εἴρω: Difference between revisions

|Definition=(A), aor. <b class="b3">εἶρα</b> (v. infr.), also <b class="b3">ἔρσα</b> (v. <b class="b3">διείρω</b>):—Pass., pf. part. <b class="b3">ἐρμένος</b> (<b class="b3">ἐν</b>-) <span class="bibl">Hdt.4.190</span>; Ep. <b class="b3">ἐερμένος</b> (v. infr.):—mostly in compds., <b class="b3">ἀν-, δι-, ἐν-, ἐξ-, συν-είρω</b>:—<span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> <b class="b2">fasten together in rows, string</b>, used by Hom. only in Ep. pf. Pass., <b class="b3">ἠλέκτροισιν ἐερμένος</b> [a necklace] [[strung]] with pieces of amber, <span class="bibl">Od.18.296</span>, and plpf. Pass., μετὰ δ' ἠλέκτροισιν ἔερτο <span class="bibl">15.460</span>; <b class="b3">περὶ στήθεσσιν ἔερτο [μίτρη</b>] <span class="bibl">A.R.3.868</span>; <b class="b3">τὸ εὖ εἰρόμενον</b> <b class="b2">a connected system</b>, <span class="bibl">Plot.2.3.7</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> after Hom.in Act., στεφάνους εἴ. <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">N.</span>7.77</span>; εἴ. τὰ θεῖα Plu.2.1029c; [[insert]], εἰς βρόχον εἴρας τὸν τράχηλον Zaleuc. ap. Stob.4.2.19 ad fin., cf. <span class="title">PMag.Par.</span>1.259; esp. in speech, <b class="b2">string together</b>, <b class="b3">ὁ εἴρας καὶ συνυφάνας ἕκαστα [λόγος</b>] <span class="bibl">Ph.1.499</span>; θρῆνον <span class="bibl">J.<span class="title">BJ</span>6.5.3</span>; πολλὰ ὀνόματα <span class="bibl">Philostr.<span class="title">VA</span> 1.20</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">6.17</span>; οἱ μηδὲ δύο σχεδὸν ῥήματα δεξιῶς εἴρειν δυνάμενοι <span class="bibl">S.E. <span class="title">M.</span>1.98</span>:—Pass., <b class="b3">εἰρομένη λέξις</b> [[continuous]], [[running]] style, i.e. not antithetic or with balanced periods, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Rh.</span>1409a29</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b3">εἰρόμενον, τό</b>, '[[dossier]]' of documents, Mitteis <span class="title">Chr.</span>184.9 (iii A.D.); εἰ. τραπεζιτικόν <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PLips.</span>9.22</span>. (Etym. dub., cf. either Lat. [[sero]] or Lith. [[vérti]] 'thread'.)</span><br />(B), <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> [[say]], [[speak]], [[tell]]:—Act. is used by Hom. only in Od., and in <span class="bibl">1</span> pers., μνηστῆρσιν δ'… τάδε εἴρω <span class="bibl">2.162</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">13.7</span>; τὰ δέ τοι νημερτέα εἴρω <span class="bibl">11.137</span>:—Med. in same sense, καὶ εἴρετο δεύτερον αὖτις <span class="bibl">Il.1.513</span>; εἴροντο δὲ κήδε' ἑκάστη <span class="bibl">Od.11.542</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Nic.<span class="title">Th.</span>359</span>:—Pass., 3sg. <b class="b3">εἴρεται</b> <b class="b2">is said</b>, <span class="bibl">Arat.172</span>,<span class="bibl">261</span>: for other forms v. [[ἐρῶ]]. (<b class="b3">ϝέρ</b>-yω, fr. root of <b class="b3">ἐρῶ</b>, q.v.)</span><br />(C), <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> [[ask]]: for Act. forms (stem <b class="b3">ἐρε</b> (ϝ)-), v. [[ἐρέω]] (A): for Med. forms (stems <b class="b3">ἐρε</b> (ϝ)- and <b class="b3">ἐρ</b> (ϝ)-), v. [[ἔρομαι, ἐπείρομαι]].</span>

|etymtx=1.<br />Grammatical information: v.<br />Meaning: <b class="b2">knit together</b>,<br />Other forms: mostly present, aor. <b class="b3">εἶραι</b>, <b class="b3">ἔρσαι</b> (Ion.-Att.; cf. Schwyzer 753), perf. med. Ptz. <b class="b3">ἐερμένος</b>, <b class="b3">εἰρμένος</b> (Ion. etc.), plusquamperf. <b class="b3">ἔερτο</b> (Hom.), perf. act. <b class="b3">δι-εῖρκα</b> (X.) <b class="b2">fit together</b>, mostly with prefix, esp. <b class="b3">συν-είρω</b><br />Compounds: also <b class="b3">ἐν-</b>, <b class="b3">ἀν-</b>, <b class="b3">δι-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐξ-</b> u. a. (Ion.-Att.).<br />Derivatives: <b class="b3">ἕρματα</b> pl. [[earhangers]] (Od.), [[sling]] (Ael.), also <b class="b3">καθέρματα</b> (Anacr.); <b class="b3">ἔνερσις</b> (<b class="b3">ἐνείρω</b>) <b class="b2">fit together</b> (Th. 1, 6), <b class="b3">δίερσις</b> <b class="b2">sting through</b> (hell.); from present <b class="b3">εἱρμός</b> [[connecting]] (Arist.; on spir. asper s. below), <b class="b3">συνειρμός</b> (Demetr. Eloc. 180); - with <b class="b3">ο-</b>Ablaut <b class="b3">ὅρμος</b> [[chain]], [[collar]] (s. v.), from where <b class="b3">ὁρμιά</b>, <b class="b3">ὁρμαθός</b>.<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [911] <b class="b2">*ser-</b> <b class="b2">fit together</b><br />Etymology: Beside the Jot present <b class="b3">εἴρω</b> (as simplex only Pi. and Arist.), with full grade, Latin has [[serō]]; this etymology supposes, that <b class="b3">εἴρω</b> lost the spir. asper, which is understandable as the simplex is rare compared with <b class="b3">συν-είρω</b> etc.; an aspirated <b class="b3">εἵρω</b> is mentioned by EM 304, 30 (s. Solmsen Unt. 292 n. 2). Also the verbal nouns may have the old aspir., if it did not arise sec. before <b class="b3">ρμ</b> (cf. Schwyzer 306). - Traces of the verb and nouns in: Italic, Osc. [[aserum]] [[asserere]], in Celtic OIr. <b class="b2">sern(a)id</b> [[serit]], nasal present, coincided with <b class="b2">sern(a)id</b> [[sternit]] (Thurneysen Grammar 133); further the nouns Skt. [[sarat]] f. [[thread]] (Lex.), OLith. <b class="b2">sėris</b> [[thread]]; further OWNo. [[sørvi]] n. [[collar]] (PGm. <b class="b2">*saru̯ii̯a-</b>), from where the old Germ. word for [[weapon]], [[equipment]], e. g. Goth. [[sarwa]] n. pl. (PGm. <b class="b2">*saru̯a-</b>, IE <b class="b2">*sor-u̯o-</b>; with <b class="b2">*sor-mo-</b> parallel to <b class="b3">ὅρμος</b>); also Toch. A [[sark]], B [[serke]] m. [[wreath]] (Schneider KZ 66, 259, Duchesne-Guillemin BSL 41, 161; IE <b class="b2">*sor-ko-</b>, <b class="b2">*sor-g(h)o-</b>). - The parallel <b class="b3">ἔνερσις</b> = <b class="b2">inserti-ō</b> is due to parallel innovation. - Diff. on <b class="b3">εἴρω</b> Sommer Lautstud. 134. - W.-Hofmann s. [[serō]].<br />2.<br />Grammatical information: v.<br />Meaning: [[say]].<br />Other forms: only 1. sg. pres. (Od.) and 3. sg. <b class="b3">εἶρεν</b> as aorist (B. 16, 20; 74), but <b class="b3">εἴρετο</b> (Α 513), <b class="b3">-οντο</b> (λ 342) rather [[asked]] (cf. Chantr. Gramn. hom. 1, 341 n. 3), <b class="b3">εἴρεται</b> (Arat.) for <b class="b3">εἴρηται</b> as sometimes hell. <b class="b3">εἴρεκα</b> for <b class="b3">εἴρηκα</b> (to <b class="b3">ἐρρέθην</b>), fut. ep. Ion. <b class="b3">ἐρέω</b>, Att. <b class="b3">ἐρῶ</b>, perf. med. <b class="b3">εἴρηται</b> (Il.; Arg. <b class="b3">ϜεϜρημένος</b>, Cret. <b class="b3">Ϝερημένος</b>), with fut. pass. <b class="b3">ει᾽ρήσομαι</b> (ep. Ion. Il.), perf. act. <b class="b3">εἴρηκα</b> (A., Ar.), aor. pass. ptc. <b class="b3">ῥηθείς</b> (Od.), <b class="b3">εἰρέθην</b> (Hdt.; rather with Lejeune Traité de phon. 136 after <b class="b3">εἴρηται</b> than with Schwyzer 654 from <b class="b3">*ἐϜρέθην</b>), Att. <b class="b3">ἐρρήθην</b>, hell. innovation <b class="b3">ἐρρέθην</b>, fut. <b class="b3">ῥηθήσομαι</b> (Att.) - As aorist <b class="b3">εἶπον</b> is used, as present <b class="b3">φημί</b>, <b class="b3">λέγω</b>, hell. also <b class="b3">ἐρῶ</b> (Schwyzer 784 n. 4) with ipf. <b class="b3">ἤρεον</b> (<b class="b3">εἴ-</b>) [[said]] (Hp.).<br />Compounds: Often with prefix: <b class="b3">προ-</b>, <b class="b3">προσ-</b>, <b class="b3">κατ-</b>, also <b class="b3">ἀν-</b>, <b class="b3">ἀπ-</b>, <b class="b3">δι-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐπ-</b>, <b class="b3">συν-</b>, <b class="b3">ὑπ-ερῶ</b> etc.<br />Derivatives: Action nouns: <b class="b3">ῥῆσις</b> (Ion.-Att. φ 291), Arc. <b class="b3">Ϝρῆσις</b> [[pronunciation]], [[speech]] (on the meaning Chantr. Form. 283, further Holt Les noms d'action en <b class="b3">-σις</b> 87f. w. n. 1), often to the prefixed verbs: <b class="b3">ἀνά-</b>, <b class="b3">ἀπό-</b>, <b class="b3">διά-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐπί-</b>, <b class="b3">κατά-</b>, <b class="b3">παρά-</b>, <b class="b3">πρό-</b>, <b class="b3">πρόσ-ρησις</b> (cf. Holt, s. index); <b class="b3">ῥῆμα</b> [[statement]], [[word]], [[story]], as grammatical terminus [[verb]] (Ion. Archil.), also <b class="b3">ἀπό-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐπί-</b>, <b class="b3">πρό-</b>, <b class="b3">πρόσ-ρημα</b>; <b class="b3">ῥήτρα</b>, <b class="b3">-η</b> (ξ 393, X., Dor.), El. <b class="b3">Ϝράτρα</b> *Schwyzer 679), Cypr. with dissim. <b class="b3">Ϝρήτα</b> (from where <b class="b3">εὑϜρητάσατυ</b>) [[agreement]], [[treaty]], [[law]], [[pronunciation]] (Chantr. Form. 333), with <b class="b3">ῥητρεύω</b> [[pronounce]] (Lyc.); on <b class="b3">τρα-</b>suffix cf. <b class="b3">ῥητήρ</b>, <b class="b3">ῥήτωρ</b>. - Agent nouns: <b class="b3">ῥητήρ</b> [[speaker]] (Ι 443), <b class="b3">ῥήτωρ</b> [[speaker]], esp. [[orator]] in state affairs (trag., Att.). - Verbal adj. <b class="b3">ῥητός</b> [[agreed]], [[settled]] (Φ 445 < <b class="b2">*u̯rh₁-tos</b>; cf. Ammann <b class="b3">Μνήμης χάριν</b> 1, 20), <b class="b2">pronounceable, what can be said, rational</b> (A., S.), often opposed to <b class="b3">ἄρρητος</b> (e. g. Hes. Op. 4), <b class="b3">ἀπό-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐπί-</b>, <b class="b3">πρό-ρρητος</b>; <b class="b3">παρα-ρρητός</b> [[convincing]] (Il.; to <b class="b3">παρά-φημι</b>, <b class="b3">-ειπεῖν</b>). - Adv. <b class="b3">δια-ρρήδην</b> [[expressly]] (h. Merc. etc.; Schwyzer-Debrunner 450), <b class="b3">ἐπι-ρρήδην</b> [[open]] (hell.), <b class="b3">ῥήδην</b> only A. D., EM (from <b class="b3">δια-ρρ</b>.). - Note the juridical and official meaning of many of the nouns (cf. the non-Greek cognates below); see Porzig Satzinhalte 265f., Fournier Les verbes "dire" 5ff., 94ff., 224ff.<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1162] <b class="b2">*u̯erh₁-</b>, <b class="b2">u̯r̥h₁-</b> <b class="b2">speak (officially)</b><br />Etymology: With exception of isolated <b class="b3">(Ϝ)είρω</b> (on the digamma Chantr. Gramm. hom. 1, 136), which is an innovation to <b class="b3">(Ϝ)ερέ-[σ]ω</b> after <b class="b3">κτεν-έ[σ]ω</b> : <b class="b3">κτείνω</b> (cf. also Hitt. <b class="b2">u̯erii̯a-</b> below; aoristic <b class="b3">εἶρεν</b> [B.] after <b class="b3">κτεῖνεν</b>?), all forms are from disyllabic <b class="b3">(Ϝ)ερε-</b> and <b class="b3">(Ϝ)ρη-</b>; the first in the future, the latter in the perfect (<b class="b3">Ϝέ-Ϝρη-μαι</b> etc.; Schwyzer 649), the passive aorist and the verbal nouns. - Cf. Hitt. Jotpresent <b class="b2">u̯erii̯a-</b> [[call]], [[name]], [[order]] (= <b class="b3">(Ϝ)είρω</b>, s. above), with the particle for the direct speech <b class="b2">-wa(r</b>)- prop. <b class="b2">said (he)</b>; also the Russ. deverbat. <b class="b2">vrú</b>, <b class="b2">vrátь</b> [[lie]], [[talk rot]] (< <b class="b2">*vьrǫ</b>, <b class="b2">*vьrati</b>) has been connected. Of the nouns compare Av. <b class="b2">urvāta-</b> n. [[pronouncement]], [[order]], (IE <b class="b2">*u̯reh₁-to-</b>?). With (unexplained) short vowel Av. <b class="b2">urvata-</b> n. = Skt. <b class="b2">vratá-</b> n. <b class="b2">id.</b>, IE <b class="b2">*u̯re</b>\/<b class="b2">o-to-</b> (?), Russ. etc. <b class="b2">rotá</b> [[oath]], IE. <b class="b2">*u̯ro-tā</b> (?); monosyllabic with old <b class="b2">dh-</b>enlargement Lat. [[verbum]], Lith. <b class="b2">var̃das</b> [[name]], Goth. <b class="b2">waúrd</b> [[word]]. Very doubtful is (on a wrong place, after <b class="b3">ἔραχος</b>, given <b class="b3">ἔρθει φθέγγεται</b> H. (not to verbum, which would give <b class="b3">*ἐρεθ-</b>) - S. also [[εἴρων]].