gravis: Difference between revisions

|lshtext=<b>grăvis</b>: e, adj. Sanscr. gurus ([[root]] gar-); Gr. [[βαρύς]]>, [[heavy]]; [[gravis]], for gar-uis; cf. also [[Brutus]]. With [[respect]] to [[weight]],<br /><b>I</b> [[heavy]], [[weighty]], [[ponderous]], [[burdensome]]; or [[pass]]., loaded, laden, burdened (opp. [[levis]], [[light]]; in [[most]] of its significations corresp. to the Gr. [[βαρύς]]>; cf. [[onerosus]], [[onerarius]]).<br /><b>I</b> Lit. Absol. or [[with]] abl.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>1</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; In gen.: [[imber]] et [[ignis]], [[spiritus]] et [[gravis]] [[terra]], Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 37 Müll.; so, [[tellus]], Ov. M. 7, 355: corpora, Lucr. 2, 225 sq.; cf. id. 5, 450 sq.: [[limus]], id. 5, 496: in eo [[etiam]] [[cavillatus]] est, aestate [[grave]] esse aureum [[amiculum]], hieme frigidum, Cic. N. D. 3, 34, 83: navigia, Caes. B. G. 5, 8, 4; cf.: tot ora navium gravi Rostrata duci pondere, Hor. Epod. 4, 17: cum gravius dorso (aselli) subiit [[onus]], id. S. 1, 9, 21: [[sarcina]], id. Ep. 1, 13, 6: inflexi [[grave]] [[robur]] aratri, Verg. G. 1, 162: cujus (tibicinae) Ad strepitum salias terrae [[gravis]], Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 26: [[terra]], burdened (by the [[heavy]] [[body]]), Ov. M. 12, 118: naves hostilibus spoliis graves, [[heavily]] laden, Liv. 29, 35, 5; cf.: [[agmen]] [[grave]] praedā, id. 21, 5, 8; for [[which]] also [[simply]]: [[grave]] [[agmen]], id. 31, 39, 2: [[miles]], [[heavy]]-[[armed]], Tac. A. 12, 35: [[gravis]] aere [[dextra]], Verg. E. 1, 36: cum [[fatalis]] [[equus]] saltu [[super]] ardua venit [[Pergama]] et armatum peditem [[gravis]] attulit alvo, i. e. [[filled]], [[full]], id. A. 6, 516 (an [[imitation]] of Maximo saltu superavit Gravidus armatis [[equus]], Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2; v. [[gravidus]], II. β): graves imbre [[nubes]], Liv. 28, 15, 11: graves fructu vites, Quint. 8, 3, 8: [[gravis]] vinculis, Plin. Ep. 7, 27, 10.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>2</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; In partic.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>a</b> With [[respect]] to [[value]] or [[number]], [[heavy]], [[great]]. So, aes [[grave]], [[heavy]] [[money]], [[money]] of the oldest [[standard]], in [[which]] an as weighed a [[full]] [[pound]]: [[grave]] aes [[dictum]] a pondere, [[quia]] [[deni]] asses, [[singuli]] [[pondo]] libras, efficiebant denarium, etc., Paul. ex Fest. p. 98 Müll.: et [[quia]] [[nondum]] [[argentum]] signatum erat, aes [[grave]] plaustris [[quidam]] (ex patribus) ad aerarium convehentes, etc., Liv. 4, 60, 6; 10, 46, 5; 22, 33, 2 et saep.: [[populus]] Romanus ne argento [[quidem]] signato [[ante]] Pyrrhum regem devictum [[usus]] est: librales appendebantur asses. Quare aeris [[gravis]] [[poena]] dicta, Plin. 33, 3, 13, § 42: [[argentum]], i. e. [[uncoined]] = [[rude]]: placet [[argentum]] [[grave]] rustici patris [[sine]] ullo opere et nomine artificis, Sen. Tranq. 1, 4: notavit aliquos, [[quod]] pecunias levioribus usuris mutuati graviore fenore collocassent, at a [[higher]] [[rate]], Suet. Aug. 39; cf.: in graviore [[annona]], id. ib. 25: [[grave]] [[pretium]], a [[high]] [[price]], Sall. Fragm. ap. Non. 314, 25.—With [[respect]] to [[number]]: graves pavonum greges, [[great]] or [[numerous]] flocks, Varr. ap. Non. 314, 31. —<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>b</b> For the [[usual]] [[gravidus]], [[with]] [[young]], [[pregnant]] ([[poet]]. and in [[post]]-Aug. [[prose]]): [[regina]] [[sacerdos]] Marte [[gravis]], Verg. A. 1, 274; cf. [[uterus]] ([[shortly]] [[after]]: [[gravidus]] tumet [[venter]]), Ov. M. 10, 495: balaenae utero graves ([[shortly]] [[before]], gravidae), Plin. 9, 6, 5, § 13.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>B</b> Transf.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>1</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Of [[hearing]] or [[sound]], [[deep]], [[grave]], [[low]], [[bass]] (opp. [[acutus]], [[treble]]): vocem ab acutissimo [[sono]] [[usque]] ad gravissimum sonum recipiunt, Cic. de Or. 1, 59, 251; cf. id. ib. 3, 57, 216: qui ([[sonus]]) acuta cum gravibus [[temperans]], varios [[aequabiliter]] [[concentus]] efficit, id. Rep. 6, 18: vox, Quint. 11, 3, 17; 42: [[sonus]], 2, 8, 15; 5, 10, 125; 11, 3, 41; Ov. M. 12, 203: [[tenor]], Quint. 1, 5, 26: [[syllaba]], i. e. unaccented, id. 1, 5, 22 sq.; 12, 10, 33.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>2</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Of [[smell]] or flavor, [[strong]], [[unpleasant]], [[offensive]]: an [[gravis]] hirsutis cubet [[hircus]] in [[alis]], [[rank]], Hor. Epod. 12, 5: chelydri, Verg. G. 3, 415: ellebori, id. ib. 3, 451: [[odor]] calthae, [[strong]], Plin. 21, 6, 15, § 28; cf.: [[herba]] odore [[suaviter]] gravi, id. 25, 9, 70, § 118; cf. 117: [[habrotonum]] odore jucunde gravi floret, id. 21, 10, 34, § 60: absynthium ut bibam gravem, i. e. [[bitter]], Varr. ap. Non. 19, 27, and 314, 14.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>3</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Of the [[state]] of the [[body]] or [[health]], [[gross]], indigestible, [[unwholesome]], [[noxious]], [[severe]]; [[sick]]: ([[Cleanthes]]) negat ullum esse cibum tam gravem, [[quin]] is [[die]] et nocte concoquatur, Cic. N. D. 2, 9, 24; so, genera cibi graviora, Cels. 2, 18: gravissima bubula ([[caro]]), id. ib.: pisces gravissimi, id. ib.: [[neque]] ex salubri [[loco]] in gravem, [[neque]] ex gravi in salubrem [[transitus]] [[satis]] [[tutus]] est, id. 1, 3; cf.: [[solum]] caelumque juxta [[grave]], Tac. H. 5, 7: solet esse [[gravis]] cantantibus [[umbra]], Verg. E. 10, 75: anni tempore gravissimo et caloribus maximis, Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 16, 1; cf.: [[gravis]] [[auctumnus]] in [[Apulia]] circumque [[Brundisium]] ex saluberrimis Galliae et Hispaniae regionibus, omnem exercitum valetudine tentaverat, Caes. B. C. 3, 2 fin.: [[grave]] [[tempus]] et [[forte]] [[annus]] [[pestilens]] erat urbi agrisque, Liv. 3, 6, 1; cf. also id. 3, 8, 1: [[aestas]], Verg. G. 2, 377: morbo [[gravis]], [[sick]], id. ib. 3, 95; cf.: [[gravis]] vulnere, Liv. 21, 48, 4: aetate et viribus gravior, id. 2, 19, 6: gravior de vulnere, Val. Fl. 6, 65: non insueta graves tentabunt pabula fetas, [[sick]], [[feeble]], Verg. E. 1, 50; so absol.: aut abit in somnum [[gravis]], [[heavy]], [[languid]], Lucr. 3, 1066.<br /><b>II</b> Trop.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>A</b> In a [[bad]] [[sense]], [[heavy]], [[burdensome]], [[oppressive]], [[troublesome]], [[grievous]], [[painful]], [[hard]], [[harsh]], [[severe]], [[disagreeable]], [[unpleasant]] (syn.: [[molestus]], [[difficilis]], [[arduus]]): qui labores morte finisset graves, Poët. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 48, 115: [[quod]] [[numquam]] [[tibi]] senectutem gravem esse senserim ... quibus [[nihil]] est in ipsis opis ad [[bene]] beateque vivendum, iis [[omnis]] [[aetas]] [[gravis]] est, Cic. de Sen. 2, 4; cf.: [[onus]] officii, id. Rosc. Am. 38, 112; id. Rep. 1, 23: et facilior et [[minus]] aliis [[gravis]] aut molesta [[vita]] est otiosorum, id. Off. 1, 21, 70; id. Rep. 1, 4: miserior graviorque [[fortuna]], Caes. B. G. 1, 32, 4: haec si gravia aut acerba videantur, [[multo]] [[illa]] gravius aestimare debere, etc., id. ib. 7, 14 fin.: velim si [[tibi]] [[grave]] non erit, me certiorem facias, Cic. Fam. 13, 73, 2: [[grave]] est homini pudenti petere aliquid magnum, id. Fam. 2, 6, 1; id. Att. 1, 5, 4: est in populum Romanum [[grave]], non posse, etc., id. Balb. 7, 24: [[verbum]] gravius, id. Verr. 2, 3, 58, § 134: ne [[quid]] gravius in fratrem statueret ... [[quod]] si [[quid]] ei a Caesare gravius accidisset, etc., Caes. B. G. 1, 20, 1 and 4: gravissimum [[supplicium]], id. ib. 1, 31, 15: habemus [[senatusconsultum]] in te, [[Catilina]], [[vehemens]] et [[grave]], Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 3: [[edictum]], Liv. 29, 21, 5: gravioribus [[bellis]], Cic. Rep. 1, 40: [[gravis]] esse alicui, id. Fam. 13, 76, 2; cf.: [[adversarius]] imperii, id. Off. 3, 22, 86: gravior [[hostis]], Liv. 10, 18, 6: senes ad ludum adolescentium [[descendant]], ne sint iis odiosi et graves, Cic. Rep. 1, 43: [[gravis]] popularibus esse coepit, Liv. 44, 30, 5.—Prov.: [[gravis]] malae conscientiae lux est, Sen. Ep. 122.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>B</b> In a [[good]] [[sense]], [[weighty]], [[important]], [[grave]]; [[with]] [[respect]] to [[character]], of [[weight]] or [[authority]], [[eminent]], [[venerable]], [[great]]: [[numquam]] erit alienis [[gravis]], qui suis se concinnat levem, Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 58: [[quod]] [[apud]] omnes leve et infirmum est, id [[apud]] judicem [[grave]] et sanctum esse ducetur? Cic. Rosc. Com. 2, 6: ea ([[honestas]]) [[certe]] omni pondere gravior habenda est [[quam]] reliqua omnia, id. Off. 3, 8, 35; id. Deiot. 2, 5: cum gravibus seriisque rebus satisfecerimus, id. ib. 1, 29, 103: [[auctoritas]] clarissimi viri et in rei publicae maximis gravissimisque causis cogniti, id. Fam. 5, 12, 7; cf. [[causa]], Lucil. ap. Non. 315, 31; Quint. 1, 2, 3; Caes. B. C. 1, 44, 4: gravius erit tuum unum [[verbum]] ad eam rem, [[quam]] [[centum]] mea, Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 107: ut [[potentia]] [[senatus]] [[atque]] [[auctoritas]] minueretur: quae [[tamen]] [[gravis]] et magna remanebat, Cic. Rep. 2, 34: sententiis non tam gravibus et severis [[quam]] concinnis et venustis, id. Brut. 95, 325: gravior [[oratio]], id. de Or. 2, 56, 227: [[nihil]] sibi gravius esse faciendum, [[quam]] ut, etc., id. Clu. 6, 16: inceptis gravibus et magna professis, Hor. A. P. 14: [[exemplum]] [[grave]] praebet [[ales]], etc., id. C. 4, 11, 26: non tulit ullos haec [[civitas]] aut [[gloria]] clariores, aut auctoritate graviores, aut humanitate politiores, Cic. de Or. 2, 37, 154: et esse et videri omnium gravissimus et severissimus, id. ib. 2, 56, 228: [[homo]] [[prudens]] et [[gravis]], id. ib. 1, 9, 38: [[neque]] [[oratio]] abhorrens a [[persona]] hominis gravissimi, id. Rep. 1, 15 fin.: [[auctor]], id. Pis. 6, 14: [[testis]], id. Fam. 2, 2: non [[idem]] [[apud]] graves viros, [[quod]] leviores ([[decet]]), Quint. 11, 1, 45: vir [[bonus]] et [[gravis]], id. 11, 3, 184: gravissimi sapientiae magistri, id. 12, 1, 36: tum pietate gravem ac meritis si [[forte]] virum quem Conspexere, Verg. A. 1, 151: gravissima [[civitas]], Cic. Rep. 1, 3: gravem [[atque]] opulentam civitatem vineis et pluteis cepit, an [[important]] [[city]], Liv. 34, 17, 12.— Hence, adv.: grăvĭter.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>1</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Weightily, [[heavily]], [[ponderously]] ([[very]] [[rare]]): aëra per purum [[graviter]] simulacra feruntur, Lucr. 4, 302; cf.: [[graviter]] cadere, id. 1, 741; Ov. P. 1, 7, 49.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>b</b> Transf.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>(a)</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Of tones, [[deeply]]: [[natura]] fert, ut extrema ex altera parte [[graviter]], ex altera [[autem]] [[acute]] sonent, Cic. Rep. 6, 18; Lucr. 4, 543.—Far [[more]] freq.,<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>(b)</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Vehemently, [[strongly]], [[violently]]: [[graviter]] crepuerunt fores, Ter. Heaut. 3, 3, 52; so, spirantibus flabris, Lucr. 6, 428; Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 2: pertentat [[tremor]] terras, Lucr. 6, 287: ferire aliquem, Verg. A. 12, 295: conquassari omnia, Lucr. 5, 105; cf.: quae gravissime afflictae erant naves, Caes. B. G. 4, 31, 2.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>2</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Trop.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>a</b> Vehemently, [[violently]], [[deeply]], [[severely]]; [[harshly]], [[unpleasantly]], [[disagreeably]]: [[graviter]] aegrotare, Cic. Off. 1, 10, 32: se habere, id. Att. 7, 2, 3: [[neque]] is [[sum]], qui gravissime ex [[vobis]] mortis periculo terrear, Caes. B. G. 5, 30, 2: gravissime dolere, id. ib. 5, 54 fin.: quem ego amarem [[graviter]], Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 87; cf.: placere occoepit [[graviter]], [[postquam]] est mortua, Caecil. ap. Non. 314, 19: [[tibi]] [[edepol]] [[iratus]] [[sum]] [[graviter]], Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 2: cives gravissime dissentientes, Cic. Phil. 12, 11, 27: si me meis civibus injuria suspectum tam [[graviter]] [[atque]] offensum viderem, id. Cat. 1, 7, 17: [[graviter]] angi, id. Lael. 3, 10: tulit hoc [[commune]] [[dedecus]] jam familiae [[graviter]] [[filius]], [[with]] [[chagrin]], [[vexation]], id. Clu. 6, 16; cf.: [[graviter]] et [[acerbe]] aliquid ferre, id. Verr. 2, 1, 58, § 152: [[graviter]] accipere aliquid, id. de Or. 2, 52, 211; Tac. A. 13, 36; cf.: adolescentulus [[saepe]] [[eadem]] et [[graviter]] audiendo [[victus]] est, Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 62: [[nolo]] in illum gravius dicere, [[more]] [[harshly]], id. Ad. 1, 2, 60; cf.: de amplissimis viris gravissime acerbissimeque decernitur, Caes. B. C. 1, 5, 4; id. B. G. 3, 16, 4; cf. also: [[severe]] et [[graviter]] et [[prisce]] agere, Cic. Cael. 14, 33: ut non gravius accepturi viderentur, si nuntiarentur omnibus eo [[loco]] mortem oppetendam esse, [[more]] [[sorrowfully]], Liv. 9, 4, 6.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>b</b> In an [[impressive]] or [[dignified]] [[manner]], [[impressively]], [[gravely]], [[seriously]], [[with]] [[propriety]] or [[dignity]]: his de rebus tantis tamque atrocibus [[neque]] [[satis]] me [[commode]] dicere [[neque]] [[satis]] [[graviter]] conqueri [[neque]] [[satis]] [[libere]] vociferari posse [[intelligo]]. Nam commoditati [[ingenium]], gravitati [[aetas]], libertati tempora sunt impedimento, Cic. Rosc. Am. 4, 9: ([[Scipio]]) utrumque egit [[graviter]], [[with]] [[dignity]], id. Lael. 21, 77: res gestas narrare [[graviter]], id. Or. 9, 30; cf.: locum [[graviter]] et [[copiose]] tractare, id. Fin. 4, 2, 5.