πρίν: Difference between revisions

|Definition=Adv. and Conj.,<br><span class="bld">A</span> [[before]], [[until]]. [πρῐν 19 times in Hom., Il.2.344, al.; πρῑν in Il.6.81, 13.172, al.; once written πρείν, ''Leg.Gort.''7.40, but πρίν ''IG''12.60.11, 94.9, 114.46, etc.; Trag. and Com. always πρῐν (<b class="b3">πρίν γ'</b> must be read in [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[Acharnians|Ach.]]''176).]<br><span class="bld">A</span> Adv. of [[time]], [[before]], either in the sense of [[sooner]] or in that of [[formerly]], [[erst]] (implying duration up to a certain time):<br><span class="bld">I</span> of future time, with fut. Indic., πρίν μιν καὶ γῆρας ἔπεισιν Il.1.29, cf. 18.283, Od.2.198, etc.: with Subj. = fut., πρὶν καὶ κακὸν ἄλλο πάθῃσθα Il.24.551: with Opt. and κεν, πρίν κεν ἀνιηθεὶς σὴν πατρίδα γαῖαν ἵκοιο Od.3.117, cf. 11.330, 14.155, Ar.''Pax''1076, 1112: with Opt., Il. 24.800: with Imper., 9.250: with Inf. (expressing a wish), 2.413, (expressing an oath) Od.4.254.<br><span class="bld">II</span> of past time,<br><span class="bld">1</span> [[formerly]], [[once]], πρὶν μέν μοι ὑπέσχετο... νῦν δὲ… Il.2.112, [[varia lectio|v.l.]] in 9.19, cf. 23.827; πρὶν μὲν πόσιν ἐσθλὸν ἀπώλεσα Od.4.724, cf. 3.408.<br><span class="bld">2</span> [[formerly]] (up to a certain point), [[before]], in this sense freq. with Art., τὸ πρίν γ' ἐκέκαστο Il.5.54; τὸ πρίν γε... νῦν δὲ… 13.105; νῦν δὲ… τὸ πρίν γε 16.208, cf. A.''Pr.''443, [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]1.129: without Art., τὰς ἐπιστήμας ἅς ποτε καὶ πρὶν εἴχομεν Pl.''Phd.''75e: with ellipsis of part. <b class="b3">γενόμενος, τὰ πρὶν πελώρια</b> (''[[sc.]]'' [[γενόμενα]]) the giants [[of old]], A.''Pr.''151 (lyr.); <b class="b3">τοῦ πρὶν Αἰγέως</b> Aegeus [[gone before]], S.''OC''69; ἐν τῷ πρὶν χρόνῳ Id.''Ph.''1224; ἐν τοῖς πρὶν λόγοις Th.2.62: with part. expressed, τὸ πρὶν γενόμενον τέρας [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]8.37; τοὺς πρὶν φυλαττομένους Pl.''R.''547c, etc.<br><span class="bld">3</span> [[hitherto]], πρὶν μέν… B.12.114; [[until that time]], and so [[meanwhile]], Id.15.13.<br><span class="bld">4</span> sometimes followed by gen., πρὶν ὥρας Pi.''P.''4.43; πρὶν ἀνηκέστου πάθους J.''BJ''1.6.1; πρὶν γενέσεως Thd.''Su.''42; πρὶν τῆς συνόδου S.E.''M.''9.371; πρὶν φάους Arr.''An.'' 3.18.6; <b class="b3">πρὶν τοῦ βλέψαι, πρὶν τοῦ ἀποθανεῖν</b>, S.E.''P.''7.162, [[varia lectio|v.l.]] in [[LXX]] ''To.'' 14.15; also <b class="b3">πρὶν οὗ</b> c. inf., ''SIG''953.16 (Calymna, ii B.C.); c. indic., Test. ap. D.46.21.<br><span class="bld">B</span> Conj. [[before]], [[ere]]: freq. following an antecedent clause with adverbial [[π]]. (chiefly in Ep.), or its equivalents [[πρότερον]], [[πρόσθεν]], [[πάρος]] (poet.), esp. with negat., οὐδὲ π.... π.… Il.1.98,7.481, Od.19.475; μὴ π.... π.… Il.2.355, E.''HF''605; π.... π.… Il.2.348, 8.453, Od.19.586; οὐ πρότερον... π… Ar.''Ec.''620, And.4.17, D.9.61; μὴ πρότερον… π… S.''Ph.''199 (anap.), Pl.''Phd.''62c, Aeschin.1.10; πρότερον... π.… And.4.1, [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''5.2.9; οὐ πρόσθεν. ., π.… Od. 17.9, [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''1.4.23; μὴ πρόσθεν... π.… Id.''An.''1.1.10; πρόσθε ., πρὶν τυχεῖν Pi.''P.''2.92; οὐ πάρος. ., π.… Od.2.128, Il.5.219; preceded by [[φθάνω]], 16.322, Antipho 1.29, Th.4.79, 104, 6.97, 8.12, X.''An.''4.1.21, ''Cyr.''2.4.25; sometimes followed by ἤ, οὐ… πρίν γ' ἀποπαύσεσθαι πρίν γ' ἢ ἕτερόν γε πεσόντα αἵματος ἆσαι Ἄρηα Il.5.288, cf. 22.266, [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]1.136, 165, al.; dub. and perhaps always corrupt in Att. and X., Th.5.61, Lys.6.11, Isoc.4.19 ([[varia lectio|v.l.]]), Lycurg.128, Aeschin.2.132 ([[varia lectio|v.l.]]), [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''1.4.23, ''An.'' 4.5.1, but freq. in later Greek, [[LXX]] ''Ge.''29.26, etc.<br><span class="bld">I</span> c. inf., the prevailing constr. in Hom., after positive and negative clauses alike: in Att. mostly after positive clauses, and always used with them when the action does not or is not to take place: the tense is,<br><span class="bld">I</span> regularly aor.,<br><span class="bld">a</span> after a positive clause, ναῖε δὲ Πήδαιον, πρὶν ἐλθεῖν υἷας Ἀχαιῶν Il.13.172, cf. 8.453, 16.322, Od.1.210; Ζεὺς ὀλέσειε βίην, πρὶν ἥβης μέτρον ἱκέσθαι 4.668, cf. Il.6.465, 24.245, Pi.''P.''2.92.3.9, ''N.''8.19, [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]6.119, A.''Pers.''712, ''Ag.''1539 (anap.). S.''Ant.''120 (lyr.), ''Tr.''396, E.''Alc.''281, [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[The Knights|Eq.]]''258, al., Antipho 5.67, Th.1.125, X.''An.''4.1.7, Pl.''Prt.''350b, al.; after negat. questions which expect a posit. answer, E.''Andr.''1069, ''Ion''524, ''Rh.''684, Ar.''Ra.''481, etc.<br><span class="bld">b</span> after a negat. clause, οὐδ' ὅ γε πρὶν Δαναοῖσιν ἀεικέα λοιγὸν ἀπώσει, πρίν γ' ἀπὸ πατρὶ φίλῳ δόμεναι ἑλικώπιδα κούρην Il.1.98, cf. 19.423, Od.2.128, 4.747: after Hom. a negat. antecedent is commonly followed by [[πρίν]] with finite Verb (v. infr. ''ΙΙ''); but Inf. is found where [[π]]. precedes, πρὶν ἰδεῖν δ', οὐδεὶς μάντις [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Ajax|Aj.]]''1419 (anap.); πρὶν μὲν γὰρ κριθῆναι, οὐ ῥᾴδιον ἦν εἰδέναι τὰς αἰτίας And.4.8; πρὶν νικῆσαι... οὐκ ἦν… Lys.19.28; πρὶν δὲ ταῦτα πρᾶξαι, μὴ σκοπεῖτε D.3.12, cf. Lycurg. 135; also, οὔτε… πρὶν ἱδρῶσαι δεῖπνον ᾑρεῖτο [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''8.1.38; also after Verbs of fearing (the positive being the thing dreaded), ὅταν… δεδίωσι μὴ πρότερόν τι μάθῃς, πρὶν τέλος ἐπιθεῖναι τοῖς πραττομένοις Isoc.5.70, cf. E.''Fr.''453.6, S.''Tr.'' 632; in unfulfilled conditions and wishes, οὔθ' ὁ Πλούτωνος κύων οὔθ' οὑπὶ κώπῃ ψυχοπομπὸς ἂν Χάρων ἔσχον πρὶν εἰς φῶς σὸν καταστῆσαι βίον E.''Alc.''362, cf. ''Rh.''61; otherwise not common, ὤφθην οὐδεπώποτε πρὶν ταύτην τὴν συμφορὰν γενέσθαι Lys.19.55; οὐδὲ παύσεται χόλου... πρὶν κατασκῆψαί τινα E.''Med.''94, cf. ''HF''605; καί μοι μὴ θορυβήσῃ μηδεὶς πρὶν ἀκοῦσαι D.5.15, cf. X.''Oec.''4.24: after neg. opt. with <b class="b3">ἄν, οὕτω γένοιτ' ἂν οὐδ' ἂν ἔκβασις στρατοῦ καλή, πρὶν ὅρμῳ ναῦν θρασυνθῆναι</b> a.''Supp.''772, cf. Pl.''Lg.''769e: after a past tense (in orat. obliq.), ὤμοσαν μὴ πρὶν ἐς Φώκαιαν ἥξειν, πρὶν ἢ τὸν μύδρον τοῦτον ἀναφανῆναι [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]1.165, cf. 4.9, Th. 7.50, X.''HG''6.5.23, Pl.''Phd.''61a.<br><span class="bld">2</span> also pres., to convey a special sense of continuance, effort, or the like, 'before undertaking to', 'before proceeding to', πρὶν ἐξοπλίζειν Ἄρη A.''Supp.''702 (lyr.), cf. ''Ag.'' 1067; πρὶν νυν τὰ πλείον' ἱστορεῖν... ἔξελθε S.''OC''36, cf. ''El.''20; πρὶν κλαίειν τινά E.''Andr.''577, cf. ''Or.''1095; πρὶν λέγειν Ar.''Th.''380, cf. ''Ach.''383, [[Herodotus|Hdt.]] 8.3, And.4.1, Th.3.24, Pl.''Lg.''666a, [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''2.4.25, ''Mem.''1.2.40, etc.<br><span class="bld">3</span> also perf., after a fut., πρὶν τόδ' ἐξηντληκέναι E.''Med.''79; after pres. or impf., Id.''El.''1069, cf. [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]3.25; π.... τί μέλλετ'… ; E.''Ph.''1145; πρὶν καὶ τεθύσθαι Ar.''Av.''1034, cf. ''V.''1156, ''Pax''375, ''Lys.''322 (lyr.), ''Ra.''1185, X. ''An.''4.1.21, Pl.''Tht.''164c, ''Prt.''320a, etc.; with [[ἥκειν]] in pf. sense, [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]6.116; οὐ βουλόμενος διαγωνίσασθαι πρὶν οἱ τοὺς βοηθοὺς ἥκειν Th.5.10.<br><span class="bld">II</span> with a finite Verb:<br><span class="bld">1</span> with Ind., chiefly aor.: not in Hom. (first in ''h.Ap.''357), who uses Ind. only with <b class="b3">πρίν γ' ὅτε, πρίν γ' ὅτε δή</b>, after both posit. and neg. clauses, ἠλώμην... πρίν γ' ὅτε… ἤγαγες Od.13.322; πρίν γ' ὅτε δή με… κάλεσσεν 23.43, cf. Il.12.437; οὐδέ κεν ἡμέας ἄλλο διέκρινεν... πρίν γ' ὅτε δὴ θανάτοιο… νέφος ἀμφεκάλυψεν Od.4.180: rarely with impf., <b class="b3">οὐδ' ὧς τοῦ θυμὸν… ἔπειθον, πρίν γ' ὅτε δὴ θάλαμος πύκ' ἐβάλλετο</b> ([[began to be hit]]) Il.9.588: freq. after Hom., with aor.,<br><span class="bld">a</span> after neg. clauses: of a fact in the past, οὐκ ἦν ἀλέξημ' οὐδὲν... πρίν γ' ἐγώ σφισιν ἔδειξα A.''Pr.''481; οὐ πρότερον ἀπανέστη… Μαρδόνιος, πρὶν ἤ σφεας ὑποχειρίους ἐποιήσατο [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]6.45; <b class="b3">ἀλλ' οὐδ' ὣς… ἠξίωσαν νεώτερόν τι ποιεῖν ἐς αὐτο'ν... πρίν γε δὴ αὐτοῖς… μηνυτὴς γίγνεται</b> (histor. pres. = aor.) Th.1.132, cf. 3.101, 5.61, [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]6.79, Ar.''Av.''700, [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''1.4.23,4.5.13 (histor. pres.), ''HG''5.4.58, etc.; once in Pl., ''Phdr.''266a; as part of an unfulfilled condition, οὐκ ἂν κατέσχε δῆμον οὐδ' ἐπαύσατο πρὶν ἀνταράξας πῖαρ ἐξεῖλεν γάλα Sol. ap. Arist.''Ath.''12.5; οὐκ ἂν ἐσκεψάμεθα πρότερον... πρὶν ἐζητήσαμεν Pl.''Men.''86d, cf. ''Tht.''165e; χρῆν τοίνυν Αεπτίνην μὴ πρότερον τιθέναι τὸν ἑαυτοῦ νόμον, πρὶν τοῦτον ἔλυσε γραψάμενος D.20.96; after verbs implying a neg., ἀμφιγνοεῖν X.''An.''2.5.33, θαυμάζειν Th.1.51, λανθάνειν Id.3.29; also with impf., οὔπω ᾔδει… πρὶν ἐν τῷ κακῷ ἦν Antipho 1.19, cf. And.4.17, D.9.61.<br><span class="bld">b</span> after posit. clauses (both combined, A.''Pr.''481, Th.1.118), with the sense [[until]], ἠγόμην δ' ἀνὴρ ἀστῶν μέγιστος... πρίν μοι τύχη τοιάδ' ἐπέστη [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Tyrannus|OT]]'' 776; <b class="b3">σπουδαὶ δὲ λόγων ἦσαν ἴσαι πως, πρὶν… πείθει</b> (histor. pres.) E. ''Hec.''131 (anap.); πρίν γ' ὁρᾷ Id.''Med.''1173; freq. followed by δή, πρὶν δή τις ἐφθέγξατο Id.''Andr.''1147; <b class="b3">τὰ περὶ τοὺς ἀγῶνας κατελύθη</b> (neg. idea) ὑπὸ ξυμφορῶν, πρὶν δὴ οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι τότε τὸν ἀγῶνα ἐποίησαν Th.3.104, cf.7.39 (histor. pres.), 71.<br><span class="bld">2</span> with Subj. only after negs. or equiv. of neg., = [[ἕως]] or <b class="b3">ἢν μή</b> (in Isoc.4.173 <b class="b3">ἢν μή</b> and <b class="b3">πρὶν ἄν</b> are used almost as synonyms); οὐ καταδυσόμεθ', ἀχνύμενοί περ... πρὶν μόρσιμον ἦμαρ ἐπέλθῃ Od.10.175; μή πω καταδύσεο... πρίν γ' ἐμὲ… ἴδηαι Il.18.135, cf. 190, 24.781; ἀλλ' ὄμοσον μὴ μητρὶ φίλῃ τάδε μυθήσασθαι, πρίν γ' ὅτ' ἂν ἑνδεκάτη τε δυωδεκάτη τε γένηται Od.2.374, cf. 4.477: in Prose usually <b class="b3">πρὶν ἄν</b> (πρίν κα ''Berl.Sitzb.''1927.161 (Cyrene)), rarely [[π]]. alone, as also <b class="b3">πρὶν ἤ</b>:<br><span class="bld">a</span> generally with aor., to express an action preceding the action of the anteced. clause, the Verb in which is fut. (or some equiv. of the fut.) or imper., οὐ γαμέεται παρθένος οὐδεμία, πρὶν ἂν τῶν πολεμίων ἄνδρα ἀποκτείνῃ [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]4.117, cf. 1.82 ([[varia lectio|v.l.]]), 3.109 ([[varia lectio|v.l.]]); <b class="b3">νῦν δ' οὐδέν ἐστι τέρμα μοι προκείμενον μόχθων</b> (the sense here is fut.), πρὶν ἂν Ζεὺς ἐκπέσῃ τυραννίδος A.''Pr.''756, cf. 166 (lyr.), 177 (anap.); οὐ γάρ ποτ' ἔξει τῆσδε τῆς χώρας, πρὶν ἂν… στήσῃς ἄγων S.''OC''909, cf. 48, 1041, ''OT''1529, etc.; οὐκ ἂν ἐκμάθοις... πρὶν ἂν θάνῃ τις Id.''Tr.''2; οὐκ ἄπειμι πρὸς δόμους πάλιν, πρὶν ἄν σε… ἔξω βάλω E.''Med.''276, cf. 680, ''Alc.''1145, ''IA''324, ''IT''19,1302; μὴ προκαταγίγνωσκε... πρὶν ἄν γ' ἀκούσῃς ἀμφοτέρων Ar.''V.''920, cf. ''Ach.''176, 230, X.''Hier.''6.13, ''Cyr.''1.2.8, ''An.''1. 1.10, 5.7.12, [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedrus|Phdr.]]''228c, ''La.''187e ([[ἂν]] added in later codd.), etc.; μηδέν' ὀλβίζειν πρὶν ἀ'ν τέρμα τοῦ βίου περάσῃ [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Tyrannus|OT]]''1529 (troch.); οὐχὶ μὴ παύσησθε, πρὶν ἄν… ὑμᾶς τις ἐκτραχηλίσῃ Ar.''Lys.''704: [[π]]. without ἄν, μὴ στέναζε, πρὶν μάθῃς S.''Ph.''917, cf. ''Ant.''619 (lyr.), ''Aj.''742, 965, ''Tr.''608, 946; οὐκ ἔστιν ὅστις αὐτὸν ἐξαιρήσεται... πρὶν γυναῖκ' ἐμοὶ μεθῇ E.''Alc.'' 849, cf. ''Or.''1218, 1357 (lyr.); πρὶν χαρίσωνται Ar.''Ec.''629 ([[si vera lectio|s.v.l.]]); οὐ γὰρ δή σφεας ἀπίει τῆς ἀποικίης, πρὶν δὴ ἀπίκωνται [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]4.157; πρὶν διαγνῶσι Th.6.29; <b class="b3">π… βεβαιωσώμεθα</b> ib.10 (dub.l.); πρὶν ἀνάγκην τινὰ θεὸς ἐπιπέμψῃ Pl.''Phd.''62c codd.; πρὶν ἐξετάσωσιν Hyp.''Eux.''4: <b class="b3">πρὶν ἤ</b> (never with [[ἄν]]), πρὶν ἢ ἀνορθώσωσι [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]1.19, cf. 136, Pl.''Ti.''57b, etc.: with neg. implied, ὁ δὲ ἀδικέει ἀναπειθόμενος πρὶν ἢ ἀτρεκέως ἐκμάθῃ [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]7.10.ή; αἰσχρὸν ἡγοῦμαι πρότερον παύσασθαι, πρὶν ἂν… ψηφίσησθε Lys. 22.4; ὅστις οὖν οἴεται τοὺς ἄλλους πράξειν τι... πρὶν ἂν… διαλλάξῃ, λίαν ἁπλῶς ἔχει Isoc.4.16 (where <b class="b3">ὅστις οὖν οἴεται</b> = [[οὐ δεῖ οὔεσθαι]], as is shown by <b class="b3">ἀλλὰ δεῖ</b> in the next sentence, cf. D.38.24).<br><span class="bld">b</span> less freq. (never in Hom.) with pres. subj.: <b class="b3">μήπω πρὶν ἂν τῶν ἡμετέρων ἀΐῃς</b> (the Verb has no aor.) μύθων S.''Ph.''1409 (anap.); ὁ νομοθέτης τὰ διδασκαλεῖα ἀνοίγειν ἀπαγορεύει μὴ πρότερον πρὶν ἂν ὁ ἥλιος ἀνίσχῃ Aeschin.1.10, cf. Antipho 1.29, [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''2.2.8, [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedrus|Phdr.]]''271c.<br><span class="bld">3</span> [[πρίν]] with Opt.:<br><span class="bld">a</span> representing subj. after histor. tenses, οὐκ ἔθελεν φεύγειν πρὶν πειρήσαιτ' Ἀχιλῆος Il.21.580; <b class="b3">πρίν γ' ὅτε</b>, as with subj., 9.488; ἔδοξέ μοι μὴ σῖγα πρὶν φράσαιμί σοι τὸν πλοῦν ποεῖσθαι S. ''Ph.''551, cf. Th.3.22, [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''1.4.14, ''HG''6.5.19 (cf. 2.4.18), ''An.''1.2.2, Pl.''Ap.''36c, etc.<br><span class="bld">b</span> by assimilation, ὄλοιο μήπω πρὶν μάθοιμι S.''Ph.'' 961, cf. ''Tr.''657 (lyr.); <b class="b3">οὐδὲ γὰρ εἰδείης</b> (potential opt.)… πρὶν πειρηθείης Thgn.126; after opt. with ἄν, οὐκ ἂν πρότερον ὁρμήσειε πρὶν βεβαιώσαιτο Pl.''Lg.''799d, cf. [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Tyrannus|OT]]''505 (lyr.).<br><span class="bld">4</span> <b class="b3">πρὶν ἄν</b> c. opt. is doubtful, and (if not corrupt) due to the change required by orat. obl., ἀπαγορευόντων τῶν φίλων τῶν ἐμῶν μὴ ἀποκτείνειν τὸν ἄνδρα, πρὶν ἄν ἐγὼ ἔλθοιμι Antipho 5.34 ([[si vera lectio|s.v.l.]]), cf. X.''HG''2.3.48, 2.4.18.<br><span class="bld">5</span> without a Verb, <b class="b3">πρὶν ὥρη</b> (''[[sc.]]'' [[γένηται]]) Od.15.394.