στυγέω: Difference between revisions

{{etym

|etymtx=Grammatical information: v.<br />Meaning: <b class="b2">to hate, to detest, to hold back</b> (ep. poet., Il., Hdt. a. late prose).<br />Other forms: Aor. <b class="b3">στυγεῖν</b> (Hom., Call., Nic. a.o.), <b class="b3">στύξαι</b> (λ 502 [caus.], A. R., Opp., AP), <b class="b3">στυγ-ῆσαι</b>, pass. <b class="b3">-ηθῆναι</b>, fut. <b class="b3">-ήσομαι</b> (trag.), perf. <b class="b3">ἐστύγ-ηκα</b> (Hdt. a.o.), <b class="b3">-ημαι</b> (Lyc.), <b class="b3">-μαι</b> (H.).<br />Compounds: Also w. <b class="b3">ἀπο-</b>, <b class="b3">κατα-</b>.<br />Derivatives: <b class="b3">στυγ-ητός</b> [[hated]], [[detestable]] (A. Pr., late prose), <b class="b3">-ημα</b> n. <b class="b2">object of hate, detestation</b> (E. a.o.), <b class="b3">ἀπο-</b> στυγέω <b class="b3">ησις</b> f. [[detestation]] (sch.). -- Besides the adj. 1. <b class="b3">στυγ-ερός</b> <b class="b2">hated, full of hate, detestable</b> (ep. poet. Il.). 2. <b class="b3">-νός</b> <b class="b2">id.</b>, also <b class="b2">gruesome, sad etc.</b> (Archil., Hp., trag. etc.) with <b class="b3">-νότης</b> f. (hell. a. late), <b class="b3">-νία</b> f. (sch.), <b class="b3">-νόομαι</b> (also w. <b class="b3">κατα-</b>) <b class="b2">to be somber</b> (AP, H.), <b class="b3">-νωσον χώρισον</b> H., <b class="b3">-νάζω</b> (also w. <b class="b3">δια-</b>, <b class="b3">κατα-</b>, <b class="b3">συν-</b>) <b class="b2">to be, become overcast</b> (NT a.o.) with <b class="b3">-νασις</b> f. (late). 3. <b class="b3">-ιος</b> [[hated]], [[detestable]] (E., Plu.; cf. on <b class="b3">Στύξ</b> below). Subst. 1. <b class="b3">στύγος</b> n. <b class="b2">hate, object of hate</b> (A. a.o.). 2. <b class="b3">Στύξ</b>, <b class="b3">-γός</b> f. river in the Underworld (Hom. etc.) with adj. <b class="b3">Στύγιος</b> (trag. a.o.), name of an Arcadian mountain brook wit icecold water (Hdt., Str., Paus.), also appellat. [[hate]], [[detestation]] (Alciphr.), pl. <b class="b2">icy cold</b> (Thphr.); also = <b class="b3">σκώψ</b> (Ant. Lib. a.o.). Compp. <b class="b3">στυγ-άνωρ</b> <b class="b2">hating men</b> (A. Pr.), <b class="b3">ψευσί-στυξ</b> <b class="b2">hating lies</b> (AP).<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [1033, 1035] <b class="b2">*stug-</b> <b class="b2">be cold, freeze?</b><br />Etymology: The rise of the above forms cannot be reconstructed with certainty. Old is in any case the primary suffixless <b class="b3">Στύξ</b>; whether the pres. <b class="b3">στυγέω</b> or the aor. <b class="b3">ἔστυγον</b> was prior cannot be decided, as the latter just like <b class="b3">στύξαι</b> can be metrically conditioned; cf. <b class="b3">ἔκτυπον</b> s. <b class="b3">κτύπος</b> (also Schwyzer 721 and Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 347). From <b class="b3">στυγέω</b> first <b class="b3">στυγη-τός</b>, <b class="b3">-μα</b>, prob. also as backformation <b class="b3">στύγος</b> (cf. <b class="b3">μισέω</b> : <b class="b3">μῖσος</b>). The adj. can be explained in diff. ways. -- No certain etymology. As behind the notion [[hate]] a concrete conception will be hidden and for <b class="b3">στύξ</b> the meaning <b class="b2">icy cold, icecold water</b> is in fact attested (from where <b class="b3">στυγέω</b> prop. [[shiver]]?) it is obvious to connect a synonymous Slav. word: Russ. <b class="b2">stýgnutь</b>, <b class="b2">stúgnutь</b> <b class="b2">cool down, get cold, freeze</b>, [[Stugna]] tributary of the Dniepr. Much less usual are forms with <b class="b2">-d-</b>, e.g. Russ. <b class="b2">stúda</b> [[cold]], <b class="b2">studítь</b> <b class="b2">cool (down)</b>, OCS [[studъ]] also = <b class="b3">αἰσχύνη</b>; a Slavic change <b class="b2">-dn-</b> to <b class="b2">-gn-</b> is perhaps not to be excluded (s. lit. in Vasmer s. <b class="b2">stýgnutь</b>). Connection with a verb for <b class="b2">push etc.</b>, e.g. Skt. <b class="b2">tujáti</b>, Germ., e.g. NLG [[stūken]], is semantically more difficult to motivate. Further hypotheses (to <b class="b3">στύω</b> a.o.) in Bq, WP. 2, 616f. a. 620, Pok. 1033 u. 1035, Vasmer s.vv., also Fraenkel s. 1. <b class="b2">stúgti</b>; everywhere w. lit. -- New proposal by v. Windekens Orbis 13, 224 f.: to Toch. B <b class="b2">ścono</b>, <b class="b2">śconiye</b> [[hate]] from <b class="b2">steu-n-</b>.

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