πνεῦμα: Difference between revisions

|Definition=ατος, τό, (πνέω) <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> <b class="b2">blast, wind</b>, first in <span class="bibl">Anaximen.2</span>, <b class="b3">ὅλον τὸν κόσμον π. καὶ ἀὴρ περιέχει</b>: freq. in Trag., etc., ἀνέμων πνεύματα πάντων <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>1086</span> (anap.), cf. <span class="bibl">1047</span> (anap.); θαλάσσας… πνεύματι λάβρῳ <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Pers.</span>110</span>(lyr.); πνευμάτων ἐπομβρίᾳ <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Fr.</span>300.3</span>; τέως δὲ κούφοις πνεύμασιν βόσκου <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>558</span>; πνεύμασιν θαλασσίοις ἐξωσθέντες <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Cyc.</span> 278</span> (but <b class="b3">πνοή</b> is commoner in Poets; Hom. uses <b class="b3">πνοιή</b>) ; πνεύματα ἀνέμων <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.16</span>.ά; τὸ π. κατῄει <span class="bibl">Th.2.84</span>; <b class="b3">κατὰ πρύμναν ἵσταται τὸ π</b>. ib.<span class="bibl">97</span>; τὸ π. λεῖον καὶ καθεστηκὸς λαβεῖν <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ra.</span>1003</span>; τὸ π. ἔλαττον γίγνεται <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Eq.</span>441</span>; εἰ φορὸν π. εἴη <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>6.2.27</span>; <b class="b3">κατὰ πνεῦμα στῆναι τοῦ ἄρρενος</b> to <b class="b2">leeward</b> of him, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">HA</span>560b14</span>; but <b class="b3">κατὰ π. προσιόντες</b> down <b class="b2">wind</b>, ib.<span class="bibl">535a19</span>; <b class="b3">πνεύματος ἀνείλησις, ἐκπύρωσις</b>, <span class="bibl">Epicur. <span class="title">Ep.</span>2pp.44,45</span> U.; as an element, <b class="b2">air</b>, <span class="bibl">Corp.Herm.1.9</span>, <span class="bibl">16</span>; τὸ π. τὸ περὶ τὴν ψυχήν <span class="bibl">Plot.2.2.2</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Porph.<span class="title">Sent.</span>29</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> metaph., <b class="b3">θαλερωτέρῳ π</b>. with more genial <b class="b2">breeze</b> or <b class="b2">influence</b>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>708</span>(lyr.); λύσσης π. μάργῳ <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Pr.</span>884</span>(anap.); <b class="b3">αἰδοίῳ π. χώρας</b> with <b class="b2">air</b> or <b class="b2">spirit</b> of respect on the part of the country, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Supp.</span>29</span>(anap.); <b class="b3">π. ταὐτὸν οὔποτ'… ἐν ἀνδράσιν φίλοις βέβηκεν</b> <b class="b2">the wind</b> is constantly changing even among friends, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>612</span>; π. συμφορᾶς <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">IT</span>1317</span>; ὅταν θεοῦ σοι π. μεταβαλὸν τύχῃ <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">HF</span>216</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> <b class="b2">breathed air, breath</b>, σάλπιγξ βροτείου πνεύματος πληρουμένη <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Eu.</span>568</span>; <b class="b3">αὐλῶν, λωτοῦ π</b>., <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ba.</span>128</span>(lyr.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ph.</span>787</span> (lyr., pl.); <b class="b3">π. ἀπέρρηξεν βίου</b> <b class="b2">the breath</b> of life, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span>507</span>; π. ἀπώλεσεν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Th.</span>984</span> (lyr.); <b class="b3">π. ἄθροισον</b> collect <b class="b2">breath</b>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ph.</span>851</span>; <b class="b3">π. ἀφεῖναι, ἀνεῖναι, μεθεῖναι</b>, to give up <b class="b2">the ghost</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Hec.</span>571</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Or.</span>277</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Tr.</span>785</span> (anap.); π. δειμαίνων λιπεῖν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Supp.</span>554</span>; π.… δυσῶδες ἠφίει <span class="bibl">Th.2.49</span>; <b class="b3">πνεύματος διαρροαί</b> the wind-pipe, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hec.</span>567</span>; τὰς τοῦ π. διεξόδους ἀποφράττον <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ti.</span>91c</span> (v. <b class="b3">πνεύμων</b>) ; πνεύματος ῥώμη Plu.2.804b: prov., <b class="b3">ἄνθρωπός ἐστι πνεῦμα καὶ σκιὰ μόνον</b> <b class="b2">human being is only a breath and a shadow</b> <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>13</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b2">breathing, respiration</b>, freq. in Hp., <b class="b3">π. πυκνόν, ἀραιόν, ἐκτεῖνον, κατεπεῖγον</b>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Epid.</span>2.3.7</span>; π. πυκνότερον <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Acut.</span>16</span>; <b class="b3">π. προσκόπτον</b> checked, difficult <b class="b2">breathing, Aph</b>.<span class="bibl">4.68</span>; <b class="b3">π. ἄσημον</b> indistinct, feeble <b class="b2">breathing, Epid</b>.<span class="bibl">6.7.8</span>; π. βηχῶδες <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Coac.</span>622</span>; <b class="b3">π. μετέωρον</b> shallow <b class="b2">breathing, Epid</b>.<span class="bibl">2.3.1</span>; <b class="b3">τὸ π. ἔχειν ἄνω</b> to be out of <b class="b2">breath</b>, <span class="bibl">Men.23</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Sosicr.1</span>; <b class="b3">τὸ π. ἀνήνεγκαν</b> recovered their <b class="b2">breath</b>, <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Prorrh.</span>2.12</span> (so without τὸ π. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Aph.</span>2.43</span>); but <b class="b3">ἀναφέρουσιν… κλαίοντά τε καὶ ἐς τὰς ῥῖνας ἀνέλκοντα τὸ π</b>. they <b class="b2">sob…</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Hebd.</span>51</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> pl., of the air imagined as filling the veins, <b class="b3">πνευμάτων ἀπολήψιες ἀνὰ φλέβας</b> Id.<b class="b2">Acut.(Sp.)</b><span class="bibl">7</span>,al. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> <b class="b2">flatulence</b>, in pl., <span class="bibl">Eub.107.9</span>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pr.</span> 948b25</span>, Dsc.2.112, <span class="bibl">D.L.6.94</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> <b class="b2">breath of life</b>, π. ζωῆς <span class="bibl">LXX<span class="title">Ge.</span>6.17</span>, <span class="bibl">7.15</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Per.</span>13</span>,etc.; <b class="b3">π. ἔχειν</b> retain <b class="b2">life</b>, <span class="bibl">Plb.31.10.4</span>; <b class="b2">living being</b>, ἐγὼ Νίνος πάλαι ποτ' ἐγενόμην π. <span class="bibl">Phoen.1.16</span>; <b class="b3">οὐ π. πάντα βρότεια σοὶ</b> (sc. <b class="b3">Πλούτωνι</b>) νέμεται; <span class="title">IG</span>14.769 (Naples). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> <b class="b2">that which is breathed forth</b> or <b class="b2">exhaled, odour</b>, ὦ θεῖον ὀδμῆς π. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hipp.</span>1391</span>; <b class="b3">π. βαρὺ ἀφιεῖσα</b>, of a tree, Plu.2.647b. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">6</span> Gramm., <b class="b2">breathing with which a vowel is pronounced</b>, ib. 1009e (pl.), <span class="bibl">A.D.<span class="title">Adv.</span>147.18</span>; <b class="b3">π. δασύ, ψιλόν</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Pron.</span> 78.6</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Adv.</span>148.9</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">III</span> <b class="b2">divine inspiration</b>, ἄγρια… πνεύματα θευφορίης <span class="title">AP</span>6.220.4 (Diosc.); εἰ μή τι θεῖον… ἐνῆν π. τῇ ψυχῇ <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ax.</span>370c</span>; τὸ ἱερὸν καὶ δαιμόνιον ἐν μούσαις π. Plu.2.605a; καθαρὸν δίκαιον… π. θεοῦ σωτῆρος <span class="title">BMus.Inscr.</span>1062(Cyrene, ii A. D.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">IV</span> the <b class="b2">spirit</b> of God, π. θεοῦ <span class="bibl">LXX<span class="title">Ge.</span>1.2</span>, etc.: freq. in <b class="b2">NT</b>, τὸ π. τὸ ἅγιον <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Marc.</span>3.29</span>,al. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b2">spirit</b> of man, εἴτ' ἐστὶ τοῦτο π. θεῖον εἴτε νοῦς <span class="bibl">Men.482.3</span>: in <b class="b2">NT</b>, opp. <b class="b3">ψυχή</b>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">1 Ep.Thess.</span>5.23</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ep.Rom.</span>8.2</span>; <b class="b3">τῷ π</b>., opp. <b class="b3">τῷ σώματι</b>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">1 Ep.Cor.</span>5.3</span>; also, opp. <b class="b3">γράμμα</b>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ep.Rom.</span>2.29</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">V</span> <b class="b2">spiritual</b> or <b class="b2">immaterial being, angel</b>, Ep.Hebr.1.14, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Apoc.</span>1.4</span>; <b class="b3">τὰ ἄχραντα π., τὰ</b> <b class="b3">κακὰ π</b>., <span class="bibl">Iamb.<span class="title">Myst.</span>3.31</span>; <b class="b3">π. πονηρόν, ψευδές</b>, <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Jd.</span>9.23</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">3 Ki.</span>22.21</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Act.Ap.</span>19.12</span>, <span class="bibl">15</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Apoc.</span>16.14</span>, Porph. ap. <span class="bibl">Eus.<span class="title">PE</span>4.23</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">ἀλάλου καὶ κακοῦ π. οὖσα πλήρης</b> (sc. <b class="b3">ἡ Πυθία</b>) Plu.2.438b. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">VI</span> Rhet., <b class="b2">sentence declaimed in one breath</b>, <span class="bibl">Hermog.<span class="title">Inv.</span>3.10</span>,<span class="bibl">4.4</span>,al.</span>

|astxt=[[πνεῦμα]], -τος, τό, [in LXX [[chiefly]] and [[very]] freq. for רוּחַ;] <br /><b class="num">1.</b>of [[air]] in [[motion]];<br /><b class="num">(a)</b>[[wind]]: Jo 3:8; pl., He 1:7 (LXX); <br /><b class="num">(b)</b>[[breath]]: π. ζωῆς, Re 11:11; π. [[τοῦ]] στόματος, [[fig]]., II Th 2:8 (cf. Ps 32 (33)6). <br /><b class="num">2.</b>Of the [[vital]] [[principle]], the [[spirit]] (Arist., Polyb., al.): Lk 8:55, Jo 19:30, Ac 7:59, al.; opp. to [[σάρξ]], Mt 26:41, Mk 14:38, I Co 5:5, al.; to [[σῶμα]], Ro 8:10, I Co 6:17 7:34, I Pe 4:6; to [[ψυχή]], Phl 1:27, He 4:12; τὸ π. καὶ ἡ ψ. καὶ τ. [[σῶμα]], I Th 5:23 (M, Th., in l.); dat., τῷ π., in [[spirit]], Mk 2:8 8:12, Jo 11:33 13:21, Ac 18:25, Ro 12:11, I Co 7:34, I Pe 3:18, al.; of the [[human]] [[spirit]] of Christ, Ro 1:4, I Ti 3:16. <br /><b class="num">3.</b>[[spirit]], i.e. [[frame]] of [[mind]], [[disposition]], [[influence]]: Lk 1:17, Ro 8:15, I Co 4:21, Gal 6:1, Eph 2:2, II Ti 1:7, I Jo 4:6, al. <br /><b class="num">4.</b>An [[incorporeal]] [[being]], a [[spirit]]: Lk 24:37, 39 Ac 23:8; π. ὁ [[θεός]], God is [[spirit]], Jo 4:24; πατὴρ [[τῶν]] π., He 12:9; of [[disembodied]] [[human]] beings, He 12:23, I Pe 3:19 (ICC, in l.; DB, iii, 795); of angels. He 1:14; of demons or [[evil]] spirits, Mt 8:16, Mk 9:20, Lk 9:39, al.; π. πύθυωνα, Ac 16:16; πνεύματα δαιμονίων, Re 16:14; π. δαιμονίου ἀκαθάρτου, Lk 4:33; π. ἀσθενείας (Bl., §35, 5), Lk 13:11; π. ἀκάθαρτον, Mt 10:1, Mk 1:23, Lk 4:36, Ac 5:16; π. ἄλαλον (καὶ κωφόν), Mk 9:17, 25; πονηρόν, Lk 7:21, Ac 19:12, al. <br /><b class="num">5.</b>Of the Holy Spirit, π. ἅγιον, τὸ ἅ. π., τὸ π. τὸ ἅ. τὸ π., π. (the [[article]] as a [[rule]] [[being]] used [[when]] the Spirit is regarded as a Person or a Divine Power, and omitted [[when]] the [[reference]] is to an [[operation]], [[influence]] or [[gift]] of the Spirit; v. WM, 151:5; Bl., §46, 7): anarth., Mt 1:18 3:11, 16 4:1, Mk 1:8 (Swete, in l.), ib.10, Lk 1:15, Jo 7:39, Ac 19:2, Ro 5:5, I Co 2:4, al.; c. [[art]]., Mt 4:1 12:31, 32 Mk 1:10 3:29, Lk 2:26, Jo 7:36 14:26, Ac 4:31 5:3, Ro 8:16, al.; (τὸ) π. ([[τοῦ]]) θεοῦ, Mt 3:16, Ro 8:9, Eph 3:16, I Jo 4:2, al.; τὸ π. τ. πατρός, Mt 10:20; π. θεοῦ ζῶντος, II Co 3:3; (τὸ) π. [[τοῦ]] κυρίου, Lk 4:18, Ac 5:9 8:39; τὸ π. Ἰησοῦ, Ac 16:7; Χριστοῦ, Ro 8:9; Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, Phl 1:19; τὸ π. τ. ἀληθείας, Jo 15:26 16:13, I Jo 4:6; λείγει (μαρτυρεῖ) τὸ π. (τὸ ἅγιον), Ac 21:11 28:25, I Ti 4:1, He 3:7 10:15, Re 14:13; seq. τ. ἐκκλησίαις,Re 2:7, 11 17, 29, 3:6, 12, 22; ἐν τ. π., Lk 2:27; κατὰ [[πνεῦμα]], Ro 8:4, 5; ἐξ ὕδατος καὶ π., Jo 3:5, διὰ πνεύματος αἰωνίου, He 9:14; ἐν ἁγιασμῷ πνεύματος, II Th 2:13, I Pe 1:2; ἓν π., I Co 12:13, Eph 2:18 4:4; ὁ δὲ [[κύριος]] τὸ π. ἐστιν, II Co 3:17; of [[that]] [[which]] is effected or governed by the Spirit, opp. to [[γράμμα]], Ro 2:29 7:6, II Co 3:6. SYN.: [[νοῦς]], [[which]] in NT is contrasted [[with]] π. as "the [[action]] of the [[understanding]] in [[man]] [[with]] [[that]] of the [[spiritual]] or [[ecstatic]] [[impulse]]" (DB, iv, 612); [[ψυχή]]— the [[usual]] [[term]] in cl. psychology—in NT, "expresses [[man]] as [[apart]] [[from]] God, a [[separate]] [[individual]], π. expresses [[man]] as [[drawing]] his [[life]] [[from]] God" (DB, 1-vol., 872).

|elrutext='''πνεῦμα:''' ατος τό<br /><b class="num">1)</b> веяние, дуновение, порыв (ἀνέμων Aesch.; перен. συμφορᾶς Eur.): [[ὥσπερ]] π. ἢ [[καπνός]] Plat. словно дуновение или дым; λύσσης π. Aesch. вспышка бешенства;<br /><b class="num">2)</b> ветер (πνεύματα θαλάσσια Eur.; τὸ π. [[ὅπου]] θέλει πνεῖ NT);<br /><b class="num">3)</b> дыхание: π. βίου Aesch. дыхание жизни, жизнь; π. ἀθροίζειν Eur. переводить дыхание; πνεύματος διαρροαί Eur. дыхательные пути, перен. горло;<br /><b class="num">4)</b> дух, жизнь: π. ἀνιέναι (ἀφιέναι, μεθιέναι) Aesch. испускать дух, умирать; τὸ π. ἔχειν διά τινα Polyb. быть обязанным кому-л. жизнью;<br /><b class="num">5)</b> расположенность, благосклонность (ἐν [[ἀνδράσι]] φίλοις Soph.): [[αἰδοῖον]] π. χώρας Aesch. гостеприимство (досл. почтительная благосклонность) страны;<br /><b class="num">6)</b> испарение, тж. запах, аромат ([[θεῖον]] ὀδμῆς π. Eur.; π. [[βαρύ]] Plut.);<br /><b class="num">7)</b> звук(и), звучание, глас (Φρυγίων αὐλῶν π. Eur.);<br /><b class="num">8)</b> филос., миф. духовное начало, дух ([[θεῖον]] π. Plat.; [[δαιμόνιον]] π. Plut.; π. ἀκάθαρτον NT);<br /><b class="num">9)</b> (о животных) чутье: κατὰ π. τινος [[στῆναι]] Arst. находиться в пределах чьего-л. чутья;<br /><b class="num">10)</b> pl. ветры (τὰ πνεύματα ἀποκρίνεσθαι Diog. L.);<br /><b class="num">11)</b> рит. нарастание, градация;<br /><b class="num">12)</b> грам. придыхание Plut.;<br /><b class="num">13)</b> грам. знак придыхания: π. [[δασύ]] ([[spiritus]] [[asper]]) густое придыхание; π. [[ψιλόν]] ([[spiritus]] [[lenis]]) тонкое придыхание.