κακός: Difference between revisions

|Definition=ή, όν, <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> <b class="b2">bad</b>: </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">I</span> of persons, </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> of appearance, <b class="b2">ugly</b>, εἶδος μὲν ἔην κακός <span class="bibl">Il.10.316</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Paus.8.49.3</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> of birth, <b class="b2">ill-born, mean</b>, γένος ἐστὲ διοτρεφέων βασιλήων... ἐπεὶ οὔ κε κακοὶ τοιούσδε τέκοιεν <span class="bibl">Od.4.64</span>; Ζεὺς δ' αὐτὸς νέμει ὄλβον… ἐσθλοῖς ἠδὲ κακοῖσι <span class="bibl">6.189</span>; οὐ κακὸν οὐδὲ μὲν ἐσθλόν <span class="bibl">22.415</span>; οὐδ' ἐὰν… φανῶ τρίδουλος, ἐκφανῇ κακή <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>1063</span>; <b class="b3">κακός τ' ὢν κἀκ κακῶν</b> ib.<span class="bibl">1397</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> of courage, <b class="b2">craven, base</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.2.365</span>, <span class="bibl">6.489</span>; <b class="b3">κακοῦ τρέπεται Χρὼς ἄλλυδις ἄλλῃ</b> (called <b class="b3">δειλὸς ἀνήρ</b> in the line above) <span class="bibl">13.279</span>; Ἕκτωρ σε κ. καὶ ἀνάλκιδα φήσει <span class="bibl">8.153</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Od.3.375</span>; κ. καὶ ἀνήνορα <span class="bibl">10.301</span>; οἵτινες… ἐγένοντο ἄνδρες κ. ἢ ἀγαθοὶ ἐν τῇ ναυμαχίῃ <span class="bibl">Hdt.6.14</span>; κ. καὶ ἄθυμος <span class="bibl">Id.7.11</span>; <b class="b3">οὐδαμῶν κακίονες</b> ib.<span class="bibl">104</span>; κακοὺς πρὸς αἰχμήν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1306</span>; κακή τ' ἐς ἀλκὴν καὶ σίδηρον εἰσορᾶν <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Med.</span>264</span>; οὐδενὶ ἐπιτρέψοντας κακῷ εἶναι <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>3.2.31</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> <b class="b2">bad</b> of his kind, i. e. <b class="b2">worthless, sorry, unskilled</b>, ἡνίοχοι <span class="bibl">Il. 17.487</span>; [<b class="b3">τοξότης</b>] <b class="b3">ἢ κ. ἢ ἀγαθός</b> ib.<span class="bibl">632</span>; νομῆες <span class="bibl">Od.17.246</span>; <b class="b3">κ. ἀλήτης</b> a <b class="b2">bad</b> beggar, ib.<span class="bibl">578</span>; ἰατρός <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>473</span>; <b class="b3">κυβερνήτης, ναύτης</b>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Supp.</span> 880</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Andr.</span>457</span>; μάγειρος <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>265e</span>: c. acc. modi, <b class="b3">πάντα γὰρ οὐ κακός εἰμι</b> I am not <b class="b2">bad</b> in all things, <span class="bibl">Od.8.214</span>; κ. γνώμην <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>910</span>: also c. dat., κακοὶ γνώμαισι <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Aj.</span>964</span>: c. inf., κ. μανθάνειν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">OT</span>545</span>; [<b class="b3">νῆσος</b>] φυτεύεσθαι κακή <span class="title">Trag.Adesp.</span>393; cf. 11. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> in moral sense, <b class="b2">base, evil</b>, <span class="bibl">Od.11.384</span>, <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>240</span>; opp. <b class="b3">Χρηστός</b>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>520</span>; ὦ κακῶν κάκιστε <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">OT</span>334</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ph.</span>984</span>; πλεῖστον κάκιστος <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">OC</span>744</span>; κ. πρός τινας <span class="bibl">Th.1.86</span>; εἰς φίλους <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Or.</span>424</span> codd.; περὶ τὰ Χρήματα <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Clit.</span> 407c</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">6</span> <b class="b2">wretched</b>, <span class="bibl">Herod.3.42</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> of things, <b class="b2">evil, pernicious</b>, freq. in Hom., etc., as <b class="b3">δαίμων, θάνατος, μοῖρα, αἶσα, κῆρες, νοῦσος, ἕλκος, φάρμακα, ὀδύναι</b>, <span class="bibl">Od.10.64</span>, <span class="bibl">Il.3.173</span>, <span class="bibl">13.602</span>, <span class="bibl">1.418</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.2.316</span>, <span class="bibl">Il.1.10</span>, <span class="bibl">2.723</span>, <span class="bibl">22.94</span>, <span class="bibl">5.766</span>; <b class="b3">Χόλος, ἔρις</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.16.206</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.3.161</span>; <b class="b3">πόλεμος, ἔπος, ἔργα</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.4.82</span>, <span class="bibl">24.767</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.2.67</span>, al.; <b class="b3">ἦμαρ, ἄνεμος</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.9.251</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.5.109</span>; of omens and the like, <b class="b2">unlucky</b>, <b class="b3">ὄρνις, ὄναρ, σῆμα</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.24.219</span>, <span class="bibl">10.496</span>, <span class="bibl">22.30</span>: also in Trag., <b class="b3">κ. τύχη, δαίμων, μόρος</b>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>328</span>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span>354</span>, <span class="bibl">369</span>, etc.; of words, <b class="b2">abusive, foul</b>, κ. λόγοι <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>259</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Tr.</span>461</span>; <b class="b3">κ. ποιμήν</b>, i.e. the storm, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>657</span>: Astrol., <b class="b2">unlucky</b>, τόποι <span class="bibl">Heph.Astr.1.12</span>; <b class="b3">κ. τύχη</b>, name for the sixth region, Paul.Al.<span class="title">M.</span>1. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">B</span> <b class="b3">κακόν, τό</b>, and <b class="b3">κακά, τά</b>, as Subst., <b class="b2">evil, ill</b>, δίδου δ' ἀγαθόν τε κακόν τε <span class="bibl">Od.8.63</span>; ἀθάνατον κακόν <span class="bibl">12.118</span>; ἐκ μεγάλων κακῶν πεφευγέναι <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.65</span>; so <b class="b3">κ. ἄμαχον, ἄπρηκτα</b>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>2.76</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">I.</span>8(7).8</span>; <b class="b3">ἔκπαγλον, ἄφερτον, ἀμήχανον</b>, etc., <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>862</span>, <span class="bibl">1102</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Med.</span>447</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">κακὸν ἥκει τινί</b> there's <b class="b2">trouble</b> in store for some one, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ra.</span>552</span>; <b class="b3">δυοῖν ἀποκρίνας κακοῖν</b> the least of two <b class="b2">evils</b>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>640</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">OC</span>496</span>; <b class="b3">κακῶν Ἰλιάς</b>, v. [[Ἰλιάς; κακόν τι ῥέξαι τινά]] to do <b class="b2">harm</b> or <b class="b2">ill</b> to any one, <span class="bibl">Il.2.195</span>, etc.; πολλὰ κάκ' ἀνθρώποισιν ἐώργει <span class="bibl">Od.14.289</span>; <b class="b3">κακὰ φέρειν, τεύχειν τινί</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.2.304</span>, <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>265</span>; <b class="b3">κακόν τι</b> (or <b class="b3">κακὰ</b>) <b class="b3"> ποιεῖν τινα</b> (v. <b class="b3">δράω, ποιέω, ἐργάζομαι</b>) <b class="b3">; κακὸν πάσχειν ὑπό τινος</b> to suffer <b class="b2">evil</b> from one, <span class="bibl">Th.8.48</span>, etc.: in Trag. freq. repeated, <b class="b3">κακὰ κακῶν</b>, = [[τὰ κάκιστα]], <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>1238</span> (lyr.); εἴ τι πρεσβύτερον ἔτι κακοῦ κακόν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">OT</span>1365</span> (lyr.); δεινὰ πρὸς κακοῖς κακά <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">OC</span>595</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ant.</span>1281</span>; δόσιν κακὰν κακῶν κακοῖς <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span> 1041</span> (lyr.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b3">κακά, τά</b>, <b class="b2">evil words, reproaches</b>, πολλά τε καὶ κακὰ λέγειν <span class="bibl">Hdt.8.61</span>, cf.<span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>571</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>1244</span>,<span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ph.</span>382</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> Philos., <b class="b3">κακόν, τό</b>, <b class="b2">Evil</b>, Stoic.3.18, al., <span class="bibl">Plot.1.8.1</span>, al. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> of a person, <b class="b2">pest, nuisance</b>, τουτὶ παρέξει τὸ κ. ἡμῖν πράγματα <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Av.</span>931</span>; also, comically, <b class="b3">ὅσον συνείλεκται κακὸν ὀρνέων</b> what a <b class="b2">devil</b> of a lot of birds, ib.<span class="bibl">294</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">C</span> degrees of Comparison: </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> regul. Comp. in Ep., κακώτερος <span class="bibl">Od.6.275</span>, <span class="bibl">15.343</span>, <span class="bibl">Theoc.27.22</span>, <span class="bibl">A.R.3.421</span>, etc.: also in late Prose, <span class="bibl">Alciphr.3.62</span>: irreg. <b class="b3">κακίων, ον</b> [with ῐ], <span class="bibl">Od.2.277</span>, <span class="bibl">Thgn.262</span>, etc., with ῑ in Trag., exc. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Fr.</span>546</span> (anap.); κακῑότερος <span class="title">AP</span>12.7 (Strato). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> Sup. κάκιστος Hom., etc.--Cf. also <b class="b3">Χείρων, Χείριστος</b>, and <b class="b3">ἥσσων, ἥκιστος</b>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">D</span> Adv. <b class="b3">κακῶς</b> <b class="b2">ill</b>, ἢ εὖ ἦε κακῶς <span class="bibl">Il.2.253</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">κακῶς ποιεῖν τινα</b> to treat one <b class="b2">ill</b>; <b class="b3">κακῶς ποιεῖν τι</b> to hurt, damage a thing; <b class="b3">κακῶς ποιεῖν τινά τι</b> to do one any evil or harm; <b class="b3">κ. πράσσειν</b> to fare <b class="b2">ill</b>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>266</span>, etc.; κάκιον ἢ πρότερον πράττειν <span class="bibl">And.4.11</span>; κ. ἔχειν <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ra.</span>58</span>, etc.; of illness, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Matt.</span>4.24</span>; rarely κακῶς πάσχειν <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>759</span>, <span class="bibl">1041</span> (anap.); <b class="b3">Χρῆν Κανδαύλῃ γενέσθαι κ</b>. <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.8</span>; κ. ὄλοισθε <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1035</span>, etc.; with play on two senses, ὡς κ. ἔχει ἅπας ἰατρός, ἂν κ. μηδεὶς ἔχῃ <span class="bibl">Philem.Jun.2</span>; <b class="b3">κ. ἐρεῖν τινά, λέγειν τὴν πόλιν</b>, <span class="bibl">Mimn.7.4</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ach.</span>503</span>; <b class="b3">κ. εἰδότες</b>, = [[ἀγνοοῦντες]], <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>2.3.13</span>, <span class="bibl">Isoc.8.32</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Hyp.<span class="title">Eux.</span>33</span>; <b class="b3">κακῶς ἐκπέφευγα</b> I have <b class="b2">barely</b> escaped, <span class="bibl">D.21.126</span>: Comp. κάκιον <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.109</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>428</span>, And.l.c., <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Mx.</span>236a</span>, etc.: Sup. κάκιστα <span class="bibl">Ar. <span class="title">Ra.</span>1456</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Pax</span>2</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>420b</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> Adv. and Adj. freq. coupled in Trag., Att., etc., κακὸν κακῶς νιν… ἐκτρῖψαι βίον <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>248</span>; κακὸς κακῶς ταφήσῃ <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Tr.</span>446</span> (troch.); ἀπό σ' ὀλῶ κακὸν κακῶς <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pl.</span>65</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Eq.</span>189</span>, <span class="bibl">190</span>, <span class="bibl">D.32.6</span>, <span class="bibl">Procop.<span class="title">Pers.</span>1.24</span>; κακοὺς κακῶς ἀπολέσει αὐτούς <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Matt.</span>21.41</span>; κακοὺς κάκιστα <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>839</span>; in reversed order, ὥσπερ ἀξία κακῶς κακὴ θανεῖται <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Tr.</span>1055</span>; with intervening words, κακῶς… ἀπόλλυσθαι κακούς <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1369</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Cyc.</span>268</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span>2</span>. (Perh. cogn. with Avest. <b class="b2">kasu-</b>, Comp. <b class="b2">kasyah-</b>, Sup. <b class="b2">kasišta-</b> 'small', Lith. <b class="b2">nukašëti</b> 'grow feeble, thin', Germ. <b class="b2">hager</b>.) </span>

|ptext=[[https://www.translatum.gr/images/pape/pape-01-1302.png Seite 1302]] ή, όν, <b class="b2">schlecht</b>, im Allgem. Ggstz zu [[ἀγαθός]], was zu vergleichen; – 1) von Zuständen lebendiger Wesen und lebloser Dinge, <b class="b2">schlecht in seiner Art, untauglich</b>, nicht so, wie es seiner Natur od. Bestimmung nach sein könnte oder sollte, κακὰ εἵματα, Hom., von Personen = untüchtig zu einem Geschäft, nichtsnutzig, νομῆες Od. 17, 246; κακὸς δ' [[αἰδοῖος]] [[ἀλήτης]], der verschämte Bettler versteht sein Gewerbe schlecht, ist ein schlechter Landstreicher, 17, 578; so [[ἰατρός]] Aesch. Prom. 471, [[ποιμήν]] Ag. 643; [[ναύτης]], [[κυβερνήτης]], Eur. Andr. 458 Suppl. 880; [[μάγειρος]] Plat. Phaedr. 265 e; nähere Bestimmungen werden im acc. hinzugesetzt, πάντα γὰρ οὐ [[κακός]] εἰμι, μετ' ἀνδράσιν ὅσσοι ἄεθλοι Od. 8, 214; εἰ μὴ 'γὼ κακὸς γνώμην ἔφυν, d. i. wenn ich richtig urtheile, Soph. Phil. 898; κακοὺς πᾶσαν κακίαν Plat. Rep. VI, 490 d; auch dat., κακοὶ γνώμαισιν Soph. Ai. 493, unverständige; mit Präposit., κακὸς περὶ τὰ χρήματα Plat. Clitoph. 407 b; κακὸς εἰς φίλους Eur. Or. 424 Med. 84, wofür Or. 738 φίλοις steht; mit dem inf., κακὸς μανθάνειν Soph. O. R. 545; κακὸς μένειν [[δόρυ]] Eur. Heracl. 744; ὑπουργεῖν, untüchtig zu dienen, Ar. Pax 422. – Bes. a) von Männern u. Kriegern = verzagt, muthlos, untauglich zum Kriege, <b class="b2">feig</b>, Il. 13, 279, Ggstz [[ἀγαθός]], ibd. 284, wie [[ἐσθλός]], 2, 365 u. öfter; καὶ [[ἄναλκις]] 8, 153 Od. 3, 375; κακὸς πρὸς αἰχμήν Soph. Phil. 1290; κακὸς καὶ [[ἄθυμος]] Her. 7, 11, vgl. 104. 8, 68; καὶ [[δειλός]] Plat. Menex. 246 e; οἱ δειλοὶ καὶ ἄφρονες κακοί Gorg. 498 c; Xen. An. 1, 9, 15 u. öfter; οὐδ' ἑνὶ ἐπιτρέψονται κακῷ εἶναι 3, 2, 31, seine Schuldigkeit im Kriege nicht zu thun. – b) von schlechter Herkunft od. Geburt, <b class="b2">niedrig</b>, gemein, arm (vgl. den Ggstz [[ἀγαθός]]); so Od. 6, 187 ἐπεὶ [[οὔτε]] κακῷ οὔτ' ἄφρονι φωτὶ ἔοικας, Ζεὺς δ' αὐτὸς νέμει ὄλβον; 4, 64 ἀνδρῶν [[γένος]] ἐστὲ διοτρεφέων βασιλήων· ἐπεὶ οὔ κε κακοὶ τοιούσδε τέκοιεν; Soph. οὐδ' ἐὰν τρίτης ἐγὼ μητρὸς φανῶ [[τρίδουλος]], ἐκφανεῖ κακή O. R. 1063, du wirst doch nicht gering, aus niederm Stande erscheinen. So auch von Kleidern, κακὰ εἵματα, ärmliche Kleider, Od. 11, 190 u. öfter. – c) von dem Aeußern,<b class="b2"> häßlich</b>; [[εἶδος]] μὲν ἔην [[κακός]], ἀλλὰ [[ποδώκης]] Il. 10, 316, wo Eust. [[δύσμορφος]] erkl., nach der Ansicht der alten Griechen, welche vornehme Geburt, körperliche Wohlgestalt u. kriegerischen Muth als nothwendig vereinigt betrachten; Paus. 8, 49, 3 τὸ δὲ [[εἶδος]] ἦν τοῦ προσώπου [[κακός]]. – d) daran reiht sich dann die in der weitern Entwickelung der Begriffe immer herrschender werdende Bdtg des <b class="b2">sittlich Schlechten, Bösen</b>, bes. niederträchtig, nichtswürdig u. boshaft; einzeln schon bei Hom., ἐν νόστῳ ἀπόλοντο κακῆς ἰότητι γυναικός Od. 11, 383; [[πῆμα]] κακὸς [[γείτων]], ὅσσον τ' ἀγαθὸς μέγ' [[ὄνειαρ]] Hes. O. 344; Ggstz ὁ [[χρηστός]], Soph. Ant. 516 u. gew. in Prosa; κακὸς [[πρός]] τινα, schlecht gesinnt gegen, Thuc. 1, 86. – 2) von Sachen, <b class="b2">unglücklich, schlimm</b>, verderblich, was den Menschen Unglück bringt. So geläufig bei Hom. [[μοῖρα]], αἶσα, κῆρες, [[μόρος]], [[οἶτος]], [[πῆμα]], κήδεα, [[θάνατος]], [[νόσος]], [[ἕλκος]] u. ä.; auch [[χόλος]], [[ἔρις]] u. ä., [[πόλεμος]], [[κυδοιμός]], [[πόνος]], [[φύζα]], auch [[ἄνεμος]], [[θύελλα]]. So auch Tragg., κακὸς [[δαίμων]] Aesch. Pers. 346, [[μόρος]] 361, ἄλγη 831, [[τύχη]], böses Geschick, Unglück, Ag. 1203; Soph. Ai. 316 u. öfter; ἄτη 123; von üblem Ruf, [[δόξα]], Eur. Herc. Fur. 292; [[φάτις]], [[φήμη]], Soph. Ai. 186 Eur. Hel. 621; λόγοι, Schmähreden, Soph. Ant. 259; ῥήματα Ai. 239; ἔπη 1302; anders [[ἄγγελος]] κακῶν ἐπῶν Ant. 274; vgl. Il. 17, 701 κακὸν [[ἔπος]] ἀγγελέοντα, üble Botschaft bringend; von übler Vorbedeutung, [[ὄρνις]] Eur. Hel. 1057; ὁδὸς [[δύσποτμος]] καὶ κακή Soph. O. C. 1435; Odyss. 20, 87 αὐτὰρ ἐμοὶ καὶ ὀνείρατ' ἐπέσσευεν κακὰ [[δαίμων]], unselige Träume; τάδε γ' ὧδε θεοὶ κακὰ τεκμήραντο Iliad. 6, 349. – Substantivisch, τὸ κακόν, Uebel, Unglück, Verderben, bei Hom. oft, δίδου δ' ἀγαθόν τε κακόν τε Od. 8, 63, μέγα γὰρ κακὸν [[ἐγγύθεν]] ἦεν 9, 423, ἀθάνατον κακόν 12, 118, μὴ πού τι κακὸν πάσχωσιν [[ὀπίσσω]] Od. 2, 179, κακὰ πολλὰ μογήσας u. ä., wohin auch κακὰ μήδεσθαί τινι, μητιάαν, ῥάπτειν gehören, wie die bei den Attikern so geläufigen Vrbdgn κακὸν ποιεῖν, ἐργάζεσθαί τινα u. ä., Einem Böses anthun, die alle bei den Verbis angeführt sind; ἄμαχον κακόν Pind. P. 2, 76; ἦρξε τοῦ παντὸς κακοῦ Aesch. Pers. 427; ἄφερτον κακόν Ag. 1073; ἀτηρόν, ἀμήχανον, Eur. Med. 447 Andr. 353; οὐδ' εἴκεις κακοῖς, du weichst nicht dem Unglück, Aesch. Prom. 320; ἀναφυγαὶ κακῶν Ch. 931; ἀναρχίας μεῖζον οὐκ ἔστιν κακόν Soph. Ant. 668; εἰς κακὸν τοὺς φίλους ἄγειν 434; in Prosa, ἐκ κακῶν μεγάλων πεφευγότες Her. 1, 65, vgl. 3, 53; Thuc. 5, 65; ὑπὸ τοῦ κακοῦ νικώμενοι 2, 51; Pol. 5, 11, 1; ὁ τὰ κακὰ ἔχων, der Unglückliche, Plat. Legg. V, 731 d; ἀπαλλαγὴ εἴη κακῶν Rep. X, 610 d; bei Plat. auch im sittlichen Sinne das Böse, Laster, Bosheit; τὰ κακά, Feigheit, Xen. An. 3, 1, 25. – Adv. κακῶς, von Hom. an in denselben Verbdgn wie das adj., Ggstz εὖ, z. B. ἢ εὖ ἠὲ κακῶς νοστήσομεν, unglücklich, Il. 2, 253; κακῶς πράσσειν, Tragg. u. in Prosa, in übler Lage sein, Unglück haben, s. [[πράσσω]]; κακῶς κακῶς Ag. 901 Soph. El. 337; κακῶς δρᾶν, ποιεῖν τινα, Einen schlecht behandeln, mißhandeln, kränken, Tragg. u. in Prosa, κακῶς ποιεῖν τι, beschädigen, verletzen, verderben, κακῶς λέγειν τινά, s. die Verba; κακῶς ζῆν, Plat. Gorg. 512 b, u. sonst in Prosa. – Comparat. κακώτερος, Hom., z. B. πλαγκτοσύνης δ' οὐκ ἔστι κακώτερον ἄλλο βροτοῖσιν, es giebt kein größeres Unglück für die Menschen, Od. 15, 342, u. einzeln bei sp. D., ἄνδρ' ἀγαθὸν γεγαῶτα κακωτέρῳ ἀνέρι εἶξαι Ap. Rh. 3, 421; Theocr. 27, 21; in Prosa erst spät, wie Alciphr. 3, 62. – Gew. compar. [[κακίων]], κάκιον, u. superl. [[κάκιστος]], schon Hom., εἰ [[κακίων]] [[σέθεν]] ἔλθοι Od. 14, 56; κάκιστ' ἀνδρῶν Soph. Phil. 962, [[μόρος]] [[κάκιστος]] Ant. 485, u. sonst bei den Tragg., wie in Prosa, [[ὅστις]] ἐμοῦ κάκιον ἐπαιδεύθη Plat. Menex. 236 a, τὸν [[ἄριστον]] καὶ τὸν κάκιστον ἄνδρα Rep. VIII, 544 a; – [[κακιότερος]] hat Strat. 6 (XII, 7) gebildet. – Der Bdtg nach wird auch [[χείρων]], [[χείριστος]] u. [[ἥσσων]], [[ἥκιστος]] als compar. u. superl. zu [[κακός]] gebraucht, die man vgl. – Zu bemerken ist noch die häufige Verbindung des adj. u. adv., κακὸν κακῶς νιν ἐκτρῖψαι βίον Soph. O. R. 248, κακοὺς κακῶς φθείρειαν Ai. 1370, vgl. Eur. Cycl. 268 Ar. Equ. 2. 189. 190; ἀπό σ' ὀλῶ κακὸν κακῶς Plut. 65, vgl. 418. 879. – In den Zusammensetzungen bezeichnet es zuweilen einen Fehler in dem Zuviel einer Eigenschaft, so daß es für [[ἄγαν]] zu stehen scheint, gew. aber stimmt es in der Bdtg mit δυς-überein u. drückt das Schlechte, Ueble, Unglückliche aus; oft deutet es auch nur an, daß die Sache in zu geringem Maaße vorhanden sei.