γράμμα: Difference between revisions

|Definition=ατος, τό, Dor. γράθμα, prob. in <span class="title">IG</span>4.506 (Heraeum, vi/v B. C.), cf. <span class="title">An.Ox.</span>1.102, but γράσσμα, <span class="title">IG</span>4.554 (Argos, v B. C.): late Aeol. pl. γρόππατα, <span class="title">Epigr.Gr.</span>990.11 (Balbilla): (γράφω):— <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> <b class="b2">that which is drawn</b>: pl., <b class="b2">lines of a drawing, picture</b>, etc., <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ion</span>1146</span> (of tapestry), <span class="bibl">Theoc.15.81</span>; <b class="b2">picture</b>, Ἀπέλλεω γ. <span class="bibl">Herod.4.73</span>, cf. <span class="title">AP</span> 6.352 (Erinna): sg., <b class="b2">drawing, picture</b>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>472d</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Cra.</span>430e</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">431c</span>: pl., <b class="b2">figures</b> in a picture, <span class="bibl">Procop.Gaz.<span class="title">Ecphr.</span>p.157B.</span> </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> <b class="b2">written character, letter</b>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.139</span>, <span class="bibl">148</span>, etc.: in pl., <b class="b2">letters, characters</b>, γραμμάτων τε συνθέσεις <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>460</span>; πηλίκοις γ. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ep.Gal.</span>6.11</span>; <b class="b2">the letters, the alphabet</b>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.5.58</span>; τὰ γ. καὶ τὰς συλλαβάς <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Cra.</span>390e</span>; γ. Φοινίκια <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>514</span>; <b class="b3">Ἀσσύρια, Ἑλληνικά</b>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.4.87</span>; γράμματα ἐπίστασθαι <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>689d</span>; <b class="b3">μαθεῖν</b> to have learnt <b class="b2">to read</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Prt.</span> 325e</span>; γ. μὴ εἰδέναι <span class="title">SIG</span>2844.6; <b class="b3">ἐδίδασκες γράμματα, ἐγὼ δ' ἐφοίτων</b> you <b class="b2">kept school</b>—I went there, <span class="bibl">D.18.265</span>; ἤτοι τέθνηκεν ἢ διδάσκει γ. <span class="title">Com.Adesp.</span>20; παιδεύειν γράμματα <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1337b24</span>; <b class="b3">τέχνη ἡμῶν γ</b>. our profession is that of the <b class="b2">scribe</b>, PTeb.316.16 (i A. D.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> <b class="b2">articulate sound, letter</b>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phlb.</span>18c</span>; τὰ γ. πάθη ἐστὶ τῆς φωνῆς <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pr.</span>895a12</span>; <b class="b3">γράμματα φθέγγεσθαι</b> ib.<span class="bibl">8</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PA</span>660a5</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">c</span> <b class="b3">παρὰ γράμμα λέγοντα… σκοπεῖν</b> <b class="b2">etymologically</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">MM</span>1185b39</span>; <b class="b3">τὰ παρὰ γ. σκώμματα</b> puns, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Rh.</span>1412a28</span>; but <b class="b3">ἀρετὴν παρὰ γ. διώκοντες</b>, with ref. to <b class="b3">Νικαρέτη</b>, the mistress of Stilpo, Crates Theb.1. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">d</span> <b class="b2">inscription</b>, τὸ Δελφικὸν γ. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>229e</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Chrm.</span>164d</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>4.2.24</span>, etc., <span class="title">IG</span> 2.2876, al.: prov., εἰς πέλαγος… γράμματα γράψαι <span class="title">Epigr.Gr.</span>1038.8 (Attalia). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> in pl., <b class="b2">notes</b> in music, <span class="title">AP</span>11.78 (Lucill.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> mathematical <b class="b2">diagram</b>, Epigr. ap. <span class="bibl">D.L.8.12</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> <b class="b2">letter</b> inscribed on the lots which the <b class="b3">δικασταί</b> drew, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pl.</span>277</span>, al., <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Ath.</span>64.4</span>; practically, = <b class="b2">division</b> of dicasts, ἐν ὁποίῳ γ. δειπνεῖ <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ec.</span>683</span>; <b class="b3">ἁ κατὰ γράμμα φυλακά</b> the <b class="b2">roster</b> of guards, <span class="title">SIG</span>569.21 (Cos, iii B. C.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> <b class="b2">quarters</b> of a town, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PRein.</span>49.2</span>; <b class="b2">accent</b>, EM240.42, Zonar. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> a small weight, <span class="bibl">1</span>/<span class="bibl">24</span> <b class="b2">ounce, scruple</b>, Androm. ap. Gal.13.114, <span class="title">Gp.</span>7.13.2, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PLips.</span>62 ii 27</span> (iv A. D.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">III</span> in pl., <b class="b2">set of written characters, piece of writing</b>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.124</span>: hence, <b class="b2">letter</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.5.14</span>, <span class="title">IG</span>22.103.8, etc.; γραμμάτων πτυχαί <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>144</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">IT</span>594</span>, al., <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ep.</span>347c</span>; <b class="b2">inscription, epitaph</b>, etc., ἐκόλαψε ἐς τὸν τάφον γράμματα λέγοντα τάδε <span class="bibl">Hdt. 1.187</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">4.91</span>, <span class="bibl">And.3.12</span>, <span class="bibl">Theoc.18.47</span>, <span class="title">IG</span>3.751. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b2">papers, documents</b>, <span class="bibl">Antipho 1.30</span>, <span class="bibl">D.36.21</span>, etc. (sg., <span class="bibl">D.Chr.65.14</span>); <b class="b3">τούτων τὰ γ</b>. the <b class="b2">documents to prove</b> this, <span class="bibl">Lys.32.14</span>; τὰ γ. τῆς δίκης <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>772</span>; <b class="b3">τὰ δημόσια γ</b>. the public <b class="b2">records</b>, Decr. ap. <span class="bibl">D.18.55</span>; <b class="b2">title-deeds</b>, <span class="bibl">D.C.65.14</span>; <b class="b2">account</b> of loans, <span class="bibl">D.49.59</span>; ἐπικαρπίαν ἐν γράμμασιν ἀποφέρειν <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Lg.</span>955d</span>; <b class="b2">contract</b> or <b class="b2">estimate</b>, <span class="title">BCH</span>46.323 (Teos); <b class="b2">catalogue</b>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>7.4.12</span>: in sg., <b class="b2">bond, Ev. Luc</b>.<span class="bibl">16.7</span>; <b class="b2">note of hand</b>, <span class="bibl">J.<span class="title">AJ</span>18.6.3</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> a man's <b class="b2">writings</b>, i.e. <b class="b2">book, treatise</b>, τὰ τοῦ Ζήνωνος γ. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Prm.</span>127c</span> (but sg., ib.<span class="bibl">128a</span>): pl., <b class="b2">books</b>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>4.2.1</span>; Πλάτωνος τὸ περὶ ψυχῆς γ. <span class="bibl">Call.<span class="title">Epigr.</span>25</span>, cf. <span class="title">AP</span>9.63 (Asclep.), Gal.18(2).928; <b class="b3">τὰ ἱερὰ γ</b>. the Holy <span class="title">Scriptures</span>, <span class="title">OGI</span>56.36 (iii B. C.), <span class="bibl">Ph.2.574</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">2 Ep.Ti.</span>3.15</span>, <span class="bibl">J.<span class="title">Ap.</span>1.10</span>; <b class="b3">ἱερὰ γ</b>., = Imperial <b class="b2">rescripts</b>, IG12(5).132 (Paros, iii A. D.); = <b class="b2">hieroglyphics</b>, <span class="title">OGI</span>90.54 (Rosetta, ii B. C.): in sg., the <span class="title">Law</span> of Moses, <span class="title">Ep.Rom.</span>2.27, al.; opp. <b class="b3">πνεῦμα</b>, ib.29: sg., <b class="b2">article</b> of a treaty, <span class="bibl">Th. 5.29</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> <b class="b2">laws</b> or <b class="b2">rules</b>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>425b</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Plt.</span>292a</span>, al., <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ec.</span>1050</span>; <b class="b3">κατὰ γράμματα ἄρχειν</b>, opp. <b class="b3">ἄνευ γραμμάτων</b>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Plt.</span>293a</span>; ἡ κατὰ γ. καὶ νόμους πολιτεία <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1286a15</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">1272a38</span>: <b class="b3">οἱ κατὰ γ. νόμοι</b>, opp. <b class="b3">οἱ κατὰ τὰ ἔθη</b>, ib.<span class="bibl">1287b5</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Plt.</span>299d</span>; κατὰ γράμματα ἰατρεύεσθαι <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1287a34</span>; <b class="b3">ἡ ἐκ τῶν γ. θεραπεία</b> ib.<span class="bibl">40</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">IV</span> in pl., also, <b class="b2">letters, learning</b>, ἀπείρους γραμμάτων <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ap.</span>26d</span>, etc.</span>

|ptext=[[https://www.translatum.gr/images/pape/pape-01-0504.png Seite 504]] τό, 1) das Eingegrabene; bes. <b class="b2">Buchstabe</b>, Aesch. Spt. 734; Her. 4, 87; Thuc. 4, 50; Plat. Crat. 423 e u. öfter; auch andere <b class="b2">Zeichen</b>, z. B. musikalische, Lucill. 18 (XI, 78); Accent, E. M. 240, 42; – γράμματα διδάσκειν, z. B. Men. fr. inc. 154; Theocr. 24, 103; Dem. 18, 265; μανθάνειν, z. B. Theophil. com. fr. 1; die ersten Unterrichtsgegenstände, Elementarunterricht in Lesen u. Schreiben; oft bei Plat.; Legg. VII, 810 a γράμματα χρὴ τὸ [[μέχρι]] τοῦ γράψαι τε καὶ ἀναγνῶναι δυνατὸν εἶναι διαπονεῖν; οἱ τὰ γράμματα φαῦλοι Phaedr. 242 c. – 2) alles Geschriebene, <b class="b2">Buch</b>, Schriftwerk; γράμματα πολλὰ ποιητῶν τε καὶ σοφιστῶν Xen. Mem. 4, 2, 1; = συγγράμματα ib. 10; <b class="b2">Brief</b>, gew. im plur., παρὰ τοῦ βασιλέως γράμμαθ' ἥκει σοι Philem. fr. inc. 50; τέχνην ἐν γράμμασι καταλιπεῖν, <b class="b2">schriftlich</b>, Plat. Phaedr. 275 c; λόγῳ καὶ γράμμασι νομοθετεῖν Rep. IV, 425 b; ἐν γράμμασι λέγειν Legg. XII, 968 d;<b class="b2"> Wissenschaft</b>, γραμμάτων ἄπειρον εἶναι Apol. 26 d; Sp; doch heißen die höheren Wissenschaften gew. μαθήματα. – <b class="b2">Inschrift</b>, Her. 1, 187. 4, 91; γράμματα ἐν στήλῃ γεγραμμένα Plat. Critia. 119 c u. sonst oft; selten sing., wie Xen. Mem 4, 2, 24; vgl. Theocr. 23, 46; – <b class="b2">Gemälde</b>, 15, 81, wie Eur. Ion 1146; Plat. Rep. V, 472 d u. Sp.; – <b class="b2">mathemat. Figur</b>, sonst [[διάγραμμα]], D. L. 8, 12; – δημόσια γράμματα, <b class="b2">Akten, Rechnungen, Register</b>; wie bei uns »Papiere« u. »Schriften«, in vielfacher Beziehung. – 3) Bei Geop. ein Gewicht, Skrupel, ¹/₂₄ einer Unze.