θυμός: Difference between revisions

|Definition=ὁ, <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> <b class="b2">soul, spirit</b>, as <b class="b2">the principle of life, feeling and thought</b>, esp. <b class="b2">of strong feeling and passion</b> (rightly derived from <b class="b3">θύω</b> (B) by <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Cra.</span> 419e</span> <b class="b3">ἀπὸ τῆς θύσεως καὶ ζέσεως τῆς ψυχῆς</b>): </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">I</span> in physical sense, <b class="b2">breath, life</b>, <b class="b3">θ. ἀπηύρα, ἀφελέσθαι, ἐξαίνυσθαι, ὀλέσαι</b>, freq. in Hom., <span class="bibl">Il.6.17</span>, <span class="bibl">5.852</span>, <span class="bibl">155</span>, <span class="bibl">1.205</span>: c. dupl. acc., ἄμφω θ. ἀπηύρα <span class="bibl">6.17</span>; ἐπεί κε . . ῥεθέων ἐκ θ. ἕληται <span class="bibl">22.68</span>; <b class="b3">λίπε δ' ὀστέα θ</b>. <span class="bibl">12.386</span>; <b class="b3">ἀπὸ δ' ἔπτατο θ</b>. <span class="bibl">Od.10.163</span>; ὀλίγος δ' ἔτι θ. ἐνῆεν <span class="bibl">Il.1.593</span>; μόγις δ' ἐσαγείρετο θυμόν <span class="bibl">21.417</span>; ἄψορρόν οἱ θ. ἐνὶ στήθεσσιν ἀγέρθη <span class="bibl">4.152</span>; θυμοῦ καὶ ψυχῆς κεκαδών <span class="bibl">11.334</span>; of animals, <span class="bibl">3.294</span>, <span class="bibl">12.150</span>, etc.: less freq. in Trag., <span class="bibl">A. <span class="title">Ag.</span>1388</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ba.</span>620</span> (troch.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b2">spirit, strength</b>, τείρετο δ' ἀνδρῶν θ. ὑπ' εἰρεσίης <span class="bibl">Od.10.78</span>; ἐν δέ τε θ. τείρεθ' ὁμοῦ καμάτῳ τε καὶ ἱδρῷ <span class="bibl">Il.17.744</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> <b class="b3">πάτασσε δὲ θ. ἑκάστου</b> each man's <b class="b2">heart</b> beat high, <span class="bibl">23.370</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">7.216</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> <b class="b2">soul</b>, as shown by the feelings and passions; and so, </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> <b class="b2">desire</b> or <b class="b2">inclination</b>, esp. desire for meat and drink, <b class="b2">appetite</b>, πιέειν ὅτε θ. ἀνώγοι <span class="bibl">Il.4.263</span>; πλησάμενος . . θυμὸν ἐδητύος ἠδὲ ποτῆτος <span class="bibl">Od.17.603</span>: generally, τά με θ. ἐνὶ στήθεσσι κελεύει <span class="bibl">Il.7.68</span>; <b class="b3">βαλέειν δέ ἑ ἵετο θ</b>. <span class="bibl">8.301</span>; αἲ γάρ με μένος καὶ θ. ἀνείη <span class="bibl">22.346</span>; <b class="b3">θ. ἐποτρύνῃ [τινά</b>] <span class="bibl">Od.9.139</span>; <b class="b3">θ. ἐπέσσυταί τινι, ἐφορμᾶται</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.1.173</span>, <span class="bibl">13.73</span>; <b class="b3">ἤθελε θυμῷ</b> he wished <b class="b2">in his heart</b> or <b class="b2">with all his heart</b>, <span class="bibl">16.255</span>, <span class="bibl">21.65</span>; ἵετο θυμῷ <span class="bibl">2.589</span>; so later <b class="b3">θυμῷ βουλόμενοι</b> wishing <b class="b2">with all their heart</b>, <span class="bibl">Hdt. 5.49</span>; [ὄσσα ϝ] οι θ. κε θέλῃ γένεσθαι <span class="bibl">Sapph.<span class="title">Supp.</span>1.3</span>; θυμὸς ὥρμα <span class="bibl">Pi. <span class="title">O.</span>3.25</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">38</span>; θυμὸς ἡδονὴν φέρει <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>286</span>; ὧν ἐρᾷ θυμός <span class="bibl">Herod.7.61</span>; τῶν σφι θ. ἦν μάλιστα <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.1</span>; ἄλλως σφι θ. ἐγένετο θεήσασθαι τὸν πόλεμον <span class="bibl">Id.8.116</span>, etc.: with Verb omitted, σὲ γάρ μοι θῦμος ὔμνην <span class="bibl">Alc. 5</span>; <b class="b3">ἄρχ' αὐτὸς ὥς σοι θ</b>. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>1319</span>; <b class="b3">ὅπου ὑμῖν θ</b>. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>3.1.37</span>; βῆξαι θυμός ἐγγίνεται <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Prog.</span>8</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b2">mind, temper, will</b>, <b class="b3">θ. πρόφρων, ἵλαος</b>, <span class="bibl">Il. 8.39</span>, <span class="bibl">9.639</span>; <b class="b3">θ. ὑπερφίαλος καὶ ἀπηνής, νηλέα θ. ἔχοντας, σιδήρεος θ</b>., <span class="bibl">15.94</span>, <span class="bibl">19.229</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.5.191</span>; <b class="b3">ἕνα θ. ἔχειν</b> to be of one <b class="b2">mind</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.15.710</span>, etc.; οὐδὲ λύκοι τε καὶ ἄρνες ὁμόφρονα θ. ἔχουσιν <span class="bibl">22.263</span>; ἕτερος δέ με θ. ἔρυκε <span class="bibl">Od.9.302</span>; <b class="b3">ἐμὸν θ. ἔπειθεν</b> ib.<span class="bibl">33</span>; θωπείας κολακικάς, αἳ . . τοὺς θ. ποιοῦσιν κηρίνους <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>633d</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> <b class="b2">spirit, courage</b>, <b class="b3">μένος καὶ θ</b>. <span class="bibl">Il.20.174</span>; θ. ἐνὶ στήθεσσι λαβεῖν <span class="bibl">Od.10.461</span>; <b class="b3">πᾶσιν δὲ παραὶ ποσὶ κάππεσε θ</b>. <span class="bibl">Il.15.280</span>; <b class="b3">ψῦχρος ἔγεντο θ</b>., of doves, Sapph.16; θ. ἔχειν ἀγαθόν <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.120</span>; θ. οὐκ ἀπώλεσεν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>26</span>; ὁ θυμὸς εὐθὺς ἦν Ἀμυνίας <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span>570</span>; <b class="b3">ἴωμεν ῥώμῃ καὶ θυμῷ ἐπί</b> . . <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>4.2.21</span>; φρονήματός τε καὶ θυμοῦ ἐμπίπλασθαι <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>411c</span>: so in Philos., opp. <b class="b3">λόγος, ἐπιθυμία</b>, ib.<span class="bibl">440b</span>, al., cf. <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1328a7</span>, <span class="bibl">1327b24</span>, Phld.<span class="title">Mus.</span>p.26K., etc.; personified, <b class="b2">Passion, Emotion</b>, opp. <b class="b3">Λογισμός</b>, <span class="bibl">Cleanth.Stoic.1.129</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> <b class="b2">the seat of anger</b>, χωόμενον κατὰ θυμόν <span class="bibl">Il.1.429</span>; νεμεσιζέσθω ἐνὶ θυμῷ <span class="bibl">17.254</span>; θυμὸν ἐχώσατο <span class="bibl">16.616</span>, etc.: hence, <b class="b2">anger, wrath</b>, δάμασον θυμόν <span class="bibl">9.496</span>; <b class="b3">εἴξας ᾧ θυμῷ</b> ib.<span class="bibl">598</span>; θυμὸς μέγας ἐστὶ . . βασιλήων <span class="bibl">2.196</span>; θ. ὀξύς <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span> 1193</span>; θ. κρείσσων τῶν ἐμῶν βουλευμάτων <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Med.</span>1079</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">θυμῷ</b> f.l. for [[θυμοῦ]] in <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>718</span>; οἱ τῷ θ. πραχθέντες φόνοι <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>867b</span>; opp. <b class="b3">λογισμός</b>, <span class="bibl">Th.2.11</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">ἐπανάγειν τὸν θ</b>. <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.160</span>; ἐκτείνειν <span class="bibl">And.3.31</span>; καταθέσθαι <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">V.</span>567</span>; δακεῖν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Nu.</span>1369</span>; θυμῷ χρᾶσθαι <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.137</span>, al.; ὀργῆς καὶ θυμοῦ μεστοί <span class="bibl">Isoc.12.81</span> (so <b class="b3">τὴν ὀργὴν καὶ τὸν θ</b>., i.e. the outward manifestation of <b class="b3">ὀ</b>., Phld.<span class="title">Ir.</span>p.90W.); of horses, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Eq.</span> 9.2</span>: pl. (not earlier than Pl., f.l. in <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>718</span> (lyr.)), <b class="b2">fits of anger, passions</b>, περὶ φόβων τε καὶ θυμῶν <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phlb.</span>40e</span>; οἵ τε θ. καὶ αἱ κολάσεις <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Prt.</span>323e</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Rh.</span>1390a11</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> <b class="b2">the heart</b>, as the seat of the emotions, esp. joy or grief, <b class="b3">χαῖρε, γήθησε δὲ θυμῷ</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.14.156</span>, <span class="bibl">7.189</span>; θ. ἐνὶ στήθεσσι γεγήθει <span class="bibl">13.494</span>; μιν ἄχος κραδίην καὶ θ. ἵκανεν <span class="bibl">2.171</span>; <b class="b3">ἄχνυτο θ</b>. <span class="bibl">14.39</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">δόκησε δ' ἄρα σφίσι θ. ὣς ἔμεν ὡς εἰ</b> . . they felt as glad at <b class="b2">heart</b> as if... <span class="bibl">Od.10.415</span>; <b class="b3">μηδ' ὀνίαισι δάμνα . . θ</b>. Sapph.1.4; of fear, δέος ἔμπεσε θυμῷ <span class="bibl">Il.17.625</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">8.138</span>; of love, τὴν ἐκ θυμοῦ φίλεον <span class="bibl">9.343</span>; ἐκ θυμοῦ στέργοισα <span class="bibl">Theoc.17.130</span>; <b class="b3">ἐμῷ κεχαρισμένε θυμῷ</b> my <b class="b2">heart's</b> beloved, <span class="bibl">Il.5.243</span>; reversely, <b class="b3">ἀπὸ θ. μᾶλλον ἐμοὶ ἔσεαι</b> wilt be alien from my <b class="b2">heart</b>, <span class="bibl">1.562</span>; <b class="b3">ἐκ θ. πεσέειν</b>, i.e. to lose thy favour, <span class="bibl">23.595</span>; ἔρωτι θυμὸν ἐκπλαγεῖσα <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Med.</span>8</span>; ἐκ θ. κλαῦσαι Philet. 11. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">6</span> <b class="b2">mind, soul, as the seat of thought</b>, <b class="b3">ταῦθ' ὥρμαινε κατὰ φρένα καὶ κατὰ θ</b>. <span class="bibl">Il.1.193</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">ᾔδεε γὰρ κατὰ θ</b>. <span class="bibl">2.409</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">4.163</span>, etc.; φράζετο θυμῷ <span class="bibl">16.646</span>; ἐν θ. ἐβάλοντο ἔπος <span class="bibl">15.566</span>; τοὺς λόγους θυμῷ βάλε <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>706</span>; εἰς θ. βαλεῖν τι <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>975</span>; <b class="b3">οὐκ ἐς θ. φέρω</b> I bring him not into my <b class="b2">mind</b> or <b class="b2">thoughts</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">El.</span>1347</span>.</span>

|sltr=<b>θῡμός</b> (-ός, -ῷ, -όν, -έ.) <br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>1</b> [[heart]], [[spirit]], as the [[seat]] of [[various]] emotions and faculties, [[pleasure]]: οὐδ' ἀπάταισι θυμὸν τέρπεται (P. 2.74) [[φίλτρον]] ἐν θυμῷ μελιγάρυες ὕμνοι ἁμέτεροι τίθεν (P. 3.64) θυμῷ γελανεῖ (P. 4.181) θυμὸν ἐκδόσθαι πρὸς ἥβαν (P. 4.295) τίνι [[τῶν]] [[πάρος]] [[μάλιστα]] θυμὸν τεὸν εὔφρανας (I. 7.2) θυ]μὸν ἀνακριμνάντες (supp. Lobel) Πα. . . ]βαρβι[τί]ξαι θυμὸν (Philodemus: μῦθον Plut.) fr. 124d. [[endurance]], [[bravery]]: μαινομένων μεγάλαν ἀρετὰν θυμῷ [[λαβεῖν]] (O. 8.6) “θυμὸν γυναικὸς καὶ μεγάλαν δύνασιν θαύμασον” (P. 9.30) σύμπειρον ἀγωνίᾳ θυμὸν ἀμφέπειν (N. 7.10) μαχατὰν θυμὸν (N. 9.27) θυμὸν αἰχματὰν (N. 9.37) τόλμᾳ γὰρ εἰκὼς θυμὸν ἐριβρεμετᾶν θηρῶν λεόντων (I. 4.46) “θυμὸς δ' ἑπέσθω” (sc. [[καθάπερ]] καὶ τὸ [[σῶμα]] Σ.) (I. 6.49) [[anger]], [[grief]]; [[suffering]]: καμόντες πολλὰ θυμῷ (O. 2.8) ἐν θυμῷ πιέσαις χόλον (O. 6.37) ἀστῶν δ' ἀκοὰ κρύφιον θυμὸν βαρύνει (P. 1.84) [[θεῶν]] βασίλεα σπερχθεῖσα θυμῷ (N. 1.40) τῶ καὶ ἐγὼ [[καίπερ]] ἀχνύμενος θυμόν (I. 8.5) [[affection]]: πατρί τε θυμὸν ἰάναιεν (O. 7.43) πατρὶ Σωγένης ἀταλὸν ἀμφέπων θυμὸν (N. 7.92) [[fear]]: κρυόεν πυκινῷ [[μάντευμα]] θυμῷ (P. 4.73) κλέπτων δὲ θυμῷ [[δεῖμα]] (P. 4.96) λέγεται παντὶ [[μάλιστα]] δονεῖν θυμόν (N. 6.57) [[wisdom]]: ἐν ἀρμένοισι πᾶσι θυμὸν αὔξων (Mingarelli: πάντα codd., [[fort]]. recte) (N. 3.58) σώφρονές τ' ἐγένοντο πινυτοί τε θυμόν (I. 8.26) [[mercy]]: “εἴ ποτ' ἐμᾶν, ὦ Ζεῦ πάτερ, θυμῷ θέλων ἀρᾶν ἄκουσας” (I. 6.43) [[generally]]: ἐς γαῖαν πορεύεν θυμὸς ὥρμα νιν (O. 3.25) ἐμὲ δ' ὦν πᾳ θυμὸς ὀτρύνει φάμεν (O. 3.38) [[κεῖνος]] αἰνεῖν καὶ τὸν ἐχθρὸν παντὶ θυμῷ [[σύν]] τε δίκᾳ καλὰ ῥέζοντ' ἔννεπεν (P. 9.96) πολλὰ [[γάρ]] μιν παντὶ θυμῷ παρφαμένα λιτάνευεν (N. 5.31) τὸν δ' αὖ οἰκείων παρέσφαλεν [[καλῶν]] χειρὸς ἕλκων [[ὀπίσσω]] θυμὸς [[ἄτολμος]] [[ἐών]] (N. 11.32) voc., in selfexhortation: ἔπεχε [[νυν]] σκοπῷ [[τόξον]], [[ἄγε]] θυμέ (O. 2.89) θυμέ, [[τίνα]] πρὸς ἀλλοδαπὰν ἄκραν ἐμὸν πλόον παραμείβεαι; (N. 3.26) [[χρῆν]] μὲν κατὰ καιρὸν ἐρώτων δρέπεσθαι, θυμέ, σὺν ἁλικίᾳ fr. 123. 1. μὴ πρεσβυτέραν ἀριθμοῦ δίωκε, θυμέ, πρᾶξιν fr. 127. 4. frag. θυμῷ[ Πα. 13b. 15. ]θυμὸν δ[ fr. 60a. 2.

|mdlsjtxt=θῡμός, ὁ, [θύω2]<br />the [[soul]]:<br /><b class="num">I.</b> like Lat. [[anima]], the [[soul]], [[breath]], [[life]], θυμὸν ἀπαυρᾶν, ἀφελέσθαι, [[ἐξελέσθαι]], ἐξαίνυσθαι, [[ὀλέσαι]] to [[take]] [[away]] [[life]], Hom.; θυμὸν ἀποπνείειν to [[expire]], Il.; θυμὸν ἀγείρειν to [[collect]] [[oneself]], Il., etc.; θυμὸς τείρετο καμάτῳ his [[spirit]] was wearied by [[toil]], Il.<br /><b class="num">II.</b> like Lat. [[animus]], the [[soul]], [[heart]]; and so,<br /><b class="num">1.</b> of [[desire]] for [[meat]] and [[drink]], [[ἔπιον]] θ' [[ὅσον]] ἤθελε [[θυμός]] Il.:—c. inf., [[βαλέειν]] δέ ἑ θυμὸς [[ἀνώγει]] his [[heart]] bade him [[shoot]], Il.; ἤθελε θυμῷ he wished in his [[heart]] or with all his [[heart]], Il.; θυμῷ βουλόμενος wishing with all one's [[heart]], Hdt.; so, ἐκ θυμοῦ φιλέειν Il.:— [[θυμός]] [[ἐστί]] μοι, θ. γίγνεταί μοι, c. inf., I [[have]] a [[mind]] to do . . , Il., Xen., etc.:—also as the [[seat]] of [[sorrow]] or joy, [[χαῖρε]] δὲ θυμῷ Il.; ἄχνυτο [[θυμός]] Il., etc.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> [[mind]], [[temper]], [[will]], θ. [[πρόφρων]], [[νηλεής]], [[σιδήρεος]] Hom.; ἕνα θυμὸν ἔχειν to be of one [[mind]], Il.; δόκησε δ' ἄρα σφίσι θυμὸς ὣς [[ἔμεν]] it [[pleased]] them to be of [[this]] [[mind]], Od.; ἐδαΐζετο [[θωμός]] [[their]] [[mind]] was divided, Il.<br /><b class="num">3.</b> [[spirit]], [[courage]], [[μένος]] καὶ [[θυμός]] Il.; θυμὸν λαμβάνειν to [[take]] [[heart]], Od.; παραὶ ποσὶ κάππεσε [[θυμός]] Il., etc.<br /><b class="num">4.</b> as the [[seat]] of [[anger]], νεμεσίζεσθαι ἐνὶ θυμῷ Il.:—[[hence]], [[anger]], [[wrath]], δάμασον θυμόν Il.; θυμὸς [[μέγας]] ἐστὶ βασιλῆος Il.<br /><b class="num">5.</b> the [[soul]] as the [[agent]] of [[thought]], ᾔδεε γὰρ κατὰ θυμόν Il.; [[φράζετο]] θυμῷ Il.