σῶμα: Difference between revisions

|Definition=ατος, τό (Arc. dat. pl. <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> σωμάτεσι <span class="title">IG</span>5(2).357.156 (Stymphalus, iii B.C.)), [[body]] of man or beast, but in Hom., as Aristarch. remarks (v. Apollon.<span class="title">Lex.</span>), always [[dead body]], [[corpse]] (whereas the living body is <b class="b3">δέμας</b>), ὥς τε λέων ἐχάρη μεγάλῳ ἐπὶ σώματι κύρσας <span class="bibl">Il.3.23</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">18.161</span>; ς. δὲ οἴκαδ' ἐμὸν δόμεναι πάλιν <span class="bibl">7.79</span>; σ. κατελείπομεν ἄθαπτον <span class="bibl">Od.11.53</span>; ὦν . . σώματ' ἀκηδέα κεῖται <span class="bibl">24.187</span>; so also in <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Sc.</span>426</span>, <span class="bibl">Simon.119</span>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>9.34</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.167</span>, <span class="bibl">Posidon.14</span> J., <span class="title">Ev.Marc.</span>15.43, etc.; τὸ σ. τοῦ τεθνεῶτος <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>469d</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Grg.</span>524c</span>, <span class="bibl">D.43.65</span>; σ. νεκρόν <span class="bibl"><span class="title">POxy.</span>51.7</span> (ii A.D.); <b class="b3">νεκρὸν σ</b>. Gal.18(2).93, cf. νεκρός 11.1; <b class="b3">μέγιστον σ. . . σποδου,</b> = [[σ. μέγιστον ὃ νῦν σποδός ἐστι]], <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>758</span>; also later, Wilcken <span class="title">Chr.</span>499 (ii/iii A.D.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> the <b class="b2">living body</b>, <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>540</span>, <span class="bibl">Batr.44</span>, <span class="bibl">Thgn.650</span>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>6.56</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">P.</span>8.82</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.139</span>, etc.; δόμοι καὶ σώματα <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>896</span> (lyr.); <b class="b3">γενναῖος τῷ σ</b>. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>51</span>; <b class="b3">εὔρωστος τὸ σ</b>. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>6.1.6</span>; <b class="b3">τὸ σ. σῴζειν</b> or <b class="b3">-εσθαι</b> save one's [[life]], <span class="bibl">D.22.55</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.1.136</span>; <b class="b3">διασῴζειν</b> or -εσθαι <span class="bibl">Isoc.6.46</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>5.5.13</span>; περὶ πολλῶν σ. καὶ χρημάτων βουλεύειν <span class="bibl">Th.1.85</span>; <b class="b3">περὶ τοῦ σ. ἀγωνίζεσθαι</b> for one's [[life]], <span class="bibl">Lys.5.1</span>; <b class="b3">ἔχειν τὸ σ. κακῶς, ὡς βέλτιστα</b>, etc., to be in a bad, a good state of bodily health, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>3.12.1</span>, <span class="bibl">3.12.5</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> [[body]], opp. [[spirit]] (εἴδωλον), <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">Fr.</span>131</span>; opp. [[soul]] (ψυχή), <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Grg.</span>493a</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Phd.</span>91d</span>; <b class="b3">τὰ τοῦ σ. ἔργα</b> [[bodily]] labours, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span> 2.8.2</span>; <b class="b3">αἱ τοῦ σ. ἡδοναί, αἱ κατὰ τὸ σ. ἡδ</b>., ib.<span class="bibl">1.5.6</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>328d</span>; <b class="b3">τὰ εἰς τὸ σ. τιμήματα</b> [[bodily]] punishments, <span class="bibl">Aeschin.2.139</span>; τὰ εἰς τὸ σ. ἀδικήματα <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PHal.</span>1.193</span> (iii B.C.) . </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> <b class="b2">animal body</b>, opp. plants, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span> 564a</span> (pl.); but of plants, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">1 Ep.Cor.</span>15.38</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> <b class="b2">civic rights</b> (like Lat. [[caput]]), <span class="bibl">Lys.23.12</span>; <b class="b3">ἄτιμοι τὰ σ</b>. <span class="bibl">And.1.74</span>; <b class="b3">μέρος ἠτιμῶσθαι τοῦ σ</b>. <span class="bibl">D.51.12</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">6</span> in <span class="title">NT</span>, of the sacramental [[body]] of Christ, τοῦτό ἐστι τὸ σ. μου <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Matt.</span>26.26</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">1 Ep.Cor.</span>10.16</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> of the [[body]] of Christ's church, οἱ πολλοὶ ἓν σ. ἐσμεν ἐν Χριστῷ <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ep.Rom.</span>12.5</span>; <b class="b3">ἡ ἐκκλησία ἥτις ἐστὶ τὸ σ. [τοῦ Χριστοῦ</b>] <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ep.Eph.</span>1.23</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> periphr., <b class="b3">ἀνθρώπου σ. ἓν οὐδέν</b>, = [[ἄνθρωπος οὐδὲ εἷς]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.32</span>; esp. in Trag., <b class="b3">σῶμα θηρός</b>, = [[θήρ]], <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>1568</span> (lyr.); <b class="b3">τεκέων σώματα</b>, = [[τέκνα]], <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Tr.</span>201</span> (lyr.); <b class="b3">τὸ σὸν σ</b>., = [[σύ]], <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Hec.</span>301</span>; rarely in sg. of many persons, σῶμα τέκνων <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Med.</span>1108</span> (anap.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b2">a person, human being</b>, <b class="b3">τὰ πολλὰ σ</b>., = [[οἱ πολλοί]], <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>676</span>; <b class="b3">λευκὰ γήρᾳ σ</b>. <span class="bibl">E. <span class="title">HF</span>909</span> (lyr.); σ. ἄδικα <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Supp.</span>223</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>908a</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PSI</span> 4.359.9</span> <span class="bibl">366.7</span> (iii B.C.), etc.; <b class="b3">ἑκάστου τοῦ σώματος</b>, <span class="title">IG</span>12.22.14; κατὰ σῶμα <b class="b2">per person</b>, PRev.Laws50.9 (iii B.C.); καταστήσαντες τὸ σ. ἀφείσθωσαν τῆς ἐγγύης <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PMich.Zen.</span>70.12</span> (iii B.C.); <b class="b3">ἐργαζομένη αὑτῇ τῷ ἰδίῳ σ</b>. working for her[[self]], earning her own living, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PEnteux.</span>26.7</span> (iii B.C.); <b class="b3">τὰ φίλτατα σ</b>., of children, <span class="bibl">Aeschin.3.78</span>; freq. of slaves, <b class="b3">αἰχμάλωτα σ</b>. <span class="bibl">D.20.77</span>, <span class="title">IG</span>12(7).386.25 (Amorgos, iii B.C.), <span class="title">SIG</span>588.64 (Milet., ii B.C.), etc.; <b class="b3">οἰκετικὰ σ</b>. Lexap.<span class="bibl">Aeschin.1.16</span>, cf. <span class="title">SIG</span>633.88 (Milet., ii B.C.); δοῦλα <span class="bibl">Poll.3.78</span>; <b class="b3">ἐλεύθερα σ</b>. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>2.1.19</span>, <span class="bibl">Plb.2.6.6</span>, etc.; later, <b class="b3">σῶμα</b> is used abs. for a [[slave]], PHib.1.54.20 (iii B.C.), <span class="bibl">Plb.12.16.5</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Apoc.</span>18.13</span>, etc.; σ. γυναικεῖον, ᾇ ὄνομα . . <span class="title">GDI</span>2154.6 (Delph., ii B.C.); a usage censured by Poll.l.c. and Phryn.355; also of troops, τὴν τῶν σ. σύνταξιν <span class="bibl">Aen.Tact.1.1</span>; μηχανήμασιν ἢ σώμασιν ἐναντιοῦσθαι ὧδε <span class="bibl">Id.32.1</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">III</span> generally, <b class="b2">a body</b>, i.e. <b class="b2">any corporeal substance</b>, <b class="b3">δεῖ αὐτὸ</b> (sc. <b class="b3">τὸ ὄν</b>) σ. μὴ ἔχειν <span class="bibl">Meliss.9</span>; ἢ μέγεθός ἐστιν ἢ σ. ἐστιν <span class="bibl">Gorg.3</span>; <b class="b3">σ. ἄψυχον, ἔμψυχον</b>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>245e</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Plt.</span>288e</span>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Ph.</span>265b29</span>, al.; ὁ λίθος σ. ἐστι <span class="bibl">Luc.<span class="title">Vit.Auct.</span>25</span>; φασὶν οἱ μὲν σ. εἶναι τὸν χρόνον, οἱ δὲ ἀσώματον <span class="bibl">S.E.<span class="title">M.</span>10.215</span>; <b class="b3">κυκλικὸν σ</b>., of one of the spheres, <span class="bibl">Jul.<span class="title">Or.</span>5.162b</span>, al.; <b class="b3">τὸ πέμπτον σ</b>. the fifth [[element]], <span class="bibl">Philol.12</span>, <span class="title">Placit.</span>1.3.22, <span class="bibl">Jul.<span class="title">Or.</span>4.132c</span>; <b class="b2">metallic substance</b>, Olymp. Alch.p.71 B. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> Math., <b class="b2">figure of three dimensions, solid</b>, opp. a surface, etc., <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Top.</span>142b24</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Metaph.</span>1020a14</span>, al. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">IV</span> <b class="b2">the body</b> or [[whole]] of a thing, esp. of complete parts of the body, τὸ σ. τῶν νεφρῶν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">HA</span>497a9</span>; τὰ σ. τῶν αἰσθητηρίων <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">GA</span>744b24</span>; <b class="b3">τὸ σ. τῆς γαστρός, τῆς κοιλίας</b>, Gal.15.667,806; σ. παιδοποιόν <span class="bibl">Ael.<span class="title">NA</span>17.42</span>: generally, <b class="b2">the whole body</b> or [[frame]] of a thing, ὑπὸ σώματι γᾶς <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span> 947</span> (lyr.); <b class="b3">τὸ σ. τοῦ παντός, τοῦ κόσμου</b>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ti.</span>31b</span>. <span class="bibl">32c</span>; <b class="b3">ὕδωρ, ποταμοῦ σ</b>. <span class="bibl">Chaerem.17</span>; <b class="b3">τὸ σ. τῆς πίστεως</b> the [[body]] of the proof, i.e. arguments, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Rh.</span>1354a15</span>; τῆς λέξεως <span class="bibl">Longin.<span class="title">Rh.</span>p.188</span> H.; of <b class="b2">a body</b> of writings, <span class="bibl">Cic.<span class="title">Att.</span>2.1.4</span>; [[text]] of a document, opp. <b class="b3">ὑπογραφή</b>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">BGU</span>187.12</span> (ii A.D.), cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PFay.</span>34.20</span> (ii A.D.); of a will, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">POxy.</span>494.30</span> (ii A.D.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b3">ξύλα σώματα</b> [[logs]], opp. <b class="b3">κλάδοι</b>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">POxy.</span>1738.3</span> (iii A.D.); σ. μέγα περσέας <span class="bibl"><span class="title">CPHerm.</span>7 ii 27</span>, cf.<span class="bibl"> iii 8</span> (iii A.D.).</span>

|ptext=[[https://www.translatum.gr/images/pape/pape-02-1059.png Seite 1059]] τό, der [[Leib]], sowohl von Menschen als von Thieren; bei Hom. immer der <b class="b2">todte Leib, </b>der<b class="b2"> Leichnam</b>, Apollon. Lex. Hom. ed. Bekk. p. 148, 23, Lehrs Aristarch. ed. 2 p. 86. Das Wort erscheint übrigens bei Hom. nur an acht Stellen, Iliad. 3, 23. 7, 79. 18, 161. 22, 342. 23, 169 Odyss. 11, 53. 12, 67. 24, 187, während [[νέκυς]] und [[νεκρός]] weit häufiger sind. In dem Ἀγὼν Ἡσιόδου καὶ Ὁμήρου kommt [[σῶμα]] dreimal vor; zweimal läßt der Verfasser den Homer das Wort vom lebendigen Leibe gebrauchen, Hesiod. ed. 2 Goettl. p. 317, 8. 320, 17, während an der dritten Stelle er selbst, in eigner Person redend, es vom todten Leibe gebraucht, p. 323, 8. – Homerisch ist [[σῶμα]] gebraucht Pind. N. 9, 23 O. 9, 34 Aeschyl. Pers. 275 Soph. Ant. 1198 Ai. 1063. – »Die Beziehung von [[σῶμα]] zu [[σάος]], σῶς, [[σαόω]], [[σώζω]]«, meint G. Curtius Grundz. d. Griech. Et. 2. Aufl. S. 340, »sei deshalb schwierig, weil [[σῶμα]] nach Aristarchs Beobachtung bei Homer nur cadaver bedeute«. Allein dieser Umstand möchte vielmehr umgekehrt »die Beziehung« grade erst ermöglichen. Denn warum könnte [[σῶμα]] wohl nicht »das Gerettete« sein, »das Davongebrachte«, »das Uebriggebliebene«, das, was den Freunden und Verwandten von dem Todten blieb, nachdem die Seele entflohen? Nennt man doch z. B. die übriggebliebenen Bruchstücke einer verloren gegangenen Schrift τὰ σωζόμενα! Zuerst dürfte [[σῶμα]] von den Leichen im Kampfe gefallener Krieger gebraucht sein, welche durch die Genossen dem Feinde entrissen und aus dem Schlachtgetümmel hinweggerettet waren; dies νεκροὺς ἐρύειν spielt im Homer eine große Rolle; Iliad. 17, 692 ἀλλὰ σύ γ' αἶψ' Ἀχιλῆι εἰπεῖν, αἴ κε τάχιστα [[νέκυν]] ἐπὶ νῆα [[σαώσῃ]] γυμνόν; vgl. 24, 35. Von Menschen wird [[σῶμα]] bei Hom. Iliad. 7, 79. 22, 342 Odyss. 11, 53. 12, 67. 24, 187 gebraucht, von Thieren Iliad. 3, 23. 23, 169 und wahrscheinlich auch Iliad. 18, 161. – Vom <b class="b2">lebendigen Leibe</b> scheint das Wort zuerst bei Hesiod. O. 540 gebraucht zu sein, vgl. Lehrs Aristarch. ed. 2 p. 160. Zweifelhaft kann die Bedeutung in der einzigen sonst noch bekannten Hesiodeischen Stelle erscheinen, Sc. 426. – Vom lebendigen Leibe Pind. O. 6, 56 P. 8, 82 Aeschyl. Pers. 199 Soph. O. C. 200 Herodot. 1, 32. 139. So bei Att. oft; im Ggstz der Seele, des Geistes, ψυχὴ καὶ [[σῶμα]] Plat. Phaedr. 246 c; αἱ κατὰ τὸ [[σῶμα]] ἡδοναί Rep. I, 328 d; τὰ εἰς τὸ [[σῶμα]] τιμήματα, Leibesstrafen, Aesch. 2, 139; – der ganze [[Mensch]], [[die Person]], rein körperlich gefaßt, Plat. Legg. X, 908 a; Xen. Cyr. 7, 5, 73; σώματα δοῦλα, ἐλεύθερα, Xen. Hell. 2, 1, 12; Mem. 3, 5, 2; Sp., wie Pol., oft; – von Leibeignen, Sklaven, σώματα αἰχμάλωτα δεῦρ' ἤγαγε Dem. Lpt. 76; vgl. Lob. Phryn. 378; – wie wir Leib und Leben, Gut und Blut sagen, so Griechisch σώματα καὶ χρήματα; τὰ ἑαυτῶν σώματα προέσθαι Xen. An. 1, 9, 12; σωμάτων στερηθῆναι 2, 1, 12. – Auch ein einzelnes<b class="b2"> Glied</b>, bes. das Zeugungsglied, [[σῶμα]] παιδοποιόν, Ael. H. A. 17, 62. – Uebh. jedes [[Ganze]], jede [[Gesammtheit]], bes. ein aus mehrern Gliedern oder Theilen zusammengesetztes Ganzes, τὸ τοῦ κόσμ ου [[σῶμα]] Plat. Tim. 32 c.

|etymtx=Grammatical information: n.<br />Meaning: [[living or dead body]] (Il.; in Hom. the meaning [[corpse]] is necessary or possible; cf. Herter Charites E. Langlotz gewidmet [Berlin 1957] 206ff. w. lit.), [[person]] (Att. etc.), [[slave]] (hell. a. late.; on development and spread of the meaning E. Kretschmer Glotta 18, 80 f.); metaph. [[totality]] (A., Pl., Arist. etc.), [[text of a document]] (pap.).<br />Compounds: Compp., e.g. <b class="b3">σωματο-φύλαξ</b> [[bodyguard]] (hell. a. late); univerbation <b class="b3">σωμ-ασκ-ία</b> f. <b class="b2">bodily exercise</b> (Pl., X. a.o.) from <b class="b3">σῶμα ἀσκέω</b>; to this as backformation <b class="b3">σω-μασκ-έω</b> [[to do bodily exercise]] (X., Plb. etc.); <b class="b3">τρι-σώματος</b> <b class="b2">three-bodied</b> (A., E.), late <b class="b3">τρί-σωμος</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (An. Ox.); on the stemvariation s. Schwyzer 450.<br />Derivatives: 1. Dimin. <b class="b3">σωμάτ-ιον</b> n. (Pl. Com., Arist. etc.; mostly depreciatory). 2. <b class="b3">-ίδιον</b> n. [[text of a document]] (pap.). 3. <b class="b3">-εῖον</b> n. [[corporate body]], [[college]] (Cod. Just.). 4. <b class="b3">-ικός</b> [[bodily]] (Arist. etc.), <b class="b3">-ινος</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (gloss.), <b class="b3">-ώδης</b> [[bodily]] (Arist. a.o.). 5. <b class="b3">-όομαι</b>, <b class="b3">-όω</b> (<b class="b3">ἐν-</b>, <b class="b3">ὑπο-</b>) <b class="b2">to be embodied, to embody</b> (Arist., Thphr. a.o.) with <b class="b3">-ωσις</b> f. (Thphr. a.o.). 6. <b class="b3">-ίζω</b> (<b class="b3">δια-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐν-</b>) [[to edit a text]] with <b class="b3">-ισμός</b> m. (pap.).<br />Origin: XX [etym. unknown]<br />Etymology: For [[body]] the IE languages have several expressions, of which only Lat. [[corpus]] a. cogn. (e.g. Skt. <b class="b2">kr̥p-</b>) has found a wide use and can claim a high date. A convincing connection for the Greek formation <b class="b3">σῶ-μα</b> has not been found. Formally resemble both <b class="b3">σω-λήν</b> and <b class="b3">σω-ρός</b>; if one connects the last, <b class="b3">σῶμα</b> must continue <b class="b2">*tu̯ō-mn̥</b> with a basic meaning [[compactness]], [[swelling]] (since Froehde BB 14, 108). Other proposals, all for diff. reasons doubtable or uncertain: from <b class="b3">*σῶπ-μα</b> to <b class="b3">σήπομαι</b>, <b class="b3">σαπρός</b> (Wackernagel KZ 30, 298f. = Kl. Schr. 1, 661 f.); to <b class="b3">ἐπί-σσωτρον</b> (Schwyzer 523; asking); from *[[[s]]]<b class="b2">ti̯ō-mn̥</b> "what becomes stiff" to Skt. <b class="b2">styā-</b> [[flow]], [[get stiff]] (Thieme KZ 78, 114 A. 4); to <b class="b3">σίνομαι</b> (abl. [[sō]][[[i]]]-: <b class="b2">si-</b>) as <b class="b2">object of σίνεσθαι</b> (Koller Glotta 37, 276 ff.; agreeing Harrison The Phoenix 14, 64). -- Cf. [[σωρός]]; also W.-Hofmann s. [[tōmentum]].