γάρ: Difference between revisions

|Definition=(γε, ἄρα), causal Conj., used alone or with other Particles. <span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">I</span> introducing the reason or cause of what precedes, <b class="b2">for</b>, τῷ γὰρ ἐπὶ φρεσὶ θῆκε θεὰ λευκώλενος Ἥρη· κήδετο γ. Δαναῶν <span class="bibl">Il.1.56</span>, etc.; but freq. in expl. of that wh. is implied in the preceding clause, πολλάων πολίων κατέλυσε κάρηνα . . τοῦ γὰρ κράτος ἐστὶ μέγιστον <span class="bibl">2.118</span>, etc.: hence, </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> in simple explanations, esp. after a Pronoun or demonstr. Adj., ἀλλὰ τόδ' αἰνὸν ἄχος κραδίην καὶ θυμὸν ἱκάνει· Ἕκτωρ γ. ποτε φήσει <span class="bibl">8.148</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Od.2.163</span>; <b class="b3">ὃ δὲ δεινότατον . . ὁ Ζεὺς γ</b>. . . <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Av.</span>514</span>; ὃ δὲ πάντων ἀδικώτατον ἔδοξε· τῶν γὰρ προγε γραμμένων ἠτίμωσε καὶ υἱούς <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Sull.</span>31</span>; freq. in introducing proofs or examples, <b class="b3">μαρτύριον δέ· Δήλου γ. καθαιρομένης</b> . . <span class="bibl">Th.1.8</span>; <b class="b3">τεκμήριον δέ· οὔτε γ. Λακεδαιμόνιοι</b> . . <span class="bibl">Id.2.39</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">D.20.10</span>, etc.; in full, <b class="b3">τεκμήριον δὲ τούτου τόδε· αἱ μὲν γ</b>. . . <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.58</span>; <b class="b3">παράδειγμα τόδε τοῦ λόγου· ἐκ γ</b>. . . <span class="bibl">Th.1.2</span>; <b class="b3">δηλοῖ δέ μοι τόδε· πρὸ γ</b>. . . ib.<span class="bibl">3</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">c</span> to introduce a detailed description or narration already alluded to, <b class="b3">ὅμως δὲ λεκτέα ἃ γιγνώσκω· ἔχει γ. [ἡ χώρα] πεδία κάλλιστα</b> . . <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>5.6.6</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">d</span> in answers to questions or statements challenging assent or denial, <b class="b2">yes,... no, . .</b>, <b class="b3">οὔκουν . . ἀνάγκη ἐστί;—ἀνάγκη γ. οὖν, ἔφη</b>, <b class="b2">ay doubtless</b> it is necessary, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>2.1.7</span>, cf. § <span class="bibl">4</span> and <span class="bibl">13</span>; indicating assent, ἔχει γ. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>268a</span>; <b class="b3">ἱκανὸς γ., ἔφη, συμβαίνει γ., ἔφη</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">R.</span>502b</span>, <span class="bibl">502c</span>,cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ap.</span>41a</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">οὔκουν δὴ τό γ' εἰκός.—οὐ γ</b>.: <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>276c</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> by inversion, preceding the fact explained, <b class="b2">since, as</b>, Ἀτρεΐδη, πολλοὶ γ. τεθνᾶσιν Ἀχαιοί . . τῷ σε χρὴ πόλεμον παῦσαι <span class="bibl">Il.7.328</span>; <b class="b3">χρόνου δὲ οὐ πολλοῦ διελθόντος</b> (χρῆν γ. Κανδαύλῃ γενέσθαι κακῶς) <b class="b3"> ἔλεγε πρὸς τὸν Γύγην τοιάδε, Γύγη, οὐ γ. σε δοκέω πείθεσθαι . .</b> (ὦτα γ. τυγχάνει κτλ.) <b class="b3">, ποίει ὅκως</b> . . <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.8</span>. cf. <span class="bibl">6.102</span>, al.; <b class="b3">εἶεν, σὺ γ. τούτων ἐπιστήμων, τί χρὴ ποιεῖν</b>; <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>117a</span>; the principal proposition is sts. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> blended with the causal one, <b class="b3">τῇ δὲ κακῶς γ. ἔδεε γενέσθαι εἶπε</b>, i.e. <b class="b3">ἡ δέ</b> (κακῶς γ. οἱ ἔδεε γενέσθαι) εἶπε <span class="bibl">Hdt. 9.109</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">1.24</span>, <span class="bibl">4.149</span>, <span class="bibl">200</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.1.72</span>, <span class="bibl">8.30</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">c</span> attached to the hypothet. Particle instead of being joined to the apodosis, <b class="b3">οὐδ' εἰ γ. ἦν τὸ πρᾶγμα μὴ θεήλατον, ἀκάθαρτον ὑμᾶς εἰκὸς ἦν οὕτως ἐᾶν</b>, i.e. <b class="b3">οὐδὲ γ. εἰ ἦν</b>... <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>255</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">d</span> repeated, <b class="b3">οὐ γ. οὖν σιγήσομαι· ἔτικτε γ</b>. . . <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">OC</span>980</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ant.</span>659</span> sq., <span class="bibl">1255</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> in elliptical phrases, where that of which <b class="b3">γάρ</b> gives the reason is omitted, and must be supplied, </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">a</span> freq. in Trag. dialogue and Pl., when <b class="b2">yes</b> or <b class="b2">no</b> may be supplied from the context, <b class="b3">καὶ δῆτ' ἐτόλμας τούσδ' ὑπερβαίνειν νόμους;—οὐ γ. τί μοι Ζεὺς ἦν ὁ κηρύξας τάδε</b> [yes], <b class="b2">for</b> it was not Zeus, etc., <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>450</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">OT</span>102</span>, etc.; καλῶς γὰρ αὐτὸς ἠγάνισαι <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Smp.</span>194a</span>; freq. in phrase <b class="b3">ἔστι γ. οὕτω</b> [yes], <b class="b2">for</b> so it is, i. e. yes certainly: <b class="b3">λέγεταί τι καινόν; γένοιτο γ. ἄν τι καινότερον ἢ</b> . . ; [why,] could there be . . ? <span class="bibl">D.4.10</span>; with negs., <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ra.</span>262</span> <b class="b3">τούτῳ γ. οὐ νικήσετε</b> [do so], <b class="b2">yet</b> shall ye never prevail by this means: for <b class="b3">ἀλλὰ γ</b>., v. infr.<span class="bibl">11.1</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> to confirm or strengthen something said, <b class="b3">οἵδ' οὐκέτ' εἰσί· τοῦτο γάρ σε δήξεται</b> [I say this], <b class="b2">for</b> it will sting thee, <span class="bibl">E. <span class="title">Med.</span>1370</span>: after an Exclamation, ὦ πόποι· ἀνάριθμα γ. φέρω πήματα <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>168</span> (lyr.), cf. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hel.</span>857</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">c</span> in conditional propositions, where the condition is omitted, <b class="b2">else</b>, <b class="b3">οὐ γ. ἄν με ἔπεμπον πάλιν</b> (sc. <b class="b3">εἰ μὴ ἐπίστευον</b>) <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>7.6.33</span>; <b class="b3">γίνεται γ. ἡ κοινωνία συμμαχία</b> <b class="b2">for in that case</b>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1280b8</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> in abrupt questions, <b class="b2">why, what</b>, <b class="b3">τίς γ. σε θεῶν ἐμοὶ ἄγγελον ἧκεν</b>; <b class="b2">why</b> who hath sent thee? <span class="bibl">Il.18.182</span>; <b class="b3">πῶς γ. νῦν . . εὕδουσι</b>; <span class="bibl">10.424</span>; <b class="b3">πατροκτονοῦσα γ. ξυνοικήσεις ἐμοί</b>; <b class="b2">what</b>, wilt thou . . ? <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span>909</span>: generally, after interrog. Particles, <b class="b3">ἦ γ</b>. . . ; <b class="b2">what</b>, was it . . ? <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>1000</span>,<span class="bibl">1039</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">τί γ</b>.; <b class="b2">quid enim</b>? i. e. it must be so, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">OC</span>539</span>,<span class="bibl">542</span>,<span class="bibl">547</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">τί γ. δή ποτε</b>; <span class="bibl">D.21.44</span>; also <b class="b3">πῶς γ.; πῶς γ. οὔ</b>;, v. [[πῶς]]. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> to strengthen a wish, c. opt., <b class="b3">κακῶς γ. ἐξόλοιο</b> <span class="title">O</span> that you might perish ! <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Cyc.</span>261</span>; cf. <b class="b3">αἴ, εἰ, εἴθε, πῶς</b>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> joined with other Particles: </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> <b class="b3">ἀλλὰ γ</b>. where <b class="b3">γάρ</b> gives the reason of a clause to be supplied between <b class="b3">ἀλλά</b> and itself, as <b class="b3">ἀλλ' ἐν γὰρ Τρώων πεδίῳ</b> . . but [<b class="b2">far otherwise], for</b>... <span class="bibl">Il.15.739</span>; <b class="b3">ἀλλὰ γὰρ ἥκουσ' αἵδ' ἐπὶ πρᾶγος πικρόν</b> but [<b class="b2">hush], for</b>... <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>861</span>; <b class="b3">ἀλλ' οὐ γ. σ' ἐθέλω</b> . . but [<b class="b2">look out] for</b>... <span class="bibl">Il.7.242</span>; in full, ἀλλ' οὐ γάρ σφιν ἐφαίνετο κέρδιον εἶναι μαίεσθαι προτέρω, τοὶ μὲν πάλιν αὖτις ἔβαινον <span class="bibl">Od.14.355</span>; ἀλλ', οὐ γ. ἔπειθε, διδοῖ τὸ φᾶρος <span class="bibl">Hdt.9.109</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b3">γ. ἄρα</b> <b class="b2">for</b> indeed, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Prt.</span>315d</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Smp.</span>205b</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> <b class="b3">γ. δή</b> <b class="b2">for</b> of course, <b class="b2">for</b> you know, <span class="bibl">Il.2.301</span>,<span class="bibl">23.607</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.34</span>, <span class="bibl">114</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">φάμεν γ. δή</b> <b class="b2">yes</b> certainly we say so, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span>187e</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">164d</span>; οὐ γ. δή <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>46</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> γ. νυ <span class="bibl">Od.14.359</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> <b class="b3">γ. οὖν</b> <b class="b2">for</b> indeed, to confirm or explain, <span class="bibl">Il.15.232</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.5.34</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>489</span>,<span class="bibl">771</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">φησὶ γ. οὖν</b> <b class="b2">yes</b> of course he says so, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span>170a</span>; γ. οὖν δή <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Prm.</span>148c</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">οὐ γ. οὖν</b> ib.<span class="bibl">134b</span>; cf. [[τοιγαροῦν]]. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">6</span> <b class="b3">γ. που</b> <b class="b2">for</b> I suppose, esp. with negs., <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">R.</span>381c</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Phd.</span>62d</span>, etc.; οὐ γ. δήπου <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Prt.</span>309c</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">7</span> <b class="b3">γ. ῥα</b>, = [[γὰρ ἄρα]], <span class="bibl">Il.1.113</span>, al. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">8</span> <b class="b3">γ. τε</b>, <span class="bibl">23.156</span>; also τε γ. <span class="bibl">D.19.159</span>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1333a2</span>, al. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">9</span> <b class="b3">γ. τοι</b> <b class="b2">for</b> surely... <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hel.</span>93</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Supp.</span>564</span>, etc.; οὐ γ. τοι <span class="bibl">Od.21.172</span>, etc.; cf. [[τοιγάρτοι]]. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">B</span> POSITION: <b class="b3">γάρ</b> prop. stands after the first word in a clause, but in Pocts it freq. stands third or fourth, when the preceding words are closely connected, as <b class="b3">ὁ μὲν γὰρ</b> . . <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>764</span>; <b class="b3">χἠ ναῦς γὰρ</b> . . <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ph.</span>527</span>; <b class="b3">τό τ' εἰκαθεῖν γὰρ</b> . . <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ant.</span>1096</span>; <b class="b3">τὸ μὴ θέμις γὰρ</b> . . <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span>641</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">753</span>: also in Prose, <b class="b3">τὸ κατ' ἀξίαν γὰρ</b> . . <span class="bibl">Arist. <span class="title">EN</span>1163b11</span>: sts. for metrical reasons, where there is no such connection, as third (<span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>222.729</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>219</span> (all lyr.)), fourth (<span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Av.</span>1545</span>); in later Com. fifth (<span class="bibl">Men.462.2</span>); sixth (<span class="bibl">Antiph.26.22</span>); seventh (<span class="bibl">Men.<span class="title">Epit.</span>531</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Pk.</span>170</span>, <span class="bibl">Athenio 1.5</span>); once sixth in S., καιρὸς καὶ πλοῦς ὅδ' ἐπείγει γὰρ κατὰ πρύμναν <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ph.</span>1451</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> inserted before the demonstr. <b class="b3">-ί</b>, as <b class="b3">νυνγαρί</b> for <b class="b3">νυνὶ γάρ</b>; cf. [[νυνί]]. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">C</span> QUANTITY: <b class="b3">γάρ</b> is sts. long in Hom. metri gr., θήσειν γὰρ ἔτ' ἔμελλεν <span class="bibl">Il.2.39</span>; φωνῆς γὰρ ἤκουσα <span class="bibl"><span class="title">h.Cer.</span>57</span>.—In Att. always short: <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span>366</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">V.</span>217</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Lys.</span>20</span> are corrupt.</span>

|mdlsjtxt=<br />for, Lat. [[enim]], and like it, [[regularly]] placed [[after]] the [[first]] [[word]] of a [[sentence]]: to [[introduce]] the [[reason]]:<br /><b class="num">I.</b> ARGUMENTATIVE, to [[introduce]] the [[reason]] for a [[statement]], [[which]] [[usually]] precedes:—[[when]] it precedes the [[statement]], it may be rendered [[since]], as, Ἀτρείδη, πολλοὶ γὰρ τεθνᾶσιν Ἀχαιοί, χρὴ πόλεμον παῦσαι Il.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> the [[statement]] of [[which]] γάρ gives the [[reason]] may be omitted, οὐ γάρ τί μοι [[Ζεὺς]] ἦν ὁ κηρύξας [[τάδε]] [yes], for it was not [[Zeus]], etc., Soph.; ἔστι γὰρ [[οὕτω]] [yes], for so it is, i. e. yes [[certainly]], Plat.; οἵδ' οὐκέτ' [[εἰσί]]: [[τοῦτο]] γάρ σε δήξεται [I say [[this]], for it [[will]] [[sting]] thee, Eur.: —in Conditional Propositions, [[where]] the Condition is omitted, it may be transl. for [[otherwise]], [[else]], οὐ γὰρ ἄν με ἔπεμπον [[πάλιν]], (sc. εἰ μὴ ἐπίστευον), Xen.<br /><b class="num">II.</b> EPEXEGETIC, [[where]] γάρ is used to [[begin]] a promised [[narration]], λεκτέα ἃ [[γιγνώσκω]]: [[ἔχει]] γὰρ ἡ [[χώρα]] πεδία [[κάλλιστα]] I must [[relate]] [[what]] I [[know]]; now, the [[country]] has [[most]] [[beautiful]] plains, Xen.; so, [[after]] the introductory forms, σκέψασθε δέ, δῆλον δέ, [[τεκμήριον]] δέ, [[μαρτύριον]] δέ, μέγιστον δέ, Plat., etc.; [[τούτου]] δὲ [[τεκμήριον]]: [[τόδε]] γάρ . . , Hdt.:—in ἀλλὰ γάρ, a [[clause]] must be supplied [[between]] [[ἀλλά]] and γάρ, as, ἀλλὰ γὰρ [[ἤκουσα]] but [say no [[more]], for I [[heard]], Aesch.<br /><b class="num">III.</b> STRENGTHENING,<br /><b class="num">1.</b> a [[question]], like Lat. nam, Engl. why, [[what]], τίς γάρ σε ἧκεν; why who hath sent thee? Il.; τί γάρ; [[quid]] [[enim]]? i. e. it must be so, Soph.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> a [[wish]], with the opt., [[κακῶς]] γὰρ ἐξόλοιο O that you [[might]] [[perish]]! Eur.; in Hom. [[mostly]] αἲ γάρ, [[attic]] εἰ or [[εἴθε]] γάρ, Lat. [[utinam]], O that! so also πῶς γάρ would that.