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κακός: Difference between revisions
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|etymtx=Grammatical information: adj.<br />Meaning: [[bad]], [[awful]], [[worthless]] (Il.).<br />Compounds: Often as 1. member (opposion to <b class="b3">εὖ</b>); also as 2. member, e. g. <b class="b3">ἄ-κακος</b> <b class="b2">who does not know what is bad, unguilty</b> (bahuvrihi; Sapph., A.); also <b class="b3">ἀ-κάκας</b> (Dor.) adjunct of Hades (Megara), of Dareios (A. Pers. 855 [lyr.]), cf. Chantraine Formation 28 (hardly correct Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 187 n. 2).<br />Derivatives: . Comp forms: <b class="b3">κακώτερος</b> (Il.), <b class="b3">κακίων</b>, <b class="b3">κάκιστος</b> (Il.; after <b class="b3">ἄριστος</b>, Seiler 100f.; s. also Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 259). Abstracts: 1. <b class="b3">κακότης</b> [[badness]] (Il.); 2. <b class="b3">κακία</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (Thgn., Att.; on <b class="b3">κακότης</b> : <b class="b3">κακία</b> Porzig Satzinhalte 212); 3. <b class="b3">κάκη</b> <b class="b2">bad character, cowardice</b> (A., E.); after <b class="b3">πάθη</b>, <b class="b3">βλάβη</b>, cf. Frisk Eranos 43, 221; as 2. member in <b class="b3">στομα-κάκη</b> a disease of mouth and teeth (Str., Plin.). - Denomin. verbs. 1. <b class="b3">κακίζω</b> [[revile]], <b class="b3">-ίζομαι</b> <b class="b2">behave badly, be coward</b> (Il.) with <b class="b3">κακισμός</b> (Phld., Str.), <b class="b3">κάκισις</b> (Vett. Val.) [[scorn]]; 2. <b class="b3">κακόω</b> <b class="b2">do wrong, damage,</b> (Il.) with <b class="b3">κάκωσις</b> [[maltreat]], [[damage]] (IA.), <b class="b3">κακωτής</b> [[damager]], <b class="b3">κακωτικός</b> [[damaging]], [[harmful]] (Ph., Vett. Val.); 3. <b class="b3">κακύνομαι</b>, <b class="b3">-ύνω</b> <b class="b2">prove bad, cowardly, damage</b> (E., Pl.; Schwyzer 733).<br />Origin: XX [etym. unknown] (PGX)<br />Etymology: No clear etymology, originally no doubt an expressive word of the (lower) popular language. Often compared with <b class="b3">κακκάω</b> (Prellwitz, Güntert Reimwortbildungen 83); even less probable or quite impossible proposals in Bq; see Scheftelowitz ZII 6, 119. - New Phryg. <b class="b3">κακο(υ)ν</b> is a Greek LW [loanword], Solmsen KZ 34, 52 n. 4, Hirt Idg. 2, 596; diff. Meillet MSL 15, 340. Is it Pre-Greek? | |etymtx=Grammatical information: adj.<br />Meaning: [[bad]], [[awful]], [[worthless]] (Il.).<br />Compounds: Often as 1. member (opposion to <b class="b3">εὖ</b>); also as 2. member, e. g. <b class="b3">ἄ-κακος</b> <b class="b2">who does not know what is bad, unguilty</b> (bahuvrihi; Sapph., A.); also <b class="b3">ἀ-κάκας</b> (Dor.) adjunct of Hades (Megara), of Dareios (A. Pers. 855 [lyr.]), cf. Chantraine Formation 28 (hardly correct Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 187 n. 2).<br />Derivatives: . Comp forms: <b class="b3">κακώτερος</b> (Il.), <b class="b3">κακίων</b>, <b class="b3">κάκιστος</b> (Il.; after <b class="b3">ἄριστος</b>, Seiler 100f.; s. also Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 259). Abstracts: 1. <b class="b3">κακότης</b> [[badness]] (Il.); 2. <b class="b3">κακία</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (Thgn., Att.; on <b class="b3">κακότης</b> : <b class="b3">κακία</b> Porzig Satzinhalte 212); 3. <b class="b3">κάκη</b> <b class="b2">bad character, cowardice</b> (A., E.); after <b class="b3">πάθη</b>, <b class="b3">βλάβη</b>, cf. Frisk Eranos 43, 221; as 2. member in <b class="b3">στομα-κάκη</b> a disease of mouth and teeth (Str., Plin.). - Denomin. verbs. 1. <b class="b3">κακίζω</b> [[revile]], <b class="b3">-ίζομαι</b> <b class="b2">behave badly, be coward</b> (Il.) with <b class="b3">κακισμός</b> (Phld., Str.), <b class="b3">κάκισις</b> (Vett. Val.) [[scorn]]; 2. <b class="b3">κακόω</b> <b class="b2">do wrong, damage,</b> (Il.) with <b class="b3">κάκωσις</b> [[maltreat]], [[damage]] (IA.), <b class="b3">κακωτής</b> [[damager]], <b class="b3">κακωτικός</b> [[damaging]], [[harmful]] (Ph., Vett. Val.); 3. <b class="b3">κακύνομαι</b>, <b class="b3">-ύνω</b> <b class="b2">prove bad, cowardly, damage</b> (E., Pl.; Schwyzer 733).<br />Origin: XX [etym. unknown] (PGX)<br />Etymology: No clear etymology, originally no doubt an expressive word of the (lower) popular language. Often compared with <b class="b3">κακκάω</b> (Prellwitz, Güntert Reimwortbildungen 83); even less probable or quite impossible proposals in Bq; see Scheftelowitz ZII 6, 119. - New Phryg. <b class="b3">κακο(υ)ν</b> is a Greek LW [loanword], Solmsen KZ 34, 52 n. 4, Hirt Idg. 2, 596; diff. Meillet MSL 15, 340. Is it Pre-Greek? | ||
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{{mdlsj | |||
|mdlsjtxt=!κᾰκός, ή, όν<br />bad, Lat. [[malus]]:<br /><b class="num">I.</b> of persons,<br /><b class="num">1.</b> opp. to [[καλός]], [[mean]], [[ugly]], Il.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> opp. to [[ἀγαθός]], [[ἐσθλός]], ill-[[born]], [[mean]], [[ignoble]], Hom., Soph.<br /><b class="num">3.</b> [[craven]], [[cowardly]], [[base]], Hom., Hdt., [[attic]]<br /><b class="num">4.</b> bad of his [[kind]], i. e. [[worthless]], [[sorry]], [[poor]], κ. [[ἀλήτης]] a [[sorry]] [[beggar]], Od.; κ. [[ἰατρός]] Aesch.; κ. [[ναύτης]] Eur.; πάντα [[κακός]] bad in all things, Od.; κακὸς γνώμην Soph.;— c. inf., κακὸς μανθάνειν bad at [[learning]], Soph.<br /><b class="num">5.</b> in [[moral]] [[sense]], bad, [[evil]], [[wicked]], Od., [[attic]]<br /><b class="num">II.</b> of [[death]], [[disease]], etc., bad, [[evil]], [[baneful]], Hom., [[attic]]; of omens, bad, [[unlucky]], [[attic]]; of words, [[evil]], [[abusive]], Soph.; κ. [[ποιμήν]], i. e. the [[storm]], Aesch.<br />B. [[κακόν]], and κακά, τά, as Subst. [[evil]], ill, Od., Hdt., etc.; δυοῖν ἀποκρίνας κακοῖν having [[chosen]] the [[least]] of two evils, Soph.:— [[κακόν]] τι ἔρδειν or ῥέζειν τινά to do [[evil]] or ill to any one, Il.; κακὸν (or κακὰ) ποιεῖν τινά [[attic]]; κακὰ κακῶν = τὰ κάκιστα, Soph.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> kaka/, ta/, also [[evil]] words, reproaches, Hdt., Trag.<br />C. degrees of Comparison:<br /><b class="num">1.</b> regul. comp. κακώτερος Od., Theocr.; but [[never]] in [[attic]]:—irreg. [[κακίων]], ον, [ with ῐ], Hom., with ῑ], [[attic]]<br /><b class="num">2.</b> Sup. [[κάκιστος]], Hom., etc.:—but [[χείρων]], [[χείριστος]], and [[ἥσσων]], [[ἥκιστος]], are also used as comp. and Sup.<br />D. adv. [[κακῶς]], Lat. [[male]], ill, Il., etc.:— [[κακῶς]] ποιεῖν τινα to [[treat]] one ill; [[κακῶς]] ποιεῖν τινά τι to do one any [[evil]], [[attic]]; [[κακῶς]] πράσσειν to [[fare]] ill, Aesch.; [[κακῶς]] πάσχειν Aesch.; [[κακῶς]] γίγνεταί τινι Hdt.; [[κακῶς]] ἐκπέφευγα, Lat. vix [[demum]] effugi, Dem.:—comp. [[κάκιον]], Hdt., [[attic]]: Sup. κάκιστα, Ar., etc.<br />E. in Compos., [[when]] added to words [[already]] signifying [[something]] bad, it increases [[this]] [[property]], as in κακο-πινής; but added to words signifying [[something]] [[good]], it implies too [[little]] of [[this]] [[property]], as in κακό-δοξος. Once or [[twice]] it stands [[merely]] as an adj. agreeing with the Subst. with [[which]] it is compounded, as [[Κακοΐλιος]] for κακὴ [[Ἴλιος]], [[κακόνυμφος]] for κακὸς [[νυμφίος]]. | |||
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