οὐ: Difference between revisions

|Definition=the negative of <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> <b class="b2">fact</b> and <b class="b2">statement</b>, as <b class="b3">μή</b> of <b class="b2">will</b> and <b class="b2">thought</b>; <b class="b3">οὐ</b> denies, <b class="b3">μή</b> rejects; <b class="b3">οὐ</b> is absolute, <b class="b3">μή</b> relative; <b class="b3">οὐ</b> objective, <b class="b3">μή</b> subjective. —The same differences hold for all compds. of <b class="b3">οὐ</b> and <b class="b3">μή</b>, and some examples of <b class="b3">οὐδέ</b> and <b class="b3">οὐδείς</b> are included below.—As to the Form, v. infr. G. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> USAGE. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">I</span> as the negative of single words, </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> as the negative of the sentence. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">I</span> <b class="b3">οὐ</b> adhering to single words so as to form a quasi-compd. with them:—with Verbs: <b class="b3">οὐ δίδωμι</b> <b class="b2">withhold</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.24.296</span>; <b class="b3">οὐκ εἰῶ</b> <b class="b2">prevent</b>, <span class="bibl">2.132</span>, <span class="bibl">4.55</span>, al.; <b class="b3">οὐκ ἐθέλω</b> <b class="b2">refuse</b>, <span class="bibl">1.112</span>, <span class="bibl">3.289</span>, al.; <b class="b3">οὔ φημι</b> <b class="b2">deny</b>, <span class="bibl">7.393</span>, <span class="bibl">23.668</span>, al. (In most of these uses <b class="b3">μή</b> can replace <b class="b3">οὐ</b> when the constr. requires it, e.g. εἰ μή φησι ταῦτα ἀληθῆ εἶναι <span class="bibl">Lycurg.34</span>; but sts. <b class="b3">οὐ</b> is retained, εἰ δ' ἂν . . οὐκ ἐθέλωσιν <span class="bibl">Il.3.289</span>; εἰ δέ κ' . . ου'κ εἰῶσι <span class="bibl">20.139</span>; ἐὰν οὐ φάσκῃ <span class="bibl">Lys.13.76</span>; <b class="b3">ἐάντε . . οὐ</b> (v.l. [[μή]]) φῆτε ἐάντε φῆτε <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Ap.</span>25b</span>):—with Participles: οὐκ ἐθέλων <span class="bibl">Il.4.224</span>,<span class="bibl">300</span>, <span class="bibl">6.165</span>, etc.:— with Adjectives: οὐκ ἀέκοντε <span class="bibl">5.366</span>, <span class="bibl">768</span>, al.; οὐ πολλήν <span class="bibl">Th.6.7</span>, etc.:— with Adverbs: οὐχ ἥκιστα <span class="bibl">Id.1.68</span>, etc.: rarely with Verbal Nouns (v. infr. <span class="bibl">11.10</span>).—On the use of <b class="b3">οὐ</b> in contrasts, v. infr. B. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> as negativing the whole sentence, </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> <b class="b3">οὐ</b> is freq. used alone, sts. with the ellipsis of a definite Verb, <b class="b3">οὔκ</b> (sc. <b class="b3">ἀποκερῇ</b>), ἄν γε ἐμοὶ πείθῃ <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span> 89b</span>: sts. as negativing the preceding sentence, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pax</span>850</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>1.7.19</span>: as a Particle of solemn denial freq. with <b class="b3">μά</b> (q. v.) and the acc.; sts. without μά, οὐ τὸν πάντων θεῶν θεὸν πρόμον Ἅλιον <span class="bibl">S. <span class="title">OT</span>660</span> (lyr.), cf. <span class="bibl">1088</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">El.</span>1063</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ant.</span> 758</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> with ind. of statement, τὴν δ' ἐγὼ οὐ λύσω <span class="bibl">Il.1.29</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">114</span>,<span class="bibl">495</span>; οὐ φθίνει Κροίσου φιλόφρων ἀρετά <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>1.94</span>; ἔνθα κεν οὔ τιν' ἀδάκρυτόν γ' ἐνόησας Ἀργείων <span class="bibl">Od.24.61</span>; οὔ κεν . . ἔπαξε <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">N.</span>7.25</span>; οὐκ ἂν ὑπεξέφυγε <span class="bibl">Il.8.369</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> with subj. in fut. sense, only in Ep., οὐ γάρ τίς με βίῃ γε ἑκὼν ἀέκοντα δίηται <span class="bibl">7.197</span>; οὐκ ἄν τοι χραίς μῃ κίθαρις <span class="bibl">3.54</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">11.387</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> with opt. in potential sense (without <b class="b3">ἄν</b> or κεν), also Ep., ὃ οὐ δύο γ' ἄνδρε φέροιεν <span class="bibl">5.303</span>, <span class="bibl">20.286</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> with opt. and ἄν, κείνοισι δ' ἂν οὔ τις . . μαχέοιτο <span class="bibl">1.271</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">301</span>, <span class="bibl">2.250</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt. 6.63</span>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>979</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>155</span> (anap.), <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">IA</span>310</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ach.</span>403</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">6</span> in dependent clauses <b class="b3">οὐ</b> is used, </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">a</span> with <b class="b3">ὅτι</b> or <b class="b3">ὡς</b>, after Verbs of saying, knowing, and showing, ἐκ μέν τοι ἐρέω . . ὡς ἐγὼ οὔ τι ἑκὼν κατερύκομαι <span class="bibl">Od.4.377</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>561</span>, <span class="bibl">D.2.8</span>, etc.: so with ind. or opt. and ἄν, ἀπελογοῦντο ὡς οὐκ ἄν ποτε οὕτω μωροὶ ἦσαν <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>5.4.22</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>330a</span>; ὡς δὲ οὐκ ἂν δικαίως αὐτοὺς δέχοισθε μαθεῖν χρή <span class="bibl">Th.1.40</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>1.1.3</span>, etc.: with opt. representing ind. in orat. obliq., ἔλεξε παιδὶ σῷ . . ὡς . . Ἕλληνες οὐ μενοῖεν <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span> 358</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>346</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.1.38</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>6.1.1</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ap.</span>22b</span>, etc.: for <b class="b3">μή</b> in such sentences, v. [[μή]] B. 3. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> in all causal sentences, and in temporal and Relat. sentences unless there is conditional or final meaning, χωσαμένη, ὅ οἱ οὔ τι θαλύσια . . ῥέξε <span class="bibl">Il.9.534</span>; ἄχθεται ὅτι οὐ κάρτα θεραπεύεται <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.80</span>; διότι οὐκ ἦσαν δίκαι, οὐ δυνατοὶ ἦμεν παρ' αὐτῶν ἃ ὤφειλον πράξασθαι <span class="bibl">Lys.17.3</span>; μή με κτεῖν', ἐπεὶ οὐχ ὁμογάστριος Ἕκτορός εἰμι <span class="bibl">Il.21.95</span>, etc.; νῦν δὲ ἐπειδὴ οὐκ ἐθέλεις... εἶμι <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Prt.</span> 335c</span>; ἐπειδὴ τὸ χωρίον οὐχ ἡλίσκετο <span class="bibl">Th.1.102</span>; νηπιάχοις οἷς οὔ τι μέλει πολεμήϊα ἔργα <span class="bibl">Il.2.338</span>, etc.: in causal relative sentences, οἵτινές σε οὐχὶ ἐσώσαμεν <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Cri.</span>46a</span>; esp. in the combinations, <b class="b3">οὐκ ἔστιν ὅστις οὐ</b>... as οὐκ ἔστ' ἐραστὴς ὅστις οὐκ ἀεὶ φιλεῖ <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Tr.</span>1051</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Hec.</span>298</span>; οὔτις ἔσθ' ὃς οὔ <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>725</span>; <b class="b3">οὐδείς ἐστιν ὅστις οὐ</b> . . <span class="bibl">Isoc. 15.180</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">c</span> after <b class="b3">ὥστε</b> with ind. or opt. with ἄν, ὥστ' οὐ δυνατόν σ' εἵργειν ἔσται <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">V.</span>384</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>98</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">OT</span>411</span>; οὕτως αὐτοὺς ἀγαπῶμεν . . ὥστε . . οὐκ ἂν ἐθελήσαιμεν <span class="bibl">Isoc.8.45</span>; οὐκ ἂν ὡρκίζομεν αὐτὸν ὥστε τῆς εἰρήνης ἂν διημαρτήκει καὶ οὐκ ἂν ἀμφότερ' εἶχε <span class="bibl">D.18.30</span>: <b class="b3">ὥστε οὐ</b> with inf. is almost invariably due to orat. obliq., <b class="b3">ὥστ' οὐκ αἰσχύνεσθαι</b> (for <b class="b3">οὐκ αἰσχύνονται</b>) <span class="bibl">Id.19.308</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Th.5.40</span>, <span class="bibl">8.76</span>, <span class="bibl">Lys.18.6</span>, <span class="bibl">Is.11.27</span> (cj. Reiske).—Rarely not in orat. obliq., <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>780</span>, <span class="bibl">E. <span class="title">Ph.</span>1358</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Hel.</span>108</span>, <span class="bibl">D.53.2</span>,<span class="bibl">9.48</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">7</span> in a conditional clause <b class="b3">μή</b> is necessary, except, </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">a</span> in Hom., when the <b class="b3">εἰ</b> clause precedes the apodosis and the verb is indic., εἰ δέ μοι οὐκ ἐπέεσσ' ἐπιπείσεται <span class="bibl">Il. 15.162</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">178</span>, <span class="bibl">20.129</span>, <span class="bibl">24.296</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.2.274</span>, <span class="bibl">Il.4.160</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.12.382</span>, <span class="bibl">13.144</span> (<span class="bibl">9.410</span> is an exception). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> when the <b class="b3">εἰ</b> clause is really causal, as after Verbs expressing surprise or emotion, μὴ θαυμάσῃς, εἰ πολλὰ τῶν εἰρημένων οὐ πρέπει σοι <span class="bibl">Isoc.1.44</span>; κατοικτῖραι... εἰ . . οὐδεὶς ἐς ἑκατοστὸν ἔτος περιέσται <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.46</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>1242</span>; so also δεινὸν γὰρ ἂν εἴη πρῆγμα, εἰ Σάκας μὲν καταστρεψάμενοι δούλους ἔχομεν, Ἕλληνας δὲ οὐ τιμωρησόμεθα <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.9</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">And.1.102</span>, <span class="bibl">Lys.20.8</span> (prob.), <span class="bibl">D.8.55</span>; οὐκ αἰσχρόν, εἰ τὸ μὲν Ἀργείων πλῆθος οὐκ ἐφοβήθη τὴν Λακεδαιμονίων ἀρχήν, ὑμεῖς δ' ὄντες Ἀθηναῖοι βάρβαρον ἄνθρωπον . . φοβήσεσθε <b class="b2">;</b> <span class="bibl">Id.15.23</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Hdt.5.97</span>, <span class="bibl">Lys.22.13</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">c</span> when <b class="b3">οὐ</b> belongs closely to the next word (v. A. I), or is quoted unchanged, εἰ, ὡς νῦν φήσει, οὐ παρεσκευάσατο <span class="bibl">D.54.29</span> codd.; <b class="b3">εἰ δ' οὐκέτ' ἐστί</b> (sc. <b class="b3">ὥσπερ λέγεις</b>), τίνι τρόπῳ διεφθάρη <b class="b2">;</b> <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ion</span>347</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">8</span> <b class="b3">οὐ</b> is used with inf. in orat. obliq., when it represents the ind. of orat. recta, φαμὲν δέ οἱ οὐ τελέεσθαι <span class="bibl">Od.4.664</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Il.17.174</span>, <span class="bibl">21.316</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1389</span>, etc.; λέγοντες οὐκ εἶναι αὐτόνομοι <span class="bibl">Th.1.67</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>348c</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>1.6.18</span>; οἶμαι . . οὐκ ὀλίγον ἔργον αὐτὸ εἶναι <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>369b</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>1051</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.1.71</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">ἡγήσαντο ἡμᾶς οὐ περιόψεσθαι</b> ib.<span class="bibl">39</span>. (For the occasional use of <b class="b3">μή</b>, v. [[μή]] B. 5c; sts. we have <b class="b3">οὐ</b> and <b class="b3">μή</b> in consecutive clauses, οἶμαι σοῦ κάκιον οὐδὲν ἂν τούτων κρατύνειν μηδ' ἐπιθύνειν χερί <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1058s</span>q.; αὐτὸ ἡγοῦμαι οὐ διδακτὸν εἶναι μηδὲ . . παρασκευαστόν <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Prt.</span>319b</span>.) </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">9</span> <b class="b3">οὐ</b> is used with the part., when it can be resolved into a finite sentence with <b class="b3">οὐ</b>, as after Verbs of knowing and showing, τὸν κατθανόνθ' ὁρῶντες οὐ τιμώμενον <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hec.</span>316</span>; κατενόησαν οὐ πολλοὺς τοὺς Θηβαίους ὄντας <span class="bibl">Th.2</span>. <span class="bibl">3</span>; ἔργῳ δηλώσω οὐ παραγενόμενος <span class="bibl">Antipho2.4.8</span>, etc.; or into a causal sentence, τῶν βαρβάρων οἱ πολλοὶ ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ διεφθάρησαν νέειν οὐκ ἐπιστάμενοι <span class="bibl">Hdt.8.89</span>; τὴν Μένδην πόλιν ἅτε οὐκ ἀπὸ ξυμβάσεως ἀνοιχθεῖσαν διήρπασαν <span class="bibl">Th.4.130</span>; or into a concessive sentence, δόξω γυναῖκα καίπερ οὐκ ἔχων ἔχειν <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Alc.</span>352</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>377</span>, etc.: regularly with <b class="b3">ὡς</b> and part., ὡς οὐχὶ συνδράσουσα νουθετεῖς τάδε <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">El.</span>1025</span>, etc.; ἐθορυβεῖτε ὡς οὐ ποιήσοντες ταῦτα <span class="bibl">Lys.12.73</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>884</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Aj.</span> 682</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.99</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.1.2</span>,<span class="bibl">5</span>,<span class="bibl">28</span>,<span class="bibl">68</span>,<span class="bibl">90</span>; ὥσπερ οὐ πάντας τούτῳ τῷ τεκμηρίῳ χρωμένους <span class="bibl">Lycurg.90</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Th.8.1</span>, <span class="bibl">Isoc.4.11</span>:—for exceptions, v. [[μή]] B. 6. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> when the part. is used with the Art., <b class="b3">μή</b> is generally used, unless there is a distinct reference to a fact, when <b class="b3">οὐ</b> is occasionally found, ἡμεῖς δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς οὐκ οὔσης ἔτι [πόλεως] ὁρμώμενοι <span class="bibl">Th.1.74</span>; τοὺς ἐν τῇ πόλει οὐδὲν εἰδότας <span class="bibl">Id.4.111</span>; οἱ οὐκ ἐθέλοντες <span class="bibl">Antipho 6.26</span>; τῶν οὐ βουλομένων <span class="bibl">And.1.9</span>; τοὺς οὐδὲν ἀδικοῦντας ἀκρίτους ἀπέκτειναν <span class="bibl">Lys.12.82</span>, cf. <b class="b3">τὸν οὐδὲ συμπενθῆσαι τὰς τῆς πατρίδος συμφορὰς τολμήσαντα</b> (preceded by <b class="b3">τὸν . . μήτε ὅπλα θέμενον ὑπὲρ τῆς πατρίδος μήτε τὸ σῶμα παρασχόντα κτλ</b>.) <span class="bibl">Lycurg.43</span>; τὸ οὐχ εὑρημένον <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>427e</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">10</span> Adjectives and abstract Substantives with the article commonly take <b class="b3">μή</b> (v. μή B. 7) but <b class="b3">οὐ</b> is occasionally used, τὰς οὐκ ἀναγκαίας πόσεις <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Lac.</span>5.4</span>; τοὺς οὐδένας <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">IA</span>371</span>; τὸν οὐδέν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ph.</span>598</span> (whereas <b class="b3">ὁ μηδείς, τὸ μηδέν</b> is the rule); <b class="b3">τὴν τῶν γεφυρῶν οὐ διάλυσιν</b> the <b class="b2">non</b>- dissolution of the bridges, the fact <b class="b2">of their not</b>being broken up, <span class="bibl">Th.1.137</span>; ἡ οὐ περιτείχισις <span class="bibl">Id.3.95</span>; ἡ τῶν χωρίων οὐκ ἀπόδοσις <span class="bibl">Id.5.35</span>, cf.<span class="bibl">E. <span class="title">Hipp.</span>196</span> (anap.); so without the article, ἐν οὐ καιπῷ <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ba.</span>1287</span>; <b class="b3">οὐ πάλης ὕπο</b> ib.<span class="bibl">455</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">11</span> for <b class="b3">οὐ μή</b>, v. sub voc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">12</span> in questions <b class="b3">οὐ</b> ordinarily expects a positive answer, <b class="b3">οὔ νυ καὶ ἄλλοι ἔασι</b> . .<b class="b2">;</b> <span class="bibl">Il.10.165</span>; <b class="b3">οὐχ ὁράᾳς</b> . .<b class="b2">; dost</b> thou <b class="b2">not</b> see? <span class="bibl">Od.17.545</span>; οὐκ . . ᾐσθόμην <b class="b2">;</b> <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>956</span>: so as a strong form of imper., οὐκ ἀπαλλάξει <b class="b2">;</b> <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ion</span>524</span>; οὐκ ἀποκτενεῖτε τὸν μιαρὸν τοῦτον ἄνθρωπον <b class="b2">;</b> <span class="bibl">Din.1.18</span>; οὐκ εἶ καταπιὼν Εὐριπίδην <b class="b2">;</b> <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ach.</span>484</span>; <b class="b3">βάλλε, βάλλε</b> folld. by <b class="b3">οὐ βαλεῖς</b><b class="b2">;</b> <b class="b3">οὐ βαλεῖς</b><b class="b2">;</b> ib.<span class="bibl">281</span> and <span class="bibl">283</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>885</span>: also with opt. and <b class="b3">ἄν, οὐκ ἂν δὴ τόνδ' ἄνδρα μάχης ἐρύσαιο</b>( = [[ἔρυσαι]]) <b class="b2">;</b> <span class="bibl">Il.5.456</span>; <b class="b3">οὐκ ἂν φράσειας</b>( = [[φράσον]]) <b class="b2">;</b> <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1222</span>; but in questions introduced by <b class="b3">οὐ δή, οὐ δή του, οὔ που, οὔ τί που</b>, a doubt is implied of the statement involved, and an appeal is made to the hearers, <b class="b3">οὐ δή ποθ' ἡμῖν ξυγγενὴς ἥκεις ποθέν</b><b class="b2">;</b> surely you are <b class="b2">not</b> . .? <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">El.</span>1202</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ph.</span>900</span>; <b class="b3">οὔ τί που οὗτος Ἀπόλλων</b> . .<b class="b2">;</b> <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>4.87</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1233</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">IA</span>670</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Hel.</span>135</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ion</span>1113</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ra.</span>522</span>, <span class="bibl">526</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">B</span> POSITION. <b class="b3">οὐ</b> is generally put immediately before the word which it negatives, οὐκ ἐκεῖνον ἐθεώμην.—ἀλλὰ τίνα μήν ; ἔφη ὁ Τιγράνης <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>3.1.41</span>; οὐχ αἱ τρίχες ποιοῦσιν αἱ λευκαὶ φρονεῖν <span class="bibl">Men.639</span>; οὐ διὰ τὸ μὴ ἀκοντίζειν οὐκ ἔβαλον αὐτὸν ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸ μηδενὶ ὑπὸ τὸ ἀκόντιον ὑπελθεῖν <span class="bibl">Antipho 3.4.6</span>: in Poetry the position is freq. more free, κίνδυνος ἄναλκιν οὐ φῶτα λαμβάνει <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>1.81</span>; <b class="b3">οὐ ψεύδεϊ τέγξω λόγον</b> ib. <span class="bibl">4.19</span>; <b class="b3">κατακρύπτει δ' οὐ κόνις</b> ib.<span class="bibl">8.79</span>; χρὴ πρὸς θεὸν οὐκ ἐρίζειν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">P.</span> 2.88</span>: sts. emphatically at the end of the clause, καὶ τοὶ γὰρ αἰθοίσας ἔχοντες σπέρμ' ἀνέβαν φλογὸς οὔ <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">O.</span>7.48</span>; ταρβήσει γὰρ οὔ <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>545</span>: in clauses opposed by <b class="b3">μέν</b> and <b class="b3">δέ</b> the <b class="b3">οὐ</b> (or <b class="b3">μή</b>) is freq. placed at the end, βούλονται μέν, δύνανται δ' οὔ <span class="bibl">Th.6.38</span>; οὗτος δ' ἦν καλὸς μέν, μέγας δ' οὔ <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>4.4.3</span>; ἔδοξέ μοι ὁ ἀνὴρ δοκεῖν μὲν εἶναι σοφὸς... εἶναι δ' οὔ <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ap.</span>21c</span>; so τὸ Πέρσας μὲν λέληθε, ἡμέας μέντοι οὔ <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.139</span>: freq. with ὁ μὲν . . ὁ δέ, οὐ πάσας χρὴ τὰς δόξας τιμᾶν, ἀλλὰ τὰς μέν, τὰς δ' οὔ <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Cri.</span>47a</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ap.</span>24e</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">R.</span>475b</span>, etc.; Λέριοι κακοί, οὐχ ὁ μέν, ὃς δ' οὔ <span class="bibl">Phoc.1</span>: sts. in the first clause after μέν, οἱ δὲ στρατηγοὶ ἐξῆγον μὲν οὔ, συνεκάλεσαν δέ <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>6.4.20</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">4.8.2</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Cyr.</span>1.4.10</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>73b</span>; κατώρα πᾶν μὲν οὒ τὸ στρατόπεδον <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.208</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">C</span> ACCUMULATION. A simple neg. (<b class="b3">οὐ</b> or <b class="b3">μή</b>) is freq. repeated in composition with Prons., Advbs., or Conjs., as <b class="b3">οὐδείς</b> or <b class="b3">μηδείς, οὐδέ</b> or <b class="b3">μηδέ, οὐδαμῶς</b> or <b class="b3">μηδαμῶς</b>, first in Hom., οὔ μιν ὁΐομαιοὐδὲ πεπύσθαι λυγρῆς ἀγγελίης <span class="bibl">Il.17.641</span>; ἀλλ' οὔ μοι Τρώων τόσσον μέλει ἄλγος ὀπίσσω οὔτ' αὐτῆς Ἑκάβης οὔτε Πριάμοιο ἄνακτος <span class="bibl">6.450</span>; οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδὲν κρεῖσσον οἰκείου φίλου <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Andr.</span>986</span>: the first neg. may be a compd., καθεύδων οὐδεὶς οὐδενὸς ἄξιος οὐδὲν μᾶλλον τοῦ μὴ ζῶντος <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Lg.</span>808b</span>; οὐδενὶ οὐδαμῇ οὐδαμῶς οὐδεμίαν κοινωνίαν ἔχει <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Prm.</span>166a</span> (similarly with <b class="b3">μή</b>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Phdr.</span>236e</span>): or a neg. Adj., ἀδύνατος οὐδὲν ἄλλο πλὴν λέγειν μάτην <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Andr.</span>746</span>; <b class="b3">οὐ</b> follows the compd. neg., οὐδ' εἰ πάντες ἔλθοιεν Πέρσαι, πλήθει γε οὐχ ὑπερβαλοίμεθ' ἂν τοὺς πολεμίους <span class="bibl">X. <span class="title">Cyr.</span>2.1.8</span>; <b class="b3">οὐδ' ἂν ἡ πόλις ἄρα</b> (ὅπερ ἄρτι ἐλέγομεν ) ὅλη τοιοῦτον ποιῇ, οὐκ ἐπαινέσῃ <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>426b</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Smp.</span>204a</span>: sts. a confirmative Particle accompanies the first <b class="b3">οὐ</b> or <b class="b3">οὐδέ</b>, and the neg. is repeated with emphasis, οὐδὲ μὲν οὐδέ μ' ἔασκες <span class="bibl">Il.19.295</span>; οὐδὲ γὰρ οὐδὲ Δρύαντος υἱὸς . . δὴν ἧν <span class="bibl">6.130</span>, v. [[οὐδέ]] C. <span class="bibl">11</span>; οὐ μέντοι οὐδὲ αὖ ὡς σύ μοι δοκεῖς οἴεσθαι <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Prt.</span>332a</span>: so also in Trag. and Att. without any such Particle, <b class="b3">οὐ σμικρός, οὔχ, ἁγὼν ὅδε</b> <b class="b2">not</b> small, <b class="b2">no</b>, is this struggle, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>587</span>; θεοῖς τέθνηκεν οὗτος, οὐ κείνοισιν, οὔ <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Aj.</span>970</span>, cf.<span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ra.</span>28</span>, <span class="bibl">1308</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Smp.</span> 2.4</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>390c</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> when the compd. neg. precedes and the simple neg. follows with the Verb, the opposing negs. produce an emphatic positive, <b class="b3">οὐδεὶς ἀνθρώπων ἀδικῶν τίσιν οὐκ ἀποτείσει</b> Orac. ap. <span class="bibl">Hdt.5.56</span>; γλώσσης κρυφαῖον οὐδὲν οὐ διέρχεται <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>935</span> (but prob. f.l.); οὐδεὶς οὐκ ἔπασχέ τι <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Smp.</span>1.9</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> similarly each of two simple negs. may retain its negating force, ὥσπερ οὐ διὰ πρᾳότητα καὶ ἀσχολίαν τὴν ὑμετέραν οὐ δεδωκὼς ὑμῖν δίκην <span class="bibl">Lys.6.34</span>; ἐγὼ δ' οὐκ οἶμαι . . οὐ δεῖν ὑμᾶς ἀμύνεσθαι <span class="bibl">Id.13.52</span> (similarly with <b class="b3">μή</b>, <span class="bibl">D.19.77</span>): sts. a combination of a <b class="b3">μέν</b>-clause with a <b class="b3">δέ</b>-clause containing <b class="b3">οὐ</b> is negatived as a whole by a preceding <b class="b3">οὐ</b>, e.g. οὐ γὰρ δήπου Κτησιφῶντα μὲν δύναται διώκειν δι' ἐμέ, ἐμὲ δέ, εἴπερ ἐξελέγξειν ἐνόμιζεν, αὐτὸν οὐκ ἂν ἐγράψατο <span class="bibl">Id.18.13</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">D</span> PLEONASM OF <b class="b3">οὐ</b>: after Verbs of denying, doubting, and disputing, folld. by <b class="b3">ὡς</b> or <b class="b3">ὅτι</b> with a finite Verb, <b class="b3">οὐ</b> is inserted to show the neg. character of the statement, where in Engl. the neg. is not required, ὡς μὲν οὐκ ἀληθῆ ταῦτ' ἐστὶν οὐκ ἔχετ' ἀντιλέγειν <span class="bibl">D.8.31</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Th.1.77</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>2.3.16</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Smp.</span>2.12</span>, <span class="bibl">Isoc.5.57</span>, etc.; οὐδεὶς ἂν τολμήσειεν ἀντειπεῖν ὡς οὐ τὴν μὲν ἐμπειρίαν μᾶλλον τῶν ἄλλων ἔχομεν <span class="bibl">Id.6.48</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">And.4.34</span>, <span class="bibl">D.16.4</span>, etc.; οὐκ ἂν ἀρνηθεῖεν ἔνιοι ὡς οὐκ εἰσὶ τοιοῦτοι <span class="bibl">Id.9.54</span>; ἀρνεῖσθαι ὅτι οὐ παρῆν <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Ath.</span>2.17</span>; <b class="b3">οὐδ' αὐτὸς ὁ Λάμπις ἔξαρνος ἐγένετο ὡς οὐκ εἴη εἰρηκὼς κτλ</b>. <span class="bibl">D.34.49</span>; ἀμφισβητεῖν ὡς οὐχὶ . . δοτέον δίκην <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Euthphr.</span>8c</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">R.</span>476d</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Prm.</span>135a</span>; <b class="b3">ἀπιστεῖν ὅτι οὐ</b> . . <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Men.</span>89d</span>; ἀνέλπιστον καταστῆσαί τισιν ὡς οὐκ ἔσται μεταγνῶναι <span class="bibl">Th. 3.46</span>: <b class="b3">οὐ</b> is sts. thus used in the second member of a negative comparative sentence, ἥκει ὁ Πέρσης οὐδέν τι μᾶλλον ἐπ' ἡμέας ἢ οὐ καὶ ἐπ' ὑμέας <span class="bibl">Hdt.4.118</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">5.94</span>, <span class="bibl">7.16</span>.<b class="b3">γ</b>, <span class="bibl">Th.2.62</span>,<span class="bibl">3.36</span>: after <b class="b3">πλήν</b>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Lac.</span> 15.6</span>, <span class="bibl">D.18.45</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">E</span> OMISSION OF <b class="b3">οὐ</b>: <b class="b3">οὐ</b> is sts. omitted, esp. by Poets, when it may be supplied from the next clause, γῆ δ' οὐδ' ἀὴρ οὐδ' οὐρανὸς ἦν <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Av.</span>694</span>; σιδήρῳ οὐδ' ἀργύρῳ χρέωνται οὐδέν <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.215</span>; ῥοδιακὴ οὖς οὐδὲ πυθμένα οὐκ ἔχουσα <span class="title">Inscr.Délos</span> 313a84 (iii B. C.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">F</span> in Poetry, if <b class="b3">ἤ</b> stands before <b class="b3">οὐ</b>, the two sounds coalesce into one syllable, as in ἦ οὐχ <span class="bibl">Il.5.349</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Od.1.298</span>; so, in Att., μὴ οὐ <span class="bibl">S. <span class="title">OT</span>283</span>, etc., and <b class="b3">ἐγὼ οὔτε</b> ib.<span class="bibl">332</span>, ἐγὼ οὐ <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span>340</span>.—This synizesis is general in Ep., universal in Att. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">G</span> FORM. <b class="b3">οὐ</b> is used before consonants (including the digamma, e.g. before <b class="b3">ἕθεν, οἱ, e(</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.1.114</span>, <span class="bibl">2.392</span>, <span class="bibl">24.214</span>, but not before <b class="b3">ὅς</b> Possess., οὐχ ᾧ πατρί <span class="bibl">Od.13.265</span>, cf. οὐκ ἐπέεσσι <span class="bibl">Il.15.162</span>, etc.); <b class="b3">οὐκ</b> before vowels with spir. lenis, <b class="b3">οὐχ</b> before vowels with spir. asper; in our text of Hdt. <b class="b3">οὐκ</b> is used before all vowels (prob. because Hdt. had no spir. asper): the Ep. form <b class="b3">οὐκί [ῐ</b>] is used by Hom. mostly at the end of a clause and at the close of the verse, ὅς τ' αἴτιος ὅς τε καὶ οὐκί <span class="bibl">Il.15.137</span>; ἠὲ καὶ οὐκί <span class="bibl">2.238</span>,<span class="bibl">300</span>,al.; but in the middle of a verse, <span class="bibl">20.255</span>; <b class="b3">οὐχί [ῐ</b>] is found twice in Hom., <span class="bibl">Il.15.716</span>, <span class="bibl">16.762</span>, and is common in Trag., where it is freq. employed like [[οὔ]] emphatic (supr. B), τί δ' οὐχί <b class="b2">;</b> <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>273</span>,<span class="bibl"><span class="title">Fr.</span>310</span>; πῶς δ' οὐχί <b class="b2">;</b> <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Supp.</span>918</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pax</span> 1027</span>; ἐμὸς μὲν οὐχί <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">IA</span>859</span>: also in Prose, <span class="bibl">Th.1.120</span>,al., <span class="bibl"><span class="title">1 Ep.Cor.</span> 5.12</span>, etc.: the diphthong is genuine and always written ου (ουκ, ουδε, etc.) in early Inscrr., <span class="title">IG</span>12.10.22, etc.; in iv B.C. rarely written οκ, ib. 22.1635.112,116,121; <b class="b3">οὐ</b> abbreviated ο, Suid.s.v. [[Φιλοξένου γραμμάτιον]]. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">H</span> ACCENTUATION. <b class="b3">οὐ</b> is oxytone acc. to Hdn.Gr.1.494 (text doubtfulin 504): <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">SE</span>166b6</span>, referring to <span class="bibl">Il.23.328</span> <b class="b3">τὸ μὲν ου</b> (i.e. <b class="b3">οὐ</b> = [[οὒ]]) <b class="b3"> καταπύθεται ὄμβρῳ</b>, says <b class="b3">λύουσι . . τῇ προσῳδίᾳ λέγοντες τὸ ου ὀξύτερον</b> (i.e. <b class="b3">οὗ</b>), cf. <span class="bibl">178b3</span>. In codd. the word is written oxytone when folld. by a pause (v. supr. B), and is usu. written without any accent in other cases. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">I</span> <b class="b3">οὐ</b> in connexion with other Particles will be found in alphabetical order, <b class="b3">οὐ γάρ, οὐ μή</b>, etc.—The corresponding forms of <b class="b3">μή</b> should be compared.</span>