σύμβολον: Difference between revisions

|Definition=τό,<br><span class="bld">A</span> [[tally]], i.e. [[each]] of two halves or [[correspond]]ing [[piece]]s of an [[ἀστράγαλος]] or other object, which two [[ξένος|ξένοι]], or any two contracting parties, broke between them, each party keeping one piece, in order to have [[proof]] of the [[identity]] of the [[presenter]] of the other, ἀποδεικνύντες τὰ σύμβολα ἀπαίτεον τὰ χρήματα [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]6.86.β; ξένοις τε πέμψω σύμβολ', οἳ δράσουσί σ' εὖ E.''Med.''613 (cf. Sch.); <b class="b3">διαπεπρισμένα ἡμίσε' ἀκριβῶς ὡσπερεὶ τὰ σ.</b> Eub.70; <b class="b3">ὡς σύμβολα γὰρ ὀρέγεται ἀλλήλων [τὰ ἐναντία]</b> Arist.''EE''1239b31; <b class="b3">ζητεῖ . . τὸ αὑτοῦ ἕκαστος σ.</b> Pl.''Smp.''191d; καθάπερ ἐκ συμβόλων [[Aristotle|Arist.]]''[[Meteorologica|Mete.]]''360a26, cf. ''GA''722b11, ''Pol.''1294a35; <b class="b3">ἔχειν σύμβολα πρὸς ἄλληλα</b> [[complementary factors]], Id.''GC''331a24; <b class="b3">ποιησάσθω σύμβολα ἡ βουλὴ πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα τὸν Σιδωνίων, ὅπως ἂν ὁ δῆμος ὁ Ἀθηναίων εἰδῇ, ἐάν τι πέμπῃ κτλ</b>. ''IG''22.141.19.<br><span class="bld">b</span> of other devices having the same purpose, e.g. a seal-impression on wax, Plaut. ''Pseud.''55 (hence ς. = [[signet-ring]], Plin.''HN''33.10); an extant bronze hand is inscribed σ. πρὸς Οὐελαυνίους ''IG''14.2432 (Gaul), cf. 279 (Lilybaeum, ii B.C., where the word does not occur).<br><span class="bld">2</span> any [[token serving as proof of identity]], ἔλαβε σ. παρὰ βασιλέως τοῦ μεγάλου φιάλην χρυσῆν Lys.19.25; <b class="b3">πολλῶν ἀγαθῶν . . εὐπορήσειν διὰ τὸ σύμβολον</b> ibid.; <b class="b3">ὡς ἔγνω . . τὰ παρὰ τῆς γυναικὸς σύμβολον</b> [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''6.1.46; <b class="b3">τὰ μητρὸς σ.</b> [[Euripides|E.]]''[[Ion]]'' 1386, cf. ''Hel.''291, ''El.''577, ''Com.Adesp.''17.16 D., [[Diodorus Siculus|D.S.]]4.59, Plu.''Thes.''6; <b class="b3">ἰδοὺ τὰ σύμβολα</b> here are my [[credential]]s, Arr.''Epict.''1.16.11, cf. 3.22.99, 4.8.20; <b class="b3">ἔχοντες σ. σαφὲς λύπης</b> bearing clear [[credential]]s (consisting) of (a common) [[grief]], S.''Ph.''403, cf. Aristid.1.416 J.<br><span class="bld">3</span> [[guarantee]], σύμβολον τῆς παιδεύσεως πιστότατον Isoc.4.49; σ. ὅτι παρ' ἐμοῦ [ἡ ἐπιστολή] ἐστι Pl.''Ep.''360a, cf. 363b; σ. τῆς σωτηρίας D.15.4; σύμβολον τοῦ συμφέροντος εἰς τὸ μὴ βλάπτειν ἀλλήλους Epicur.''Sent.''31.<br><span class="bld">4</span> [[token]], especially of [[goodwill]], [[χρυσίον]] σύμβολον [[φιλία]]ς καὶ [[ξενία]]ς Plu.''Pyrrh.''20, cf. ''Art.''18; χρυσοῦν στέφανον ἔλαβον σ. περιέχοντα τῆς ὑμετέρας πρός με εὐσεβείας ''PLond.''3.1178.13 (ii A.D.).<br><span class="bld">5</span> [[identity-token]] given to [[Athenian]] [[dicast]]s on entering the courts, entitling them to vote, and on presenting which they received another ς., in exchange for which they received their fee, Ar.''Pl.''278, D.18.210, Arist.''Ath.''65.2, 68.2, Poll.8.16; also in the [[ecclesia]], Ar.''Ec.''297 (lyr.); <b class="b3">διάδοσις τῶν συμβόλων</b> ''IG''2.1749.76: extant [[theatre-tokens]] (without the word ς.) in ''IG''5(2).323 (Mantinea, iv B.C.).<br><span class="bld">6</span> at Rome, = [[tessera]], [[token]] entitling the [[bearer]] to a [[donation]] of [[corn]] or [[money]], D.C.49.43.<br><span class="bld">II</span> of written documents,<br><span class="bld">1</span> [[passport]] or the [[seal]] thereon, [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[The Birds|Av.]]''1214 (cf. Sch.); <b class="b3">ἐκπλεῖν μηδένα ἀστῶν μηδὲ μέτοικον ἄνευ σ.</b> Aen.Tact.10.8: metaph., Arr.''Epict.''3.12.15.<br><span class="bld">2</span> [[passenger list]], <b class="b3">ἐμοῦ [τοῦ Ἑρμοῦ] τοὺς νεκροὺς ἀπαριθμοῦντος τῷ Αἰακῷ κἀκείνου λογιζομένου αὐτοὺς πρὸς τὸ . . πεμφθὲν αὐτῷ σ.</b> Luc.''Cat.''4.<br><span class="bld">3</span> pl., [[treaty]] between two states providing for the security of one another's citizens and sometimes for the settlement of commercial and other disputes (usu. in the law-courts of the defendant's city (cf. Harp. s.v.)); εἰσὶ . . αὐτοῖς συνθῆκαι περὶ τῶν εἰσαγωγίμων καὶ σ. περὶ τοῦ μὴ ἀδικεῖν Arist.''Pol.''1280a39; σ. ποιήσασθαι πρὸς πόλιν D.7.11, cf. And.4.18; τὰ σ. συγχέων D.21.173; ἀπὸ συμβόλων [[δικάζεσθαι]], [[κοινωνεῖν]], Antipho 5.78, Arist.''Pol.''1275a10; αἱ ἀπὸ συμβόλων δίκαι Id.''Ath.''59.6; cf. [[συμβολή]] ''III'': sg. in same sense, Foed. Delph.Pell.''1'' ''A'' 7 (also written <b class="b3">συββ-</b> ib. 1 ''B'' 10, al.); ἡ κατὰ τὸ σ. δικαιοδοσία πρός τινα Plb.23.1.2, cf. 32.7.3; <b class="b3">κατὰ τὸ σ.</b> ''IG''12(7).67.48 (Arcesine, iv/iii B.C.), 9(1).331.5 (Chaleion, ii B.C.); <b class="b3">κατὰ τὸ δοχθὲν κοινᾷ σ.</b> ''GDI''5040.70 (Crete).<br><span class="bld">4</span> [[contract]] between individuals, ''PCair.Zen.''724.7,13, 790.2 (iii B.C.), ''PTeb.''5.212 (ii B.C.), 52.10 (ii B.C.); <b class="b3">αἰσχρὰ κακοῖς ἔργοις σ. θηκάμενοι</b> [[form]]ing [[disgraceful]] [[compact]]s ([[sealed]]) by [[evil]] [[deed]]s, Thgn.1150; τὰ τῷ Καίσαρι πεπραγμένα [[κυροῦν]] συμβόλῳ App.''BC''2.132.<br><span class="bld">5</span> [[receipt]], sometimes made out in duplicate, σ. διπλᾶ ἐσφραγισμένα ''PSI''4.324.4 (iii B.C.), cf. ''PRev.Laws''52.19 (iii B.C.), ''UPZ''25.25, 26.16 (ii B.C.); τὸ σ. τῆς ἀποχῆς ''PCair.Zen.'' 144.2 (iii B.C.); σ. ἀποχῆς ''PEnteux.''73.4 (iii B.C.); σύμβολον ποιήσασθαι πρὸς αὐτόν ''PLille'' 4.18 (iii B.C.), cf. ''PHib.''1.67.16 (iii B.C.); σ. καὶ ἀντισύμβολα ''BGU''1741.10 (i B.C.); [[receipt for a pledged article]], PCair. Zen.120.3 (iii B.C.).<br><span class="bld">b</span> [[fee for making out a receipt]], PRyl.192.10 (ii A.D.), ''BGU''1605.13 (ii A.D.), etc.<br><span class="bld">6</span> [[unilateral undertaking]] [[in writing]], [[guarantee]], PPetr.3p.164 (iii B.C.), ''PMich.Zen.''57.4 (iii B.C.), ''UPZ''112 ii 1 (ii B.C.).<br><span class="bld">7</span> [[warrant]] entitling the [[holder]] to [[draw]] [[allowance]]s over a [[period]], τοῦ κθ ἔτους τὸ σύμβολον τοῦ ὀψωνίου καὶ τῆς ἀγορᾶς σύνταξον γράψαι ''PSI''5.504.8 (iii B.C.); <b class="b3">σύμβολα σιτικὰ καὶ ἀργυρικά</b> (bequeathed) ''PGrenf.''1.21.16 (ii B.C.); <b class="b3">σφράγισαι τὸ σύμβολον</b> ''PCair.Zen.''375.11 (iii B.C.), cf. ''PSI''4.349.2,7 (iii B.C.), ''UPZ''14.89 (ii B.C.); τὰ σύμβολα τῶν σιταρχιῶν ''BGU''1755.5 (i B.C.).<br><span class="bld">8</span> [[warrant]] or [[commission]] from the Emperor, by which [[officer]]s held their [[post]]s, ''Cod.Just.''1.5.12.1, 11; <b class="b3">σ. τριβούνου</b> ib.12.33.8 ''Intr.''<br><span class="bld">III</span> more generally, [[token]], <b class="b3">φυλάσσω λαμπάδος τὸ σύμβολον</b> the [[beacon]]-[[token]], A.''Ag.''8; <b class="b3">τέκμαρ τοιοῦτο σ. τέ σοι λέγω</b> ib.315; [[μανθάνω]] τὸ σύμβολον [[Euripides|E.]]''[[Orestes|Or.]]''1130, cf.''Rh.''220; [[clue]], [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Tyrannus|OT]]''221; <b class="b3">χειμῶνος σύμβολον</b> a [[sign]] of an [[approach]]ing [[storm]], Anaxag. 19, Sch.Arat.832; νόμισμα σύμβολον τῆς ἀλλαγῆς ἕνεκα γενήσεται Pl.''R.'' 371b; ἔστι τὰ ἐν τῇ φωνῇ τῶν ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ παθημάτων σ., καὶ τὰ γραφόμενα τῶν ἐν τῇ φωνῇ Arist.''Int.''16a4, cf. 24b2, ''Sens.''437a15; <b class="b3">τὰ τεχνητὰ τῶν συμβόλων</b> Plu.''Per.''6; <b class="b3">νίκης σύμβολον Ἰσθμιάδος</b>, of the [[celery]]-[[wreath]], Call.''Fr.''103; <b class="b3">τὰ τῶν στρατοπέδων σύμβολα</b> [[legionary]] [[standard]]s, Hdn.4.7.7; [[insignia]] of deities, D.H.8.38; τῆς βασιλείας Plu.Comp.Cim. Luc.3; <b class="b3">εἰράνας σύμβολον καὶ πολέμον</b>, of a [[trumpet]], ''AP''6.151 (Tymn.).<br><span class="bld">2</span> [[omen]], [[portent]], Archil.44, A.''Ag.''144 (lyr.); σ. δ' οὔ πώ τις ἐπιχθονίων πιστὸν ἀμφὶ πράξιος ἐσσομένας εὗρεν θεόθεν Pi.''O.''12.7 (cf. Sch.); <b class="b3">οἱ διὰ συμβόλων . . προλέγοντες</b> distinguished from other kinds of [[μάντεις]], Gal. 15.442; περὶ οἰωνῶν καὶ συμβόλων καὶ διοσημιῶν Iamb.''VP''13.62;= [[auspicium]], ''Glossaria''; <b class="b3">ἐν τοῖς λικμητηρίοις γεννώμενα τὰ βρέφη ἐτίθεσαν εἰς σ. εὐτροφίας</b> Sch.Arat.268.<br><span class="bld">3</span> Medic., [[symptom]], Gal.19.217, Aret.''CD''1.4, al.<br><span class="bld">4</span> [[prearranged signal]], ἐπιχειρήσεως Plu.''Rom.''14; [[watchword]], E.''Rh.''573.<br><span class="bld">5</span> [[secret code]], τὰ μυστικὰ σύμβολα τῶν περὶ τὸν Διόνυσον ὀργιασμῶν, ἃ σύνισμεν ἀλλήλοις οἱ κοινωνοῦντες Plu.2.611d, cf. Orph.''Fr.''31.23; consisting of a [[signum]] and a [[responsum]], Firm. De Errore 18; <b class="b3">τὰ σύμβολα [Πυθαγόρου]</b> Arist.''Fr.''197, Plu.2.727c; <b class="b3">περὶ Πυθαγορικῶν συμβόλων</b>, title of a work by [[Androcydes]], Iamb.''VP''28.145; [[secret sign]], <b class="b3">γράψαι τι σ. ἐν πίνακι, . . μαθεῖν τὸν θέντα τὸ σ.</b> ib.33.238, cf. 23.103, 32.227, Luc.''Laps.''5; [[allegory]], Chrysipp.Stoic.2.256,257, Demetr. ''Eloc.''243; διὰ συμβόλων μηνύειν Ph.2.559, cf. 1.681, al., Dam.''Pr.'' 210.<br><span class="bld">6</span> [[religious creed]], <b class="b3">τὸ ἅγιον μάθημα ἤτοι σύμβολον</b> ''Cod.Just.''1.1.7.11, cf. 13.<br><span class="bld">IV</span> pl., σύμβολα = [[standard weights]], IG22.1013.8.<br><span class="bld">V</span> a [[small coin]], perhaps a [[half-obol]], shaped D, Hermipp.61, Ar.''Fr.''44, Archipp. 8: hence <b class="b3">σύμβολον κεκαρμένος</b> [[with half the head shaved]], Hermipp.14.