οὐσία: Difference between revisions

|Definition=Ion.<br><span class="bld">A</span> [[οὐσίη]] Hdt.1.92, 6.86.ά, ''SIG''167.26 (Mylasa, iv B. C.); Dor. [[ἐσσία]], [[ὠσία]] ([[quod vide|qq.v.]]): ἡ: (<b class="b3">ὀντ-</b>, part. of [[εἰμί]] [[sum]]):—that which is one's [[own]], one's [[substance]], [[property]], Hdt. ll.cc., S.''Tr.''911 ([[si vera lectio|s.v.l.]]), E. ''HF''337, ''Hel.''1253 (pl., ''Fr.''354 ([[si vera lectio|s.v.l.]])), Ar.''Ec.''729, Lys.18.17, [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Republic|R.]]'' 551b, ''SIG''l.c., etc.; opp. <b class="b3">τὰ σώματα</b> ([[civil]] [[status]]), And.1.74; καλῶς… ἐπεμελήθη τῶν οὐσιῶν ὑπὲρ τοῦ δημάρχου ''BSA''24.154 (Attica, iv B.C.); <b class="b3">εἰ ἐκεκτήμην οὐ.</b> if I had been a man of [[substance]], Lys.24.11; ὑπὲρ τὴν οὐ. δαπανᾶν Diph.32.7; πατρῴαν οὐ. κατεσθίειν Anaxipp.1.32, cf. Critias 45 D.; <b class="b3">φανερὰ οὐσία</b> [[real]] [[property]], [[immovables]], And.1.118; opp. [[ἀφανής]], Lys.32.4; freq. of [[estate]]s in [[Egypt]], ''PTeb.''6.23 (ii B. C., pl.), ''BGU''650.3 (i A. D.), ''OGI''665.30 (i A. D.), etc.<br><span class="bld">II</span> in Philos., like Ion. [[φύσις]] (with which it is interchanged in various uses, e.g. Philol. 11, [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Republic|R.]]'' 359a, 359b, [[Aristotle|Arist.]]''[[De Partibus Animalium|PA]]''646a25, [[Theophrastus|Thphr.]] ''[[Historia Plantarum|HP]]'' 6.1.1), [[stable]] [[being]], [[immutable]] [[reality]], opp. [[γένεσις]], ὅτιπερ πρὸς γένεσιν οὐσία, τοῦτο πρὸς πίστιν ἀλήθεια Pl.''Ti.''29c, cf. ''Sph.''232c; ὧν κίνησις γένεσιν παραλαβοῦσα ἀέναον οὐ. ἐπόρισεν Id.''Lg.''966e; [[γένεσις]] μὲν τὸ [[σπέρμα]], οὐ. δὲ τὸ τέλος [[Aristotle|Arist.]]''[[De Partibus Animalium|PA]]''641b32, cf. 640a18, etc.; ὁδὸς εἰς οὐσίαν Id.''Metaph.''1003b7: hence, [[being]] in the abstract, opp. [[non-being]] ([[τὸ μὴ εἶναι]]), Pl.''Tht.''185c.<br><span class="bld">2</span> [[substance]], [[essence]], opp. [[πάθη]] ('modes'), Id.''Eu[[Theophrastus]] ''11a; πάθη οὐσίας [[Aristotle|Arist.]]''[[Metaphysics|Metaph.]]''1003b7; opp. [[συμβεβηκότα]] ('[[accident]]s'), Id.''APo.''83a24, ''PA''643a27; ἡ [[φύσις]] [τῆς ψυχῆς] καὶ ἡ οὐσία, εἶθ' ὅσα συμβέβηκε περὶ αὐτήν Id.''de An.''402a8.<br><span class="bld">3</span> [[true]] [[nature]] of that which is a member of a kind, defined as ὃ τυγχάνει ἕκαστον ὄν [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedo|Phd.]]'' 65d; as <b class="b3">τὸ ὅ ἐστι</b> ib.92d; as τὸ τί ἐστι Arist.''APo.'' 90b30; <b class="b3">τὸ εἶναί τε καὶ τὴν οὐ.</b> [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Republic|R.]]'' 509b; expressed in a formula or definition, ψυχῆς οὐ. τε καὶ λόγον Id.''[[Phaedrus|Phdr.]]''245e; τὸ τί ἦν εἶναι οὗ ὁ λόγος ὁρισμός, καὶ τοῦτο οὐ. λέγεται [[Aristotle|Arist.]]''[[Metaphysics|Metaph.]]''1017b22; <b class="b3">μόνης τῆς οὐ. ἐστὶν ὁ ὁρισμός</b> ib. 1031a1.<br><span class="bld">4</span> the possession of such a nature, [[substantiality]], ἔτι ἐπέκεινα τῆς οὐ. πρεσβείᾳ… ὑπερέχοντος [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Republic|R.]]'' 509b.<br><span class="bld">5</span> in the [[concrete]], the [[primary]] [[real]], the [[substratum]] underlying all change and process in nature, applied by Arist. to the atoms of [[Democritus]], ''Fr.''208; to τὰ ἁπλᾶ σώματα Id.''Cael.''298a29, cf. ''Metaph.'' 1017b10; πᾶσαι αἱ φυσικαὶ οὐσίαι ἢ σώματα ἢ μετὰ σωμάτων γίγνονται Id.''Cael.''298b3, al.; ταὐτὸν σῶμα καὶ οὐσίαν ὁριζόμενοι Pl. ''Sph.''246a; but also, <b class="b3">νοητὰ ἄττα καὶ ἀσώματα εἴδη… τὴν ἀληθινὴν οὐσίαν</b> ib.b.<br><span class="bld">6</span> in Logic, [[substance]] as the leading category, Arist. ''Cat.''1b26, ''Metaph.''1045b29; <b class="b3">αἱ πρῶται οὐσίαι</b> ([[individual]]s), <b class="b3">αἱ δεύτεραι οὐσίαι</b> (species and genera), Id.''Cat.''2b5, 2a15 (but ὁ [[ἄνθρωπος]] καὶ ὁ [[ἵππος]]… οὐκ ἔστιν οὐ. ἀλλὰ σύνολόν τι Id.''Metaph.''1035b29, cf. [[σύνθετος]] or <b class="b3">συνθέτη οὐ.</b> ib. 1043a30, ''de An.''412a16); ἡ μὲν ψυχὴ οὐ. ἡ πρώτη, τὸ δὲ σῶμα ὕλη Id.''Metaph.''1037a5; ἡ ψυχὴ οὐ. ὡς εἶδος Id.''de An.''412a19; <b class="b3">ἡ οὐ. ἐντελέχεια</b> ib.21; [ψυχὴ] οὐ. τοῦ ἐμψύχου Id.''Metaph.''1035b15; of the [[abstract]] [[object]]s of [[mathematics]], μονὰς οὐ. [[ἄθετος]], στιγμὴ δὲ οὐ. θετός Id.''APo.''87a36.<br><span class="bld">7</span> after Pl. and Arist. in various uses, as <b class="b3">ἡ ἄποιος οὐσία</b> = ἡ [[ὕλη]], Zeno Stoic.1.24; [[κατὰ οὐσίαν]], opp. <b class="b3">κατὰ δύναμιν ἢ ἐνέργειαν</b>, Polystr.p.12 W.; <b class="b3">πᾶς νοῦς ἀμέριστός ἐστιν οὐ.</b> Procl.''Inst.''171, cf. Plot.2.4.5, 2.6.1, 4.7.8, 6.1.2, al.<br><span class="bld">8</span> Pythag. name for I, ''Theol.Ar.''6.<br><span class="bld">III</span> name of a plaster, Aët.15.15,45.<br><span class="bld">IV</span> <b class="b3">αἱ οὐσίαι</b> [[fire-resisting substances]], Zos.Alch.p.168 B.; of the four [[σώμα]]τα ([[copper]], [[tin]], [[lead]], [[iron]]), Ps.-Democr. ap. eund.p.167 B.<br><span class="bld">V</span> in Magic, a [[material]] thing by which a [[connection]] is established between the person to be acted upon and the [[supernatural]] [[agent]], e.g. a [[hair]], λαβὼν βελόνην διείρων τὴν οὐσίαν εἰς αὐτήν ''PMag.Par.''1.2949, cf. ''PMag.Osl.'' 1.73; [[mould]] from a [[tomb]], ''PMag.Par.''1.435; <b class="b3">κυνοκεφάλου οὐ.,… κυνὸς οὐ</b>., = [[κόπρος]] (cf. 2460), ib.2687, etc.