λαός: Difference between revisions

|Definition=ὁ, Ion. ληός <span class=bibl>Hippon.88</span>, <span class=bibl>Hdt.5.42</span> (<span class=sense><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> v.l. [[λαόν]], which is in all Mss. in <span class=bibl>4.148</span>), cj. in <span class=bibl>Mimn.14.9</span>; Att. λεώς, which is also used in <span class=bibl>Hdt.1.22</span>, <span class=bibl>8.136</span>, while the form <b class="b3">λαός</b> is sts. used in Trag., and once or twice even in Com. (v. infr. <span class=bibl>1.3</span>): also in Inscrr. and Pap. (v. infr.) and in late Prose, as Foed.Byz. ap. <span class=bibl>Plb.4.52.7</span> (pl.), <span class=bibl>Str.14.4.3</span> (pl.), Plu.2.1096b, etc. (both forms in pr. nn., Λεωβώτης <span class=bibl>Hdt.7.204</span>, Λαβώτας <span class=bibl>X.<span class=title>HG</span>1.2.18</span>, etc.). </span><span class=sense>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> in Il., <b class="b3">λαός </b> (λαοί) usu. means <b class='b2'>men</b>, i.e. soldiers, both of the whole army and smaller divisions, κριτὸς ἔγρετο λ. Ἀχαιῶν <span class=bibl>7.434</span>; λαὸν ἀγείρειν <span class=bibl>16.129</span>; πολὺν ὤλεσα λαόν <span class=bibl>2.115</span>: pl., <b class="b3">ἅμα τῷ γε… ἄριστοι λ. ἕποντ</b>' ib.<span class=bibl>578</span>; στίχες ἀσπιστάων λ. <span class=bibl>4.91</span>; periphr., <b class="b3">στρατὸς λαῶν</b> ib.<span class=bibl>76</span>; λαῶν ἔθνος <span class=bibl>13.495</span>; mostly including both <b class='b2'>foot and horse</b>, as <span class=bibl>2.809</span>; but sts. <b class="b3">λαός</b> denotes <b class='b2'>foot</b>, as opp. horse, <span class=bibl>7.342</span>; also, <b class='b2'>a land army</b>, opp. a fleet, <span class=bibl>4.76</span>, <span class=bibl>9.424</span>, <span class=bibl>10.14</span>; also, <b class='b2'>the common men</b>, opp. their leaders, <span class=bibl>2.365</span>, <span class=bibl>13.108</span>; but </span><span class=sense>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> in Od., <b class="b3">λαοί</b>, more rarely <b class="b3">λαός</b>, almost always means <b class='b2'>men</b> or <b class='b2'>people</b>; as <b class='b2'>subjects</b> of a prince, e.g. <span class=bibl>3.214</span>, <span class=bibl>305</span>, al. (<b class="b3">λαοί</b> is sts. so used in Il., e.g. <span class=bibl>17.226</span>, <span class=bibl>24.611</span>; <b class="b3">λαοὶ ἀγροιῶται</b> country-<b class='b2'>folk</b>, <span class=bibl>11.676</span>; <b class='b2'>work-people</b>, <span class=bibl>17.390</span>); of <b class='b2'>sailors</b>, <span class=bibl>Od.14.248</span>; so after Hom., <b class="b3">ναυτικὸς λεώς</b> seafaring <b class='b2'>folk</b>, <span class=bibl>A.<span class=title>Pers</span>.383</span>; πᾶς ὁ χειρῶναξ λεώς <span class=bibl>S.<span class=title>Fr</span>.844</span>; ὁ γεωργικὸς λεώς <span class=bibl>Ar.<span class=title>Pax</span>920</span> (lyr.): in sg., <b class='b2'>slave</b>, <b class="b3">τὸν Εὐρυσθέως λεών</b>, of Heracles, <span class=bibl>Hecat.23</span> J.; and so perh. λεὼς αὔτοικος <span class=title>GDI</span>5533e (Zeleia): more generally, <b class="b3">μέροπες λαοί</b>, i.e. <b class='b2'>man</b>kind, <span class=bibl>A.<span class=title>Supp</span>.90</span> (lyr.); <b class="b3">λ. ἐγχώριοι</b> the natives, ib. <span class=bibl>517</span>, cf. <span class=bibl>Od.6.194</span>; esp. in Egypt, of the fellahin, <span class=bibl><span class=title>PRev.Laws</span>42.11</span>-<span class=bibl>16</span> (iii B. C.), <span class=bibl><span class=title>PSI</span>4.380.5</span> (iii B. C.), etc.; <b class='b2'>civil population</b>, opp. priests and soldiers, <span class=title>OGI</span>90.12 (Rosetta, ii B. C.), cf. 225.8 (Milet., iii B. C.), al. </span><span class=sense>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> <b class='b2'>people assembled</b>, as in the theatre, ὁ πολὺς λαῶν ὄχλος <span class=bibl>Ar.<span class=title>Ra</span>.676</span>, cf. <span class=bibl>219</span> (both lyr.); esp. in the Ecclesia, αἱ στίχες τῶν λαῶν <span class=bibl>Id.<span class=title>Eq</span>.163</span>: hence the phrase <b class="b3">ἀκούετε λεῴ</b> hear <b class='b2'>O people</b>!—the usual way of beginning proclamations at Athens, like our <span class=title>Oyez</span>! <span class=bibl>Sus.1.1</span>, <span class=bibl>Ar.<span class=title>Pax</span>551</span>, <span class=bibl><span class=title>Av</span>.448</span>; <b class="b3">τιμῶσιν οἱ πάντες λεῴ</b> ib. <span class=bibl>1275</span>; δεῦρ' ἴτε, πάντες λεῴ <span class=bibl>Arist.<span class=title>Fr</span>.384</span>; Ἀττικὸς λεώς <span class=bibl>A.<span class=title>Eu</span>.681</span>; <b class="b3">ὁ πολὺς λεώς</b> <b class='b2'>the multitude</b>, <span class=bibl>Pl.<span class=title>R</span>.458d</span>, etc. </span><span class=sense>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> in LXX, of <b class='b2'>the</b> <b class='b2'>people</b>, as opp. priests and Levites, <span class=bibl><span class=title>1 Es</span>.5.46</span>; in <span class=title>NT</span>, of <span class=title>Jews</span>, opp. Gentiles, <span class=bibl><span class=title>Ev.Matt</span>.2.6</span>, <span class=bibl><span class=title>Ev.Luc</span>.2.10</span>, al., cf. <span class=title>SIG</span>1247 (Jewish tombstones); of <span class=title>Christians</span>, opp. heathen, <span class=bibl><span class=title>Act.Ap</span>.15.14</span>, al. </span><span class=sense>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> <b class='b2'>a people</b>, i.e. all who are called by one name, first in Pi., Δωριεῖ λαῷ <span class=bibl><span class=title>O</span>.8.30</span>; Λυδῶν δὲ λαὸς καὶ Φρυγῶν <span class=bibl>A.<span class=title>Pers</span>.770</span>; ξύμπας Ἀχαιῶν λαός <span class=bibl>S.<span class=title>Ph</span>.1243</span>, cf. <span class=bibl><span class=title>OT</span>144</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">ἱππόται λαοί</b>, i.e. the Thessalians, <span class=bibl>Pi. <span class=title>P</span>.4.153</span>, cf. <span class=bibl>9.54</span>, <span class=bibl><span class=title>N</span>.1.17</span>. (The resemblance between <b class="b3">λαός</b> <b class='b2'>people</b> and <b class="b3">λᾶος</b> <b class='b2'>stone</b> (cf. [[λᾶας]]) is implied in <span class=bibl>Il.24.611</span> <b class="b3">λαοὺς δὲ λίθους ποίησε Κρονίων</b> (in the story of Niobe); and so Pi. explains the word from the legend of Deucalion, <span class=bibl><span class=title>O</span>.9.46</span>, cf. <span class=bibl>Epich.122</span>, <span class=bibl>Apollod.1.7.2</span>; but cf. <span class=bibl>Philoch.12</span>.) (From λᾱϝ-, as shown by the pr.names Λαϝοπτόλεμος <span class=title>GDI</span>3151, <b class="b3">ϝιόλαϝος</b> ib.3132 (Corinth): hence prob. <b class="b3">λήϊτον</b>.)</span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: m.<br />Meaning: <b class="b2">(the common) folk, crowd, military, people</b>, in the NT esp. [[the Jewish people]], pl. <b class="b2">the military, men, subjects, serfs</b>, also [[the laity]] (LXX); in sing. [[follower]] (Hecat. 23J.); on use and spread amply Björck Alpha impurum 318ff. (Il., Dor., hell).<br />Other forms: Ion. <b class="b3">ληός</b> (rare), Ion. Att. <b class="b3">λεώς</b> (archaic a. rare)<br />Dialectal forms: Myc. [[rawaketa]] \/[[lawagetas]]\/ cf. Chantraine Études 88m. n. 1<br />Compounds: Many old compp.: <b class="b3">ΛαϜο-πτόλεμος</b>, <b class="b3">Ϝιό-λαϜος</b> (Cor.), <b class="b3">λαγέτας</b> m. [[leader of the people]] (Pi.) from <b class="b3">λαϜ-αγετας</b>, <b class="b3">Λα-έρ-της</b> s.v., <b class="b3">λαο-σσόος</b> [[urging the men]] (Hom.; s. <b class="b3">σεύω</b>), <b class="b3">λαο-</b>, <b class="b3">λεω-φόρος</b> [[carrying the people]], [[publicly]], of streets, as subst. [[road]] (Il.), <b class="b3">Μενέλαος</b> (Il.), <b class="b3">-λεως</b> Att. (Björck 104 ff.), a.o.; on the compounds Fick-Bechtel PN 184ff., and Björck l.c.<br />Derivatives: Few derivv. (partly because of the synonymous <b class="b3">δῆμος</b>, partly because of the homonymous forms of <b class="b3">λα̃ας</b>): 1. <b class="b3">λαϊκός</b> [[of the people]], [[common]] (hell.). 2. <b class="b3">λαώδης</b> [[popular]] (Ph., Plu.). 3. <b class="b3">Λήϊτος</b> PN (Il.), <b class="b3">λήϊτον</b> n. (on the very rare suffix <b class="b3">-ιτο-</b> Schwyzer 504) [[townhall]] with the Achaeans (Hdt., Plu. with Ion.- Att. form for) <b class="b3">λάϊτον τὸ ἀρχεῖον</b>, <b class="b3">λαΐτων τῶν δημοσίων τόπων</b> H.; beside it a.o <b class="b3">λῃ̃τον</b> (cod. <b class="b3">λῃτόν</b>) <b class="b3">δημόσιον</b>, <b class="b3">ληΐτη</b>, <b class="b3">οἱ δε λῄτη</b> (cod. <b class="b3">λῃτή</b>) <b class="b3">ἱέρεια</b>; cf. <b class="b3">λαιετόν</b> [[townhall]] (Su.) [strange]. <b class="b3">λειτόν βλάσφημον</b> H. (correct?); Fur. 238 n. 45 objects that <b class="b3">-ιτο-</b> is a Pre-Greek suffix, ib. 163, 187. Deriv. <b class="b3">ληιτιαί ἡγεμονίαι</b>, <b class="b3">στρατιαί</b> H. (Scheller Oxytonierung 91).<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [00] <b class="b2">*leh₂-u̯o-</b> <b class="b2">(fighting) people</b><br />Etymology: As adj. 1.member in <b class="b3">λῃτουργέω</b> (<b class="b3">λειτ-</b>) <b class="b2">fulfill a public office on private means, provide a (public, ecclesiastical) service</b> with <b class="b3">λῃτουργ-ία</b> (<b class="b3">λειτ-</b>) <b class="b2">state-, service, Liturgie</b> (Att.), <b class="b3">-ός</b>, <b class="b3">-ημα</b> etc. (hell.), comp. <b class="b3">*ληϊτο-Ϝεργ-έω</b> to <b class="b3">*λήϊτα ἔργα</b>, cf. <b class="b3">δημιουργέω</b>, <b class="b3">-ός</b> (s.v.); also <b class="b3">λῄτ-αρχος</b> m. [[public priest]] (Lyc. 991). - Cf. also <b class="b3">λείτωρ</b>. Like thr Germ. word for [[people]], OHG [[liut]], OE [[lēod]], <b class="b3">λα(Ϝ)ός</b> was origin. an (abstracte) collective; to it came the plur. <b class="b3">λα(Ϝ)οί</b> as [[liuti]], [[lēode]] [[Leute]], to which again the sing. <b class="b3">ληός</b> [[follower]] as [[liut]] [[man]], cf. Schwyzer-Debrunner 42 n. 3, Wackernagel Synt. 1,92 f. - Otherwise than with the synonymous <b class="b3">δῆμος</b> and <b class="b3">στρατός</b>, <b class="b3">λα(Ϝ)ός</b>, which was in Ion.-Att. never quite a thome, has no IE. etymologie, but was nevertheless old. (Not to <b class="b3">λᾶας</b>.) Mostly connected with Hitt. <b class="b2">lah̯h̯a-</b> [[campaign]] (Sturtevanr Lang. 7 (1931) 120; Tischler, Heth. etym. Glossar 5, 8). - In Maced.-Epir. PN <b class="b3">Δρεβελαου</b> v. Blumenthal IF 49, 181ff. finds an Illyr. pendant of Gr. <b class="b3">Τρεφέλεως</b> (further a PN [[Lava]]).