καλός: Difference between revisions

|Definition=ή, όν, Aeol. κάλος (v. infr.), α, ον, Boeot. καλϝός <span class="title">Schwyzer</span> 538 (vi B. C.):—<span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> [[beautiful]], of outward form, freq. of persons, κάλλιστος ἀνὴρ ὑπὸ Ἴλιον ἦλθεν <span class="bibl">Il.2.673</span>: in Hom. usu. in the phrase κ. τε μέγας τε <span class="bibl">Il.21.108</span>, al.; <b class="b3">μέγας καὶ κ</b>. <span class="bibl">Od.9.513</span>; καλή τε μεγάλη τε <span class="bibl">13.289</span>, <span class="bibl">15.418</span>; <b class="b3">καλὸς δέμας</b> [[beautiful]] of form, <span class="bibl">17.307</span>; κ. ἰδέᾳ <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>10</span> (<span class="bibl">11</span>).<span class="bibl">103</span>; εἶδος κάλλιστος <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>1.2.1</span>; κ. τὸ σῶμα <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Mem.</span>2.6.30</span>; τὰς ὄψεις <span class="bibl">Theopomp.Hist.195</span>; <b class="b3">Χορῷ καλή</b> [[beauteous]] in the dance, <span class="bibl">Il. 16.180</span>: c. inf., καλλίονες καὶ μείζονες εἰσοράασθαι <span class="bibl">Od.10.396</span>; <b class="b3">ἐσορᾶν κ</b>. <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>8.19</span>: freq. of parts of the body, [[fair]], [[shapely]], <b class="b3">κ. πρόσωπα, ὅμματα, παρήϊα, σφυρά</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.19.285</span>, <span class="bibl">23.66</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.19.208</span>, <span class="bibl">Il.4.147</span>; Χρώς <span class="bibl">5.354</span>, al.; of clothes, <b class="b3">εἵματα, φάρεα, Χιτών, Χλαῖνα, πέδιλα</b>, <span class="bibl">Od.6.111</span>, <span class="bibl">24.277</span>, <span class="bibl">Il.2.43</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.10.365</span>, <span class="bibl">1.96</span>; πέπλος κάλλιστος ποικίλμασιν ἠδὲ μέγιστος <span class="bibl">Il.6.294</span>; of arms and armour, <b class="b3">κνημῖδες, ἀσπίς, σάκος, κόρυς, φάσγανα, ἔντεα</b>, <span class="bibl">3.331</span>, <span class="bibl">11.33</span>, <span class="bibl">22.314</span>, <span class="bibl">18.612</span>, <span class="bibl">15.713</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.19.18</span>; of buildings, manufactured articles, etc., αὐλὴ κ. τε μεγάλη τε <span class="bibl">14.7</span>; <b class="b3">κ. δώματα, τεῖχος, πόλιες</b>, <span class="bibl">3.387</span>, <span class="bibl">Il.21.447</span>, <span class="bibl">18.491</span>; <b class="b3">ἄμαξα, τράπεζα, θρόνος</b>, <span class="bibl">24.267</span>, <span class="bibl">11.629</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.1.131</span>; also <b class="b3">τέμενος, ἀγρός</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.12.314</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.24.206</span>; so after Hom., Λύδιον κ. ἔργον Sapph.19, etc.; <b class="b3">ἐέρσα κ</b>. ead.<span class="bibl"><span class="title">Supp.</span>25.12</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> in Att. added to a name in token of love or admiration, as <b class="b3">Ἀρίσημος κ</b>. <span class="title">IG</span>12.921, etc.; <b class="b3">ἐν τοῖσι τοίχοις ἔγραφ' Ἀθηναῖοι καλοί</b>" <span class="bibl">Ar. <span class="title">Ach.</span>144</span>, cf.<span class="bibl"><span class="title">V.</span>98</span>; <b class="b3">Ἀλκιβιάδης ὁ καλός, Σαπφὼ ἡ καλή</b>, Pl.<span class="title">Alc.</span>1.113b, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Phdr.</span>235c</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> <b class="b3">ἡ Καλή</b> or <b class="b3">Καλλίστη</b>, as epith., <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>140</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl">Paus. 1.29.2</span>, <span class="title">CIG</span>4445 (Beroea). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">c</span> <b class="b3">Καλοί, οἱ</b>, divinities worshipped in childbirth, <span class="title">IG</span>5(1).1445 (Messene, ii B. C.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> <b class="b3">τὸ καλόν</b> [[beauty]], Sapph.79, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">IA</span>21</span> (anap.), etc.; <b class="b3">τὰ καλά</b> [[the proprieties]] or [[elegancies]] of life, <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.8</span>, <span class="bibl">207</span>; ἁπάντων καλῶν ἄμμορος <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>1.84</span>; αἱ τέχναι ἃς πηγάς φασι τῶν κ. εἶναι <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>7.2.13</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> with ref. to use, <b class="b2">good, of fine quality</b>, κ. λιμήν <span class="bibl">Od.6.263</span>; <b class="b3">Βορέῃ ἀνέμῳ… καλῷ</b> [[fair]], <span class="bibl">14.253</span>, <span class="bibl">299</span>; <b class="b3">κ. ἀργύριον</b>, opp. <b class="b3">κίβδηλον</b>, [[genuine]] silver, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>3.1.9</span>; opp. <b class="b3">ἀποτετριμμένον</b>, [[good]] silver currency, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PCair.Zen.</span>21.33</span> (iii B. C.); ἐλαῖαι <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PHib.</span> 1.49.12</span> (iii B. C.); γῆ <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Luc.</span>8.15</span>; κ. οἶνος <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PFay.</span>133.8</span> (iv A. D.); στρατόπεδον κάλλιστον <span class="bibl">Th.5.60</span>; ἀνταπεδώκατε πονηρὰ ἀντὶ καλῶν <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Ge.</span> 44.4</span>; κ. ἐς στρατιάν <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>3.3.6</span>; πρός τι <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Hp.Ma.</span>295c</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Grg.</span>474d</span>, etc.: c. inf., λόφος κάλλιστος τρέχειν <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>4.8.26</span>; <b class="b3">ἐν καλῷ</b> [<b class="b3">τόπῳ</b>] in a [[good]] place, <b class="b3">καθίζεσθαι, ὁρμεῖν</b>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Th.</span>292</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>2.1.25</span>; <b class="b3">ἐν καλῷ μὲν τοῦ κόλπου καὶ τῶν πόλεων, ἐν κ. δὲ τοῦ τὴν Χώραν βλάπτειν</b>, ib.<span class="bibl">6.2.9</span>; <b class="b3">ἐν καλῷ</b> under [[favourable circumstances]], <span class="bibl">Th.5.59.60</span>; <b class="b3">ἐν κ</b>. (sc. <b class="b3">Χρόνῳ</b>) in [[good time]], in [[season]], <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">IA</span>1106</span>; <b class="b3">ἐν οὐ κ</b>. <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Or.</span>579</span>; <b class="b3">ἐν καλῷ</b> [<b class="b3">ἐστι</b>] c. inf., <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>384</span> (so <b class="b3">καλόν ἐστι</b> c. inf., <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1155</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pax</span> 278</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.8.2</span>); ἐς καλόν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>78</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Men.</span>89e</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Smp.</span>174e</span>; <b class="b3">τί γὰρ ἐμοὶ ζῆν καλόν</b>; what is the [[good]] of life to me? <span class="bibl">Ph.2.594</span>; <b class="b3">καλῇ πίστει</b>, = Lat.[[bona fide]], PTeb.418.14 (iii A. D.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> of sacrifices, [[auspicious]], σφάγια <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>379</span>; οἰωνοί <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ion</span>1333</span>; ἱερά <span class="bibl">Th.4.92</span>; τὸ τέλος κ. τῆς ἐξόδου <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>5.2.9</span>; κ. τὰ ἱερὰ ἦν αὐτῷ <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>3.2.3</span>: c. inf., ἰέναι… κ. ἡμῖν τὰ ἱερὰ ἦν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">An.</span>2.2.3</span>: Com., <b class="b3">τὰ τῆς πυγῆς κ</b>. (for <b class="b3">τοῦ θεοῦ</b>) <span class="bibl">Ar. <span class="title">Pax</span>868</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">III</span> in a moral sense, [[beautiful]], [[noble]], [[honourable]], in Hom. only in neut., οὐ καλὸν ἔειπες <span class="bibl">Od.8.166</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">17.381</span>; μεῖζον κλέος… καὶ κάλλιον <span class="bibl">18.255</span>; freq. <b class="b3">καλόν</b> [<b class="b3">ἐστι</b>] c. inf., κ. τοι σὺν ἐμοὶ τὸν κήδειν ὅς κ' ἐμὲ κήδῃ <span class="bibl">Il.9.615</span>; <b class="b3">οὐ γὰρ ἔμοιγε κ</b>. (sc. <b class="b3">ἄρχειν</b>) <span class="bibl">21.440</span>; οὐ κ. ἀτέμβειν οὐδὲ δίκαιον <span class="bibl">Od.20.294</span>; so in Trag., καλόν μοι τοῦτο ποιούσῃ θανεῖν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>72</span>, etc.; μάθετε καλὸν ποιεῖν <span class="bibl">LXX<span class="title">Is.</span>1.17</span>: Comp., οὐ μέν τοι τόδε κάλλιον οὐδὲ ἔοικε <span class="bibl">Od.7.159</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Il.24.52</span>; after Hom. freq. of actions, etc., κάλων κἄσλων <span class="bibl">Sapph.<span class="title">Supp.</span>2.4</span> (unless of persons here); <b class="b3">κ. ἔργματα</b> [[noble]] deeds, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">I.</span>4(3).42</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>839</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">ἀναστροφὴ κ</b>. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">1 Ep.Pet.</span>2.12</span>: in pl., [[excellences]], πλῆθος καλῶν <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>13.45</span>; πολλῶν καλῶν δεῖ τῷ καλόν τι μωμένῳ <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>938</span>; <b class="b3">τὰ τοῦ παιδὸς κ</b>. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Smp.</span>8.17</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b3">τὸ κ</b>. [[moral beauty]], [[virtue]], [[honour]], opp. <b class="b3">τὸ αἰσχρόν</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Mem.</span>1.1.16</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Smp.</span>183d</span>, etc.; ὅττι καλόν, φίλον ἐστί, τὸ δ' οὐ καλὸν οὐ φίλον ἐστίν <span class="bibl">Thgn.17</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ba.</span>881</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Ly.</span>216c</span>; οὐ ταὐτὸν ἡγῇ σύ, ὡς ἔοικας, κ. τε καὶ ἀγαθὸν καὶ κακὸν καὶ αἰσχρόν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Grg.</span>474d</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Smp.</span>201e</span>; <b class="b3">τοὐμὸν κ</b>. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Supp.</span>300</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> of persons, in early writers coupled with <b class="b3">ἀγαθός</b>, v. [[καλοκἀγαθός]]; later κ. ποιμήν <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Jo.</span>10.11</span>; κ. στρατιώτης <b class="b2">2 Ep.Tim</b>. <span class="bibl">2.3</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">IV</span> in Att. and Trag. freq. ironically, [[fine]], [[specious]], <b class="b3">γέρας κ</b>. <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Eu.</span>209</span>; κ. γὰρ οὑμὸς βίοτος ὥστε θαυμάσαι <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>393</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ba.</span>652</span>; κ. Χάρις <span class="bibl">D.9.65</span>; κ. ὕβριν ὑβρισμένοι <span class="bibl">Id.23.121</span>; καί σοι… θωπεῦσαι καλόν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span> 1003</span>; μετ' ὀνομάτων καλῶν <span class="bibl">Th.5.89</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">B</span> Degrees of Comp.: Comp. <b class="b3">καλλίων, ον</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.24.52</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.10.396</span>, etc.: neut. <b class="b3">κάλιον</b> [ᾰ] <span class="bibl">Alc.134</span>: Sup. <b class="b3">κάλλιστος, η, ον</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.20.233</span>, etc.; late <b class="b3">καλλιώτερος</b> or <b class="b3">-ότερος</b>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">POxy.</span>1672.6</span> (i A. D.), Sch.<span class="bibl">E. <span class="title">Tr.</span>966</span>; also καλώτερος <span class="bibl">Hdn.<span class="title">Epim.</span>69</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">C</span> Adv.:—Poets freq. use neut. <b class="b3">καλόν</b> as Adv., κ. ἀείδειν <span class="bibl">Il.18.570</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.1.155</span>; καλά <span class="bibl">Il.6.326</span>; later <b class="b3">τὸ κ</b>. <span class="bibl">Theoc.3.3</span>, <span class="bibl">18</span>, <span class="bibl">Call.<span class="title">Epigr.</span>53</span>, <span class="bibl">Herod.1.54</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> regul. Adv. καλῶς (Dor. καλώς <span class="bibl">Sophr.22</span>), [[well]], [[rightly]], οὐδ' ἔτι κ. οἶκος ἐμὸς διόλωλε <span class="bibl">Od.2.64</span>; <b class="b3">κ. ζῆν, τεθνηκέναι</b>, etc., <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>479</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">κ. φρονεῖν</b> to be in one's [[right]] mind, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Fr.</span>836</span>; οὐ κ. ταρβεῖς <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Tr.</span>457</span>; <b class="b3">κ. ἀγωνιεῖσθαι</b> <b class="b2">fairly, on the merits of the case</b>, <span class="bibl">Lys.13.88</span>; <b class="b3">Χρήματα δατῆθθαι κ</b>. <span class="title">Leg.Gort.</span>4.39; κ. εἰρημένα <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span> 576.6</span>; κάλλιον λέγεις <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span>161b</span>; κάλλιστ' ἂν εἴποι <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>1172</span>: freq. in phrase <b class="b3">καλῶς καὶ εὖ, καλῶς τε καὶ εὖ</b>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Prt.</span>319e</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Prm.</span>128b</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> of good fortune, [[well]], [[happily]], <b class="b3">κ. πράσσειν</b>, = [[εὖ π]]., <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span> 979</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>271</span>; κ. καὶ εὖ πράττειν <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Chrm.</span>172a</span>; <b class="b3">κ. ἔχειν</b> to be [[well]], <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>799</span>, etc.; κ. ἔχει σοι <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ach.</span>946</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>816</span>; <b class="b3">κ. ἔχει</b> c. inf., 'tis [[well]] to... <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>3.11.1</span>: c. gen., <b class="b3">κ. ἔχειν τινός</b> to be <b class="b2">well off in</b> [[respect to]] a thing, <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Superf.</span>29</span>; κ. παράπλου κεῖσθαι <span class="bibl">Th.1.36</span>; εἰ κ. σφίσιν ἔχοι <span class="bibl">Id.4.117</span>; οὔτε τοῖς θεοῖς ἔφη κ. ἔχειν, εἰ… <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>1.3.3</span>; καλλιόνως ἔχει <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span>169e</span>, etc.; κάλλιστα ἕζει <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Hp.Ma.</span>295b</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> <b class="b3">καλῶς</b>, = [[πάνυ]], [[thoroughly]], [[altogether]], τὸν κ. εὐδαίμονα <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Fr.</span>317</span>, = <span class="bibl">S. <span class="title">Fr.</span>934</span>; κ. ἔξοιδα <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">OC</span>269</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">OT</span>1008</span>; κ. ὑπὸ τοῦ πυρὸς διεφθάρθαι <span class="bibl">D.S.13.108</span>: Comp., κάλλιον εἰδέναι <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Hp.Ma.</span>300d</span>; <b class="b3">κάλλιον ἐοικέναι</b> to be [[just]] like, Hp.<span class="title">Genit.</span>8. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> <b class="b3">κ. ἀκούειν</b> to be [[well]] spoken of, <span class="bibl">Men.<span class="title">Mon.</span>285</span>, Plu.2.177e. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> <b class="b3">κ. ποιῶν</b> [[rightly]], [[deservedly]], κ. ποιῶν ἀπόλλυται <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pl.</span>863</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">D.1.28</span>, al., <span class="bibl">Aeschin.3.232</span>; in requests, <b class="b3">κ. ποιήσεις πριάμενος</b>, etc., <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PPetr.</span>3p.143</span> (iii B. C.), etc.; also c. inf., κ. π. γράψαι <span class="bibl"><span class="title">BGU</span>1203.7</span> (i B. C.), etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">6</span> in answers, to approve the words of the former speaker, [[well said]]! <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Or.</span>1216</span>, <span class="bibl">D.39.15</span>; also, to decline an offer courteously, [[no]], [[thank you]]! <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ra.</span>888</span>; κ. ἔχει <span class="bibl">Antiph.165</span>, <span class="bibl">Men.<span class="title">Pk.</span>266</span>; <b class="b3">πάνυ κ</b>. <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ra.</span>512</span>; <b class="b3">ἀμέλει κ</b>. ib.<span class="bibl">532</span>: Sup., <b class="b3">κάλλιστ', ἐπαινῶ</b> ib.<span class="bibl">508</span>; ἔχει κάλλιστα <span class="bibl">Theoc.15.3</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">7</span> ironically, [[finely]], καλῶς ἐρήμης γ' ἂν σὺ γῆς ἄρχοις μόνος <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>739</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Med.</span>588</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span>344</span>, <span class="bibl">Din.1.69</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">8</span> <b class="b3">κ. ὁ ἱερεύς</b> [[hurrah for]] the priest! <span class="title">SIG</span>1109.14 (Athens, ii A. D.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">9</span> repeated with the Adj., καλὴ καλῶς <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ach.</span>253</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Pax</span>1330</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ec.</span>730</span>; καλὸς κάλλιστά τε ῥέξαις <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>9.94</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">10</span> Comp. καλλιόνως Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span> l.c., <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Lg.</span>660d</span>: Sup. καλλίστως <span class="title">PMag.Par.</span>1.2443,2465, Sch.<span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hec.</span>310</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">D</span> for compds., v. [[καλλι-, καλο-]]. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">E</span> Quantity: ᾱ in Ep. and early Iamb. Poets (exc. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">h.Ven.</span>29</span>, <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>63</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Th.</span>585</span>): ᾰ in Lyr. (exc. κᾱλῶς <span class="bibl">B.12.206</span>) and Trag. (<span class="bibl">A. <span class="title">Fr.</span>314</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1381</span> are corrupt).--In Eleg., Epigr., and Bucol. Poets ᾰ or ᾱ (the latter usu. in thesi); τὰ μὴ κᾰλὰ κᾱλὰ πέφανται <span class="bibl">Theoc.6.19</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Herod.7.115</span>, <span class="bibl">Call.<span class="title">Jov.</span>55</span>.--In Comp., ῐ in Hom., ῑ in Trag. and later.</span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: adj.<br />Meaning: [[beautiful]], [[noble]], [[good]] (Il.); on the meaning Smothers Traditio 5 (1947) 1-57, also Kretschmer Glotta 22, 261.<br />Other forms: Primary comp. <b class="b3">καλλίων</b> (Alc. ntr. <b class="b3">κάλιον</b> [s. below], El. <b class="b3">καλιτερος</b> [graphic?], rarely <b class="b3">καλώτερος</b>, <b class="b3">καλλιώτερος</b>), <b class="b3">κάλλιστος</b>; Dor. adv. (Alcm. 98) <b class="b3">καλλά</b>; cf. Wackernagel Unt. 87f.<br />Dialectal forms: ep. Ion. <b class="b3">καλός</b>, Boeot. <b class="b3">καλϜος</b><br />Compounds: As 1. member rare (for <b class="b3">καλλι-</b>, <b class="b3">εὑ-</b>), e. g. <b class="b3">καλό-φυλλος</b> <b class="b2">with beautiful leaves</b> (Thphr.; after <b class="b3">μακρό-</b>, <b class="b3">λειό-φυλλος</b> etc.); as 2. member e. g. <b class="b3">ἀπειρό-καλος</b> [[not knowing what is beautiful]] (Pl.; from <b class="b3">τὸ καλόν</b>). Note esp. <b class="b3">καλοκἀγαθία</b> (orators, X.), univerbating abstract of <b class="b3">καλὸς κ(αὶ</b>) <b class="b3">ἀγαθός</b> (IA.; see Berlage Mnemos. 60, 20ff.)<br />Derivatives: <b class="b3">καλότης</b> [[beauty]] (Chrysipp. Stoic. 3, 60). - With geminate: 1. <b class="b3">κάλλος</b> n. [[beauty]] (Il.), as 2. member e. g. in <b class="b3">περι-καλλής</b> [[very beautiful]] (Il., bahuvrihi); from there <b class="b3">κάλλιμος</b> [[beautiful]] (Od., h. Hom.; after <b class="b3">κύδιμος</b>, s. Arbenz Die Adj. auf <b class="b3">-ιμος</b> 10ff.), <b class="b3">καλλύνω</b> <b class="b2">give beauty, make beautiful, sweep</b> (S., Pl., Arist.) with <b class="b3">καλλυντής</b> [[sweeper]] (pap. IIa), <b class="b3">κάλλυντρον</b> [[broom]], also name of a shrub (Arist.), <b class="b3">κάλλυνθρον</b> [[duster]] (LXX, pap.), <b class="b3">καλλυντήρια</b> n. pl. name of a purification feast (Phot., EM), <b class="b3">καλλύσματα</b> pl. [[dust]] (Keos). Fom <b class="b3">κάλλος</b> further <b class="b3">καλλονή</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (cf. <b class="b3">ἡδονή</b>), <b class="b3">καλλοσύνη</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (E.). - 2. compar. <b class="b3">καλλίων</b>, <b class="b3">κάλλιστος</b> (Il.); from there <b class="b3">καλλιόομαι</b> [[be made more beautiful]] (LXX), <b class="b3">καλλιστεύω</b>, <b class="b3">-ομαι</b> [[be the most beautiful]] (Ion.) with <b class="b3">καλλιστεῖον</b>, <b class="b3">καλλίστευμα</b> <b class="b2">sacrifice of the most beautiful, price of beauty, price of honour</b> (S., E., inscr.). - 3. <b class="b3">καλλι-</b> as 1. member (Il.); e. g. <b class="b3">καλλι-γύναικ-α</b>, <b class="b3">-ος</b>, <b class="b3">-ι</b> <b class="b2">with beutiful women</b> (cf. Sommer Nominalkomp. 62), also in PN, from where short names like <b class="b3">Καλλίας</b> etc.<br />Origin: XX [etym. unknown]<br />Etymology: From Att. <b class="b3">καλός</b> and Ion. <b class="b3">καλός</b>, both from <b class="b3">καλϜός</b> (see Sommer Nominalkomp. 59 n. 3), deviate the noun <b class="b3">κάλλος</b>, the compar. forms <b class="b3">καλλίων</b>, <b class="b3">κάλλιστος</b> and the 1. member <b class="b3">καλλι-</b> through the gemination. An explanation is still wanting. The for <b class="b3">κάλλος</b> (and <b class="b3">καλλίων</b>, <b class="b3">κάλλιστος</b>, cf. Benveniste Origines 84; analogical <b class="b3">καλλι-</b> ?) proposed basis <b class="b3">*κάλ-νος</b> or <b class="b3">*κάλ-ι̯ος</b> (hardly to Skt. <b class="b2">kalya-</b>, s. below) do not inspire confidence, as <b class="b3">κάλλος</b> seems a Greek innovation; cf. Chantraine Formation 416f. The assumpion of an expressive gemination (Chantraine) is possible, but is only an emergency solution. For <b class="b3">καλλι-</b> too there is no good explanation. Beside <b class="b3">καλ-Ϝός</b> with old <b class="b2">u̯o-</b>suffix one would expect as 1. member <b class="b3">καλι-</b> (retained in <b class="b3">κάλιον</b> [Alc.]?), which Wackernagel KZ 61, 191ff. (= Kl. Schr. 1, 352ff.) finds back in Skt. <b class="b2">kaly-ā́ṇa-</b> [[beautiful]] (prop. <b class="b2">with beautiful arms, λευκώλενος</b>?; cf. on <b class="b3">ὠλένη</b>); rejected by Mayrhofer Wb. s. <b class="b2">kalyaḥ</b>1). After Schwyzer 447 n. 6 <b class="b3">καλλ-</b> would come from antevocalic <b class="b3">*καλ</b>ι̯-, from where <b class="b3">καλλι-</b> and as backformation <b class="b3">κάλλος</b> etc. Diff. Risch par. 62a : <b class="b3">-λλ-</b> from a comparative <b class="b3">*κάλλων</b> < <b class="b3">*καλι̯ων</b>, from where <b class="b3">κάλλιστος</b> etc.? Similarly Seiler Steigerungsformen 68ff.: a comp. ntr. <b class="b3">*κάλλον</b> < <b class="b3">*κάλι̯ον</b> was considered as positive and resulted in <b class="b3">κάλλιον</b>, <b class="b3">καλλίων</b> (from where <b class="b3">κάλλιστος</b> etc.). - The only non-Greek comparison is Skt. <b class="b2">kalyā́ṇa-</b>, with ep. class. <b class="b2">kalya-</b> [[robust]], [[prepared]]. The Germanic words, ONo. <b class="b2">hǫldr</b> and OHG [[helid]] [[warrior]], [[Held]] must be kept separated.