969, cf. ''OT'' 390, Ar.''V.''73, [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Gorgias|Grg.]]'' 473e: with an interrog., <b class="b3">ἐπεὶ πῶς ἂν καλέσειας</b>; [[for]] how would you call him? Ar.''Nu.''688, cf. Pi.''P.''7.5, A.''Ch.''214, S. ''Tr.''139 (lyr.); ὦ Ἀλκιβιάδη, ἐπειδὴ περὶ τίνος Ἀθηναῖοι διανοοῦνται βουλεύεσθαι, ἀνίστασαι συμβουλεύσων; Pl.''Alc.''1.106c.<br><span class="bld">2</span> c. Opt., ἐπεὶ ἂν μάλα τοι σχεδὸν ἔλθοι Il.9.304, cf. [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Ajax|Aj.]]''916; so after past tenses on the principle of orat. obliq., <b class="b3">ἐπείπερ ἡγήσαιντο</b> [[since]] (as they said) they believed, [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Memorabilia|Mem.]]''1.4.19.<br><span class="bld">3</span> c. Inf. in orat. obliq., ἐπεὶ γιγνώσκειν γε αὐτά [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Protagoras|Prt.]]'' 353a, cf. Hdt.8.111, Th.2.93.<br><span class="bld">4</span> in elliptical expressions, <b class="b3">ἀδύνατός [εἰμι], ἐπεὶ ἐβουλόμην ἂν οἷός τ' εἶναι</b> I am unable (and yet I am sorry), [[for]] I should like to have the power, [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Protagoras|Prt.]]'' 335c; so <b class="b3">εἶμι· ἐπεὶ καὶ ταῦτ' ἂν ἴσως οὐκ ἀηδῶς σου ἤκουον</b> ibid. (here the sense may be given by [[and yet]], [[although]], cf. ib. 333c, 317a, ''Ap.''19e, ''Smp.''187a, [[Aristotle|Arist.]]''[[Nicomachean Ethics|EN]]''1121a19); <b class="b3">ἐπεὶ ὅ γε ἀποθανὼν πελάτης τις ἦν ἐμός</b> [[and yet]] ([[moreover]]) the murdered man was my own hired man, Pl. ''Euthphr.''4c.<br><span class="bld">b</span> sometimes after a voc., where 'listen' may be supplied, Ἕκτορ, ἐπεὶ με κατ' αἶσαν ἐνείκεσας Il.3.59, cf. 13.68, Od.3.103, 211.<br><span class="bld">5</span> with other Particles, <b class="b3">ἐπεὶ ἄρα, ἐπεὶ ἂρ δή</b> [[since]] then, Od.17.185; <b class="b3">ἐπεὶ γε</b> (ἐπεὶ.. γε Il.1.352, Hes. ''Th.''171), more emphatic than ἐπεί, [[since]] [[indeed]], E.''Cyc.''181, ''Hipp.''955; <b class="b3">ἐπειδή γε</b> ib.946, [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedo|Phd.]]'' 77d, D.54.29; sometimes separated, ἐπειδή.. γε S.''El.''631, [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedo|Phd.]]'' 87c; ἐπεὶ γε δή Hdt.3.9, S.''Ant.'' 923, ἐπειδή γε καί Th.6.18; <b class="b3">ἐπεὶ ἦ</b> [[since]] in truth, ἐπεὶ ἦ πολὺ φέρτερόν ἐστι Il.1.169, cf. 156, Od.9.276; [[ἐπείπερ]] (ἐ… περ Il.13.447, Od.20.181) in Trag. and Prose, A.''Ag.''822, S.''OC''75, [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedo|Phd.]]'' 114d; [[ἐπειδήπερ]] in Com. and Prose, [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[Acharnians|Ach.]]''437,495, ''Nu.''1412, Th.6.18, [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Republic|R.]]'' 350e; <b class="b3">ἐπεὶ τοι</b> [[since]] surely, S.''OC''433; ἐπεὶ νύ τοι Il.1.416; ἐπεὶ τοι καί E. ''Med.''677, [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Republic|R.]]'' 567e. [ἐπεὶ sometimes begins a verse in Hom., Il.22.379, Od. 4.13, 8.452, 21.25; sometimes coalesces by synizesis with [[οὐ]], [[οὐδέ]], etc., S. ''Ph.''446,948, etc.]