καί: Difference between revisions

|Definition=Conj., copulative, joining words and sentences,<br><span class="bld">A</span> [[and]]; also Adv., [[even]], [[also]], [[just]], freq. expressing emphatic assertion or assent, corresponding as positive to the negative [[οὐ]] (μή) or [[οὐδέ]] ([[μηδέ]]).<br><span class="bld">A</span> copulative, [[and]],<br><span class="bld">I</span> joining words or sentences to those preceding, ἦ, καὶ κυανέῃσιν ἐπ' ὀφρύσινεῦσε Κρονίων Il.1.528, etc.: repeated with two or more Nouns, αἱ δὲ ἔλαφοι καὶ δορκάδες καὶ οἱ ἄγριοι οἶες καὶ οἱ ὄνοι οἱ ἄγριοι [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''1.4.7; joining only the last pair, Cleom.2.1 (p.168.5 Z.), Phlp.''in APr.''239.30, etc., [[varia lectio|v.l.]] in Arist.''Po.''1451a20; <b class="b3">ὁ ὄχλος πλείων καὶ πλείων ἐπέρρει</b> more [[and]] more, [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''7.5.39; to add epithets after πολύς, πολλὰ καὶ ἐσθλά Il.9.330; πολλὰ καὶ μεγάλα D.28.1, etc.<br><span class="bld">2</span> to add a limiting or defining expression, <b class="b3">πρὸς μακρὸν ὄρος καὶ Κύνθιον ὄχθον</b> to the [[mountain]] and [[specially]] to... ''h.Ap.'' 17, cf. A.''Ag.'' 63 (anap.), S.''Tr.''1277 (anap.) (sts. in reverse order, πρὸς δῶμα Διὸς καὶ μακρὸν Ὄλυμπον Il.5.398); to add by way of [[climax]], <b class="b3">θεῶν… καὶ Ποσειδῶνος</b> all the gods, [[and above all]]…, [[Aeschylus|A.]]''[[The Persians|Pers.]]''750, etc.; ἐχθροὶ καὶ ἔχθιστοι Th.7.68; τινὲς καὶ συχνοί Pl.''Grg.''455c; freq. <b class="b3">ἄλλοι τε καί... ἄλλως τε καί</b>…, v. [[ἄλλος]] II.6, ἄλλως 1.3; <b class="b3">ὀλίγου τινὸς ἄξια καὶ οὐδενός</b> [[little]] [[or]] [[nothing]], Id.''Ap.''23a: joined with the demonstr. Pron. [[οὗτος]] ([[quod vide|q.v.]]), εἶναι… δούλοισι, καὶ τούτοισι ὡς δρηπέτῃσι [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]6.11, cf. 1.147; <b class="b3">καὶ ταῦτα</b> [[and]] this [[too]]…, γελᾶν ἀναπείθειν, καὶ ταῦθ' οὕτω πολέμιον ὄντα τῷ γέλωτι [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''2.2.16, etc.<br><span class="bld">II</span> at the beginning of a sentence,<br><span class="bld">1</span> in appeals or requests, καί μοι δὸς τὴν Χεῖρα Il.23.75; <b class="b3">καί μοι λέγε... καί μοι ἀπόκριναι</b>…, Pl.''Euthphr.''3a, ''Grg.''462b; freq. in Oratt., <b class="b3">καί μοι λέγε… τὸ ψήφισμα, καί μοι ἀνάγνωθι</b>…, D.18.105, Lys.14.8, etc.<br><span class="bld">2</span> in questions, to introduce an objection or express surprise, <b class="b3">καὶ τίς τόδ' ἐξίκοιτ' ἂν ἀγγέλων τάχος</b>; A.''Ag.''280; <b class="b3">καὶ πῶς</b>…; [[pray]] how…? E. ''Ph.''1348; <b class="b3">καὶ δὴ τί</b>…; [[but]] then what…? Id.''Hel.''101; <b class="b3">καὶ ποῖον</b>…; [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Ajax|Aj.]]'' 462; <b class="b3">καὶ τίς εἶδε πώποτε βοῦς κριβανίτας</b>; [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[Acharnians|Ach.]]''86; <b class="b3">κἄπειτ' ἔκανες</b>; E.''Med.''1398 (anap.); <b class="b3">καὶ τίς πώποτε Χαριζόμενος ἑτέρῳ τοῦτο εἰργάσατο</b>; Antipho 5.57, cf. Is.1.20, Isoc.12.23, Pl. ''Tht.''163d,al.<br><span class="bld">3</span> = [[καίτοι]], [[and yet]], [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[The Knights|Eq.]]''1245, E.''HF''509.<br><span class="bld">4</span> at the beginning of a speech, Lys.''Fr.''36a.<br><span class="bld">III</span> after words implying sameness or like ness, [[as]], <b class="b3">γνώμῃσι ἐχρέωντο ὁμοίῃσι καὶ σύ</b> they had the same opinion [[as]] you, [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]7.50, cf. 84; [[ἴσον]] or <b class="b3">ἴσα καί</b>…, [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Tyrannus|OT]]''611, E.''El.''994; <b class="b3">ἐν ἴσῳ</b> (''[[sc.]]'' [[ἐστὶ]]) καὶ εἰ… Th.2.60, etc.<br><span class="bld">2</span> after words implying comparison or opposition, αἱ δαπάναι οὐχ ὁμοίως καὶ πρίν Id.7.28; πᾶν τοὐναντίον ἔχει νῦν τε καὶ ὅτε… [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Leges|Lg.]]''967a.<br><span class="bld">3</span> to express simultaneity, ἦν ἦμαρ δεύτερον... κἀγὼ κατηγόμην S.''Ph.''355, cf. Th.1.50; <b class="b3">παρέρχονταί τε μέσαι νύκτες καὶ ψύχεται</b> [<b class="b3">τὸ ὕδωρ</b>] [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]4.181, cf. 3.108; [<b class="b3">οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι</b>] οὐκ ἔφθασαν τὴν ἀρχὴν κατασχόντες καὶ Θηβαίοις εὐθὺς ἐπεβούλευσαν Isoc.8.98.<br><span class="bld">IV</span> joining an affirm. clause with a neg., ἀλλ' ὥς τι δράσων εἷρπε κοὐ θανούμενος S.''Tr.''160, etc.<br><span class="bld">V</span> <b class="b3">καί... καί</b>… correlative, [[not only]]... [[but also]]…, <b class="b3">καὶ ἀεὶ καὶ νῦν, καὶ τότε καὶ νῦν</b>, Pl.''Grg.''523a, ''Phlb.''60b; καὶ κατὰ γῆν καὶ κατὰ θάλατταν X.''An.''1.1.7.<br><span class="bld">VI</span> by anacoluthon, <b class="b3">ὣς φαμένη καὶ κερδοσύνῃ ἡγήσατ' Ἀθήνη</b>, for <b class="b3">ὣς ἔφη καί</b>…, Il.22.247; <b class="b3">ἔρχεται δὲ αὐτή τε… καὶ τὸν υἱὸν ἔχουσα</b>, for <b class="b3">καὶ ὁ υἱός</b>, [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''1.3.1; ἄλλας τε κατηγεόμενοί σφι ὁδούς, καὶ τέλος ἐγίνοντο [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]9.104; τοιοῦτος ὤν, κᾆτ' ἀνὴρ ἔδοξεν εἶναι [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[The Knights|Eq.]]''392, cf. ''Nu.''624.<br><span class="bld">B</span> [[even]], [[also]], [[just]],<br><span class="bld">1</span> <b class="b3">τάχα κεν καὶ ἀναίτιον αἰτιόῳτο</b> [[even]] the innocent, Il.11.654, cf. 4.161, etc.; <b class="b3">δόμεναι καὶ μεῖζον ἄεθλον</b> an [[even]] greater prize, 23.551, cf. 10.556, 5.362: with numerals, <b class="b3">καὶ πέντε</b> [[full]] five, 23.833; γενομένης καὶ δὶς ἐκκλησίας Th.1.44, cf. [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]2.44,60, 68, al. (but <b class="b3">ἐτῶν δύο καὶ τριῶν</b> two [[or]] three, Th.1.82, cf. X.''Eq.''4.4).<br><span class="bld">2</span> [[also]], <b class="b3">καὶ ἐγώ</b> I [[also]], Il.4.40; <b class="b3">καὶ αὐτοί</b> they [[also]], X.''An.''3.4.44, etc.; <b class="b3">Ἀγίας καὶ Σωκράτης καὶ τούτω ἀπεθανέτην</b> [[likewise]] died, ib. 2.6.30; in adding surnames, etc., Ὦχος ὁ καὶ Δαρειαῖος Ctes.''Fr.''29.49 (sed Photii est): Ptol. Papyri have nom. <b class="b3">ὃς κ.</b>, gen. <b class="b3">τοῦ κ.</b> etc., Πανίσκος ὃς καὶ Πετεμῖνις ''PLond.''2.219 (b) 2 (ii B.C.); dat. <b class="b3">τῷ κ.</b> ib.(a) v2, ''PRein.''26.5 (ii B. C.); nom. <b class="b3">ὁ κ.</b> first in ''PTeb.''110.1 (i B. C.), freq. later, ''BGU''22.25 (ii A. D.), etc.; Ἰούδας ὁ καὶ Μακκαβαῖος J.''AJ''12.6.4; Σαῦλος ὁ καὶ Παῦλος ''Act.Ap.''13.9: with ἄλλος, λαβέτω δὲ καὶ ἄλλος Od.21.152; <b class="b3">εἴπερ τι καὶ ἄλλο, ὥς τις καὶ ἄλλος</b>, [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Memorabilia|Mem.]]''3.6.2, ''An.''1.3.15, cf. Pl. ''Phd.''59a, Ar.''Nu.''356: freq. in antithetic phrases, <b class="b3">οὐ μόνον... ἀλλὰ καὶ</b>…, [[not only]]... [[but also]]…, v. [[μόνος]]; οὐδὲν μᾶλλον… ἢ οὐ καὶ… [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]5.94, al.<br><span class="bld">b</span> freq. used both in the anteced. and relat. clause, where we put [[also]] in the anteced. only, εἰ μὲν καὶ σὺ εἶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ὧνπερ καὶ ἐγώ Pl.''Grg.''458a, cf. Il.6.476, X.''An.''2.1.21.<br><span class="bld">3</span> freq. in apodosi, after temporal Conjs., ἀλλ' ὅτε δή ῥα... καὶ τότε δή… Il.1.494, cf. 8.69, Od. 14.112; also after [[εἰ]], Il.5.897: in Prose, ὡς δὲ ἔδοξεν, καὶ ἐχώρουν Th.2.93: as a Hebraism, καὶ ἐγένετο… κ.… [[LXX]] ''Ge.''24.30, al., ''Ev.Luc.''1.59, etc.<br><span class="bld">4</span> with Advs., to give emphasis, καὶ κάρτα [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]6.125; <b class="b3">καὶ λίην</b> [[full]] [[surely]], Il.19.408, Od.1.46; καὶ μᾶλλον Il.8.470, cf. E.''Heracl.''386; <b class="b3">καὶ πάλαι, καὶ πάνυ</b>, S.''OC''1252, Pl. ''Chrm.''154e; <b class="b3">καὶ μάλα, καὶ σφόδρα</b>, in answers, Ar.''Nu.''1326, Pl.''La.'' 191e.<br><span class="bld">5</span> with words expressing a minimum, [[even so much as]], [[were it but]], [[just]], ἱέμενος καὶ καπνὸν ἀποθρῴσκοντα νοῆσαι Od.1.58; [[οἷς]] ἡδὺ καὶ λέγειν Ar.''Nu.''528; <b class="b3">τίς δὲ καὶ προσβλέψεται</b>; who will [[so much as]] look at you? E.''IA''1192, cf. Ar.''Ra.''614, Pl.''Ap.''28b, 35b.<br><span class="bld">6</span> [[just]], <b class="b3">τοῦτ' αὐτὸ καὶ νοσοῦμεν</b> [[it is just that that ails me]], [[Euripides|E.]]''[[Andromache|Andr.]]''906, cf. ''Ba.''616, S.''Tr.''490, Ar.''Pax''892, ''Ra.''73, Pl.''Grg.''456a, ''Tht.''166d: freq. with a relat., τὸ καὶ κλαίουσα τέτηκα Il.3.176; διὸ δὴ καὶ… Th.1.128, etc.: also in interrogations (usu. to be rendered by emphasis in intonation), <b class="b3">ποίου Χρόνου δὲ καὶ πεπόρθηται πόλις</b>; and [[how long ago]] was the city sacked? A.''Ag.''278; <b class="b3">ποῦ καί σφε θάπτει</b>; [[where]] is he burying her? E.''Alc.''834, cf. [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Ajax|Aj.]]''1290, al., X.''An.''5.8.2, Ar.''Pax''1289, Pl. ''Euthphr.''6b, D.4.46, etc.<br><span class="bld">7</span> [[even]], [[just]], implying assent, <b class="b3">ἔπειτά με καὶ λίποι αἰών</b> thereafter let life [[e'en]] leave me, Il.5.685, cf. 17.647, 21.274, Od.7.224.<br><span class="bld">8</span> <b class="b3">καὶ εἰ</b> [[even if]], of a whole condition represented as an extreme case, opp. [[εἰ καί]] = [[although]], [[notwithstanding that]], of a condition represented as immaterial even if fulfilled, cf. Il.4.347, 5.351, Od.13.292, 16.98 with Il.5.410, Od.6.312, 8.139, etc.; <b class="b3">εἰ καὶ ἠπιστάμην</b> if I [[had]] been able, [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedo|Phd.]]''108d, cf. ''Lg.''663d. (This remark does not apply to cases where [[εἰ]] and [[καί]] each exert their force separtely, as εἴ περ ἀδειής τ' ἐστί, καὶ εἰ… [[and if]]… Il.7.117, cf. [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]5.78, etc.)<br><span class="bld">9</span> before a Participle, to represent either <b class="b3">καὶ εἰ</b>…, or <b class="b3">εἰ καί</b>…, [[although]], [[albeit]], <b class="b3">Ἕκτορα καὶ μεμαῶτα μάχης σχήσεσθαι ὀΐω</b>, for <b class="b3">ἢν καὶ μεμάῃ</b>, [[how much soever]] he rage, [[although]] he rage, Il.9.655; <b class="b3">τί σὺ ταῦτα, καὶ ἐσθλὸς ἐών, ἀγορεύεις</b>; (for <b class="b3">εἰ καὶ ἐσθλὸς εἶ</b>) 16.627, cf. 13.787, Od.2.343, etc.; καὶ τύραννος ὢν ὅμως S.''OC''851.<br><span class="bld">C</span> Position: [[καί]] [[and]], is by Poets sometimes put after another word, <b class="b3">ἔγνωκα, τοῖσδε κοὐδὲν ἀντειπεῖν ἔχω</b>, for καὶ τοῖσδε οὐδέν [[Aeschylus|A.]]''[[Prometheus Vinctus|Pr.]]''51, cf. Euph.51.7, etc.<br><span class="bld">2</span> [[καί]] [[also]], sometimes goes between a Prep. and its case, ἐν καὶ θαλάσσᾳ Pi.''O.''2.28.<br><span class="bld">3</span> very seldom at the end of a verse, S.''Ph.''312, Ar.''V.''1193.<br><span class="bld">D</span> crasis: with ᾰ, as [[κἄν]], [[κἀγαθοί]], etc.; with ε, as [[κἀγώ]], [[κἄπειτα]], etc., Dor. [[κἠγώ]], [[κἤπειτα]], etc.; with η, as [[Χἠ]], [[Χἠμέρη]], [[Χἠμεῖς]], etc.; with ῐ in [[Χἰκετεύετε]], [[Χἰλαρή]]; with ο, as [[Χὠ]], [[Χὤστις]], etc.; with υ in [[Χὐμεῖς]], [[Χὐποχείριον]], etc.; with ω in the pron. [[ᾧ]], [[Χᾦ]]; with αι, as [[κᾀσχρῶν]]; with αυ, as [[καὐτός]]; with ει, as [[κεἰ]], [[κεἰς]] (but also [[κἀς]]) <b class="b3">, κᾆτα</b>; with <b class="b3">εὐ-</b>, as [[κεὐγένεια]], [[κεὐσταλής]]; with οι in [[Χοἰ]] (Χᾠ ''EM''816.34); with ου in [[Χοὖτος]], [[κοὐ]], [[κοὐδέ]], and the like.