χαλκός: Difference between revisions

|Definition=Cret. [[καυχός]] ''GDI''5011.4 (iii B. C.), ὁ:—<br><span class="bld">A</span> [[copper]], χαλκὸς [[ἐρυθρός]] Il.9.365; with reference to its [[polish]]ed [[surface]], [[αἶθοψ]], [[ἦνοψ]], [[νῶροψ]], [[φαεινός]], 4.495, 16.408, 2.578, 12.151; Τρῶες . . χαλκῷ μαρμαίροντες 13.801; πεδίον . . λάμπετο χαλκῷ 20.156; τῆλε δὲ χ. λάμφ' ὥς τε στεροπή 10.153, cf. 11.65, 19.363; [[σάκος]] . . χαλκῷ παμφαῖνον 14.11; and of the [[ornament]]s of a house, χαλκοῦ τε στεροπήν Od.4.72; of [[copper]] as the first metal that men learnt to smelt and work, τῶν δ' ἦν χάλκεα μὲν τεύχεα, χάλκεοι δέ τε οἶκοι, χαλκῷ δ' εἰργάζοντο, μέλας δ' οὐκ ἔσκε [[σίδηρος]] Hes.''Op.''151; χαλκὸς [[ἐρυθρός]] (cf. supr.) Hp.''Ulc.''17, Thphr.''Lap.''57, Callix.1; χαλκὸς [[ἐρυθρός|ἐρυθρὸς]] καὶ [[λευκός]] Thphr.''Od.''71; χαλκὸς [[Κύπριος]] Posidon.52J., Dsc.1.102, cf. Polyaen.3.10.14; alloyed with tin to form [[bronze]], the usual meaning of the word in Hom. (v. infr. ''ΙΙ'') and freq. in later writers: [[σίδηρος]] δὲ καὶ χαλκὸς πολέμων ὄργανα Pl.''Lg.''956a, etc.; χαλκὸς [[κεκραμένος]] D.Chr.28.3.<br><span class="bld">II</span> in Poets freq. for anything made of [[metal]], especially of arms (hence Pi. calls it [[πολιός]], the proper [[epithet]] of [[iron]], ''P.''3.48); of offensive arms, <b class="b3">ὀξέϊ χαλκῷ, νηλέϊ χαλκῷ</b>, of a [[spear]], a [[sword]], Il.4.540, 3.292, al.; of a knife, 1.236, al.; of an [[axe]], 13.180, Od.5.244, al.; of a [[fish]]-[[hook]], Il.16.408; of [[defensive]] arms, as the plates laid on a [[shield]], 20.275; <b class="b3">χαλκὸν ζώννυσθαι</b>, of a [[warrior]] girding on his [[armour]], 23.130; κεκορυθμένος, αἴθοπι χ. 4.495; ἐδύσετο νώροπα χ. 2.578; of both combined, [[πλάγχθη]] <b class="b3">δ' ἀπὸ χαλκόφι χαλκός</b> the [[spear]] of [[bronze]] [[glance]]d off the [[helm]] of [[bronze]], 11.351.<br><span class="bld">2</span> of vessels, [[copper]], [[cauldron]], [[urn]], 18.349, Od.8.426; of a [[cinerary urn]], S.''El.''758; collectively of [[bronze]] [[plate]], <b class="b3">χαλκὸς μυρίος</b>, Pi.''N.''10.45; θάλαμον... ὅθι νητὸς χρυσὸς καὶ χ. ἔκειτο Od. 2.338, cf.13.19,21.10,62, Il.2.226; used in [[payment]] of [[ransom]], 22.50, cf. 340, Od.5.38.<br><span class="bld">3</span> of a [[bronze]] [[mirror]], A.''Fr.''393, Call.''Lav.Pall.''21, ''Ap''6.210 (Philet.); used as a [[burning]]-[[glass]], Thphr.''Ign.''73.<br><span class="bld">4</span> collectively, [[copper]] [[money]], ''IPE''12.24.15 (Olbia, iv B. C.), ''Ev.Matt.'' 10.9, ''Ev.Marc.''12.41, cf. [[ἰσόνομος]] ''ΙΙ''; generally, [[money]], opp. [[κύαμοι]], ''IG''14.423 ii 21 (Tauromenium), cf. ''BGU''822.12 (iii A. D.), etc.; <b class="b3">χαλκοῦ σπάνις</b> Men''Mon.''156; χαλκὸν ἔχων πῶς οὐδὲν ἔχεις μάθε ''AP'' 11.167 (Pollian.).<br><span class="bld">5</span> = [[χάλκωμα]], [[bronze]] [[plate]] or [[tablet]], τὰν προξενίαν γράψαντας εἰς χαλκὸν ἀνθέμεν ''IG''9(1).682 (Corcyra, iv B. C.); <b class="b3">οὐετρανοὶ οἱ χωρὶς χαλκῶν</b>, who have not received [[bronze]] [[copy|copies]] of the [[privilege]]s granted on [[discharge]], ''BGU''113.5 (ii A. D.), etc.<br><span class="bld">6</span> a [[weight]], ''1''/8 [[obol]], Gal.19.752.<br><span class="bld">III</span> <b class="b3">χαλκοῦ ἄνθος</b>, particles [[throw]]n off by [[copper]] when [[cooling]], Hp.''Mul.''1.104, Ph.''Bel.''102.34, Dsc.5.77.<br><span class="bld">b</span> <b class="b3">χαλκοῦ λεπίς</b>, small pieces that [[scale]] off under the [[hammer]], ib.78. (Perh. cf. Lith. geležìs '[[iron]]'.)