D: Difference between revisions

|lshtext=<b>D</b>: d (n. indecl., [[sometimes]] f. sc. [[littera]]), the [[flat]] dental [[mute]], [[corresponding]] in [[character]] and [[sound]] to the English<br /><b>I</b> d and the Greek Δ>, [[was]] the [[fourth]] [[letter]] of the Latin [[alphabet]], and [[was]] called de: Ter. Maur. p. 2385 P., [[Auson]]. Idyll. 12, de Litt. Monos. 14. But at the [[end]] of a [[syllable]], or [[after]] [[another]] consonant, its [[sound]] [[was]] [[sharpened]], so [[that]] the grammarians [[often]] [[discuss]] the [[question]] [[whether]] d or t should be written, [[especially]] in conjunctions and prepositions. Illa [[quoque]] servata est a multis [[differentia]], ut ad cum esset [[praepositio]], d litteram, cum [[autem]] conjunctio, t acciperet (Quint. 1, 7, 5; cf. id. 1, 4, 16). Hence we [[may]] [[infer]] [[that]] [[some]] [[disputed]] this [[distinction]], and [[that]] the sounds of ad and at [[must]] at [[least]] [[have]] been [[very]] [[similar]] (cf. also Terent. Scaur. p. 2250, Vel. Long. p. 2230 sq., Cassiod. p. 2287, 2291). Thus also [[aput]], it, [[quit]], [[quot]], aliut, [[set]], [[haut]] are [[found]] for [[apud]], id, [[quid]], [[quod]], aliud, sed, [[haud]]. It would [[appear]] from the remarks of these authors [[that]] the [[last]] [[two]] words in [[particular]], having a proclitic [[character]], [[while]] [[they]] [[distinctly]] retained the d [[sound]] [[before]] an [[initial]] vowel in the [[following]] [[word]], were [[pronounced]] [[before]] a consonant [[almost]] as [[set]], [[haut]] (Mar. Vict. p. 2462 P., Vel. Long. l. l. v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.). The [[use]] of t for d in the [[middle]] of a [[word]], as Alexenter for [[Alexander]], atnato for [[adnato]], is [[very]] [[rare]] (cf. Wordsworth, Fragm. p. 486 sq.). On the [[other]] [[hand]], the [[use]] of d for t, [[which]] [[sometimes]] appears in MSS. and inscrr., as ed, capud, essed, inquid (all of [[which]] [[occur]] in the Cod. palimps. of Cic. Rep.), adque, quodannis, sicud, etc., fecid, reliquid, etc. (all in inscriptions [[after]] the Augustan [[period]]), is to be ascribed to a [[later]] phonetic softening (cf. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.).<br /><b>II</b> As an [[initial]], the [[letter]] d, in [[pure]] Latin words, suffers [[only]] a vowel [[after]] it; the [[single]] consonantal [[compound]] dr [[being]] [[found]] [[only]] in borrowed words, [[such]] as [[drama]], [[Drusus]], Druidae, etc., and in the [[two]] onomatopees [[drenso]] and [[drindio]]. Accordingly, the d of the [[initial]] dv, from du, [[was]] rejected, and the [[remaining]] v [[either]] retained unaltered (as in viginti for duiginti; cf. [[triginta]]) or changed [[into]] b (as in b[[ellum]], bis, b[[onus]], for du[[ellum]], duis, du[[onus]]; v. those words and the [[letter]] B). So [[too]] in and [[after]] the 4th [[century]] A.D., di [[before]] [[vowels]] [[was]] [[pronounced]] [[like]] j (cf. J[[ovis]] for Dj[[ovis]], and J[[anus]] for Di[[anus]]); and [[hence]], as the Greek δι (di) passed [[into]] dz, i. e. ζ (as in ζ α for δ ια, and zeta for diaeta), we [[sometimes]] [[find]] the [[same]] [[name]] written in [[two]] or [[three]] ways, as Diabolenus, Jabolenus, Zabolenus; Jadera, Diadora, Zara. In [[many]] Greek words, [[however]], [[which]] [[originally]] began [[with]] a y [[sound]], d [[was]] prefixed by an [[instinctive]] [[effort]] to [[avoid]] a [[disagreeable]] [[utterance]], [[just]] as in English the [[initial]] j has [[regularly]] [[assumed]] the [[sound]] of dj: [[thus]] Gr. [[ζυγόν]], i. e. διυγον = L. jugum; and in [[such]] cases the d [[sound]] has been prefixed in Greek, not [[lost]] in Latin and [[other]] languages (v. Curt. Griech. Etym. p. 608 sq.).β. As a medial, d [[before]] [[most]] [[consonants]] undergoes [[assimilation]]; v. ad, no. II.; [[assum]], init., and cf. [[iccirco]], [[quippiam]], [[quicquam]], for [[idcirco]], [[quidpiam]], quidquam; and in contractions [[like]] [[cette]] from cedite, pelluviae from pediluviae, [[sella]] from sedela. In contractions, [[however]], the d is [[sometimes]] dropped and a [[compensation]] effected by lengthening the [[preceding]] vowel, as scāla for scand-la. D [[before]] endings [[which]] [[begin]] [[with]] s [[was]] suppressed, as pes from ped-s, [[lapis]] from lapid-s, [[frons]] from frond-s, rasi from radsi, risi from [[rid]]-si, lusi from lud-si, clausi from claud-si; [[but]] in the [[second]] and [[third]] roots of [[cedo]], and in the [[third]] roots of [[some]] [[other]] verbs, d is assimilated, as cessi, cessum, fossum, etc. D is also omitted [[before]] s in [[composition]] [[when]] [[another]] consonant follows the s, as [[ascendo]], [[aspicio]], [[asto]], [[astringo]], and so also [[before]] the nasal gn in agnatus, [[agnitus]], and [[agnosco]], from [[gnatus]], etc.: [[but]] in [[other]] combinations it is assimilated, as [[assentio]], [[acclamo]], [[accresco]]; [[affligo]], [[affrico]]; [[agglomero]], [[aggrego]]; [[applico]], [[approbo]], etc. In tentum, from [[tendo]], d is dropped to [[avoid]] the [[combination]] ndt or ntt, [[since]] [[euphony]] forbids a consonant to be doubled [[after]] [[another]].γ. Final d stood [[only]] in ad, [[apud]], sed, and in the [[neuter]] pronouns [[quid]], [[quod]], illud, istud, and aliud, [[anciently]] [[alid]]. Otherwise, the [[ending]] d [[was]] considered [[barbarous]], Prisc. p. 686 P.<br /><b>III</b> The [[letter]] d represents [[regularly]] an [[original]] Indo-Germanic d, in Greek δ, [[but]] [[which]] in German becomes z <[[figure]] /> <tt>[unresolved [[image]] [[link]]</tt>, in Gothic t, and in Anglo-Saxon t: cf. Gr. [[ἥδομαι]], Sanscr. svad, Germ. süss, Angl.-Sax. svēte ([[sweet]]), [[with]] Lat. [[suadeo]]; domare [[with]] Gr. [[δαμάω]], Germ. zähmen, Eng. [[tame]]; [[domus]] [[with]] [[δέμω]], [[timber]], O. H. Germ. zimber; duo [[with]] δύω, zwei, [[two]]. But it is also interchanged [[with]] [[other]] sounds, and [[thus]] [[sometimes]] represents—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>1</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; An [[original]] t: [[mendax]] from [[mentior]]; [[quadraginta]], [[quadra]], etc., from quatuor.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>2</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; An [[original]] r: ar and ad; apur or [[apor]] and [[apud]]; [[meridies]] and [[medidies]], [[audio]] and [[auris]]; cf. [[arbiter]], from ad-[[beto]]; [[arcesso]] for ad-[[cesso]].—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>3</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; An [[original]] l: [[adeps]], Gr. [[ἄλειφα]]; [[dacrima]] and [[lacrima]], [[dingua]] and [[lingua]]; cf. on the [[contrary]], olere for odere, [[consilium]] and considere, [[Ulixes]] from [[Ὀδυσσεύς]] (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 223).—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>4</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; An [[original]] s: [[Claudius]], from the [[Sabine]] [[Clausus]], [[medius]] and μίσος; and, on the [[contrary]], [[rosa]] and [[ῥόδον]]. —<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>5</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A Greek θ: [[fides]], [[πίστις]]; gaudere, [[γηθέω]]; vad-i-monium (from va-d-s, vadis), [[ἄεθλον]].<br /> In the oldest [[period]] of the [[language]] d [[was]] the [[ending]] of the ablat. [[sing]]. and of the adverbs [[which]] were [[originally]] ablatives (cf. Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excur. I.; Brix ad Plaut. Trin. Prol. 10): puCNANDO, MARID, DICTATORED, IN ALTOD MARID, NAVALED PRAEDAD on the Col. Rostr.; DE SENATVOS SENTENTIAD ([[thrice]]) IN OQVOLTOD, IN POPLICOD, IN PREIVATOD, IN COVENTIONID, and the adverbs SVPRAD SCRIPTVM EST ([[thrice]]), EXSTRAD QVAM SEI, and [[even]] EXSTRAD VRBEM, in S. C. de Bacch. So [[intra]]-d, [[ultra]]-d, [[citra]]-d, [[contra]]-d, [[infra]]-d, [[supra]]-d; contro-d, [[intro]]-d, etc.; and [[probably]] [[interea]]-d, [[postea]]-d. [[Here]] [[too]] belongs, no [[doubt]], the adverb FACILVMED, [[found]] in the [[last]]-mentioned [[inscription]]. But this [[use]] of the d became [[antiquated]] [[during]] the 3d [[century]] B.C., and is not [[found]] at all in [[any]] [[inscription]] [[after]] 186 B. C. [[Plautus]] seems to [[have]] used or omitted it at [[will]] (Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excurs. p. 18: Corss. Ausspr. 1, 197; 2, 1008).<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>2</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; D [[final]] [[was]] also [[anciently]] [[found]]—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>a</b> In the accus. [[sing]]. of the [[personal]] pronouns med, ted, sed: INTER SED CONIOVRASE and INTER SED DEDISE, for [[inter]] se conjuravisse and [[inter]] se dedisse, in the S. C. de Bacch. This [[usage]] [[was]] retained, at [[least]] as a license of [[verse]], [[when]] the [[next]] [[word]] began [[with]] a vowel, [[even]] in the [[time]] of [[Plautus]]. But in the classic [[period]] this d no [[longer]] appears. —<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>b</b> In the [[imperative]] [[mood]]; as estod, Fest. p. 230. The Oscan [[language]] retained this [[ending]] (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 206).—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>c</b> In the preposition se-, [[originally]] [[identical]] [[with]] the [[conjunction]] sed (it is retained in the [[compound]] [[seditio]]); also in [[red]]-, prod-, antid-, postid-, etc. (redire, prodire, etc.); and in these words, [[too]], it is a [[remnant]] of the [[ancient]] [[characteristic]] of the ablative (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 200 sq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 49).<br /> As an [[abbreviation]], D [[usually]] stands for the [[praenomen]] [[Decimus]]; also for Deus, Divus, Dominus, Decurio, etc.; [[over]] epitaphs, D. M. = Diis Manibus; [[over]] [[temple]] inscriptions, D. O. M. = Deo Optimo Maxumo; in the titles of the [[later]] emperors, D. N. = Dominus Noster, and DD. NN. = Domini Nostri. Before dates of letters, D signified dabam, and also [[dies]]; [[hence]], a. d. = [[ante]] diem; in offerings to the gods, D. D. = [[dono]] or [[donum]] dedit; D. D. D. = dat, dicat, dedicat, etc. Cf. Orell. Inscr. II. p. 457 sq.!*? The Romans denoted the [[number]] 500 by D; [[but]] the [[character]] [[was]] [[then]] regarded, not as a [[letter]], [[but]] as [[half]] of the [[original]] Tuscan [[numeral]] <[[figure]] /> <tt>[unresolved [[image]] [[link]]</tt> (or CIↃ) for 1000.