σῶμα: Difference between revisions

|Definition=ατος, τό (Arc. dat. pl. <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> σωμάτεσι <span class="title">IG</span>5(2).357.156 (Stymphalus, iii B.C.)), [[body]] of man or beast, but in Hom., as Aristarch. remarks (v. Apollon.<span class="title">Lex.</span>), always [[dead body]], [[corpse]] (whereas the living body is <b class="b3">δέμας</b>), ὥς τε λέων ἐχάρη μεγάλῳ ἐπὶ σώματι κύρσας <span class="bibl">Il.3.23</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">18.161</span>; ς. δὲ οἴκαδ' ἐμὸν δόμεναι πάλιν <span class="bibl">7.79</span>; σ. κατελείπομεν ἄθαπτον <span class="bibl">Od.11.53</span>; ὦν . . σώματ' ἀκηδέα κεῖται <span class="bibl">24.187</span>; so also in <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Sc.</span>426</span>, <span class="bibl">Simon.119</span>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>9.34</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.167</span>, <span class="bibl">Posidon.14</span> J., <span class="title">Ev.Marc.</span>15.43, etc.; τὸ σ. τοῦ τεθνεῶτος <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>469d</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Grg.</span>524c</span>, <span class="bibl">D.43.65</span>; σ. νεκρόν <span class="bibl"><span class="title">POxy.</span>51.7</span> (ii A.D.); <b class="b3">νεκρὸν σ</b>. Gal.18(2).93, cf. νεκρός 11.1; <b class="b3">μέγιστον σ. . . σποδου,</b> = [[σ. μέγιστον ὃ νῦν σποδός ἐστι]], <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>758</span>; also later, Wilcken <span class="title">Chr.</span>499 (ii/iii A.D.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> the [[living body]], <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>540</span>, <span class="bibl">Batr.44</span>, <span class="bibl">Thgn.650</span>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>6.56</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">P.</span>8.82</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.139</span>, etc.; δόμοι καὶ σώματα <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>896</span> (lyr.); <b class="b3">γενναῖος τῷ σ</b>. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>51</span>; <b class="b3">εὔρωστος τὸ σ</b>. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>6.1.6</span>; <b class="b3">τὸ σ. σῴζειν</b> or <b class="b3">-εσθαι</b> save one's [[life]], <span class="bibl">D.22.55</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.1.136</span>; <b class="b3">διασῴζειν</b> or -εσθαι <span class="bibl">Isoc.6.46</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>5.5.13</span>; περὶ πολλῶν σ. καὶ χρημάτων βουλεύειν <span class="bibl">Th.1.85</span>; <b class="b3">περὶ τοῦ σ. ἀγωνίζεσθαι</b> for one's [[life]], <span class="bibl">Lys.5.1</span>; <b class="b3">ἔχειν τὸ σ. κακῶς, ὡς βέλτιστα</b>, etc., to be in a bad, a good state of bodily health, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>3.12.1</span>, <span class="bibl">3.12.5</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> [[body]], opp. [[spirit]] (εἴδωλον), <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">Fr.</span>131</span>; opp. [[soul]] (ψυχή), <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Grg.</span>493a</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Phd.</span>91d</span>; <b class="b3">τὰ τοῦ σ. ἔργα</b> [[bodily]] labours, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span> 2.8.2</span>; <b class="b3">αἱ τοῦ σ. ἡδοναί, αἱ κατὰ τὸ σ. ἡδ</b>., ib.<span class="bibl">1.5.6</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>328d</span>; <b class="b3">τὰ εἰς τὸ σ. τιμήματα</b> [[bodily]] punishments, <span class="bibl">Aeschin.2.139</span>; τὰ εἰς τὸ σ. ἀδικήματα <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PHal.</span>1.193</span> (iii B.C.) . </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> [[animal body]], opp. plants, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span> 564a</span> (pl.); but of plants, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">1 Ep.Cor.</span>15.38</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> [[civic rights]] (like Lat. [[caput]]), <span class="bibl">Lys.23.12</span>; <b class="b3">ἄτιμοι τὰ σ</b>. <span class="bibl">And.1.74</span>; <b class="b3">μέρος ἠτιμῶσθαι τοῦ σ</b>. <span class="bibl">D.51.12</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">6</span> in <span class="title">NT</span>, of the sacramental [[body]] of Christ, τοῦτό ἐστι τὸ σ. μου <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Matt.</span>26.26</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">1 Ep.Cor.</span>10.16</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> of the [[body]] of Christ's church, οἱ πολλοὶ ἓν σ. ἐσμεν ἐν Χριστῷ <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ep.Rom.</span>12.5</span>; <b class="b3">ἡ ἐκκλησία ἥτις ἐστὶ τὸ σ. [τοῦ Χριστοῦ</b>] <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ep.Eph.</span>1.23</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> periphr., <b class="b3">ἀνθρώπου σ. ἓν οὐδέν</b>, = [[ἄνθρωπος οὐδὲ εἷς]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.32</span>; esp. in Trag., <b class="b3">σῶμα θηρός</b>, = [[θήρ]], <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>1568</span> (lyr.); <b class="b3">τεκέων σώματα</b>, = [[τέκνα]], <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Tr.</span>201</span> (lyr.); <b class="b3">τὸ σὸν σ</b>., = [[σύ]], <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Hec.</span>301</span>; rarely in sg. of many persons, σῶμα τέκνων <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Med.</span>1108</span> (anap.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b2">a person, human being</b>, <b class="b3">τὰ πολλὰ σ</b>., = [[οἱ πολλοί]], <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>676</span>; <b class="b3">λευκὰ γήρᾳ σ</b>. <span class="bibl">E. <span class="title">HF</span>909</span> (lyr.); σ. ἄδικα <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Supp.</span>223</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>908a</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PSI</span> 4.359.9</span> <span class="bibl">366.7</span> (iii B.C.), etc.; <b class="b3">ἑκάστου τοῦ σώματος</b>, <span class="title">IG</span>12.22.14; κατὰ σῶμα [[per person]], PRev.Laws50.9 (iii B.C.); καταστήσαντες τὸ σ. ἀφείσθωσαν τῆς ἐγγύης <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PMich.Zen.</span>70.12</span> (iii B.C.); <b class="b3">ἐργαζομένη αὑτῇ τῷ ἰδίῳ σ</b>. working for her[[self]], earning her own living, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PEnteux.</span>26.7</span> (iii B.C.); <b class="b3">τὰ φίλτατα σ</b>., of children, <span class="bibl">Aeschin.3.78</span>; freq. of slaves, <b class="b3">αἰχμάλωτα σ</b>. <span class="bibl">D.20.77</span>, <span class="title">IG</span>12(7).386.25 (Amorgos, iii B.C.), <span class="title">SIG</span>588.64 (Milet., ii B.C.), etc.; <b class="b3">οἰκετικὰ σ</b>. Lexap.<span class="bibl">Aeschin.1.16</span>, cf. <span class="title">SIG</span>633.88 (Milet., ii B.C.); δοῦλα <span class="bibl">Poll.3.78</span>; <b class="b3">ἐλεύθερα σ</b>. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>2.1.19</span>, <span class="bibl">Plb.2.6.6</span>, etc.; later, <b class="b3">σῶμα</b> is used abs. for a [[slave]], PHib.1.54.20 (iii B.C.), <span class="bibl">Plb.12.16.5</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Apoc.</span>18.13</span>, etc.; σ. γυναικεῖον, ᾇ ὄνομα . . <span class="title">GDI</span>2154.6 (Delph., ii B.C.); a usage censured by Poll.l.c. and Phryn.355; also of troops, τὴν τῶν σ. σύνταξιν <span class="bibl">Aen.Tact.1.1</span>; μηχανήμασιν ἢ σώμασιν ἐναντιοῦσθαι ὧδε <span class="bibl">Id.32.1</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">III</span> generally, [[a body]], i.e. <b class="b2">any corporeal substance</b>, <b class="b3">δεῖ αὐτὸ</b> (sc. <b class="b3">τὸ ὄν</b>) σ. μὴ ἔχειν <span class="bibl">Meliss.9</span>; ἢ μέγεθός ἐστιν ἢ σ. ἐστιν <span class="bibl">Gorg.3</span>; <b class="b3">σ. ἄψυχον, ἔμψυχον</b>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>245e</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Plt.</span>288e</span>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Ph.</span>265b29</span>, al.; ὁ λίθος σ. ἐστι <span class="bibl">Luc.<span class="title">Vit.Auct.</span>25</span>; φασὶν οἱ μὲν σ. εἶναι τὸν χρόνον, οἱ δὲ ἀσώματον <span class="bibl">S.E.<span class="title">M.</span>10.215</span>; <b class="b3">κυκλικὸν σ</b>., of one of the spheres, <span class="bibl">Jul.<span class="title">Or.</span>5.162b</span>, al.; <b class="b3">τὸ πέμπτον σ</b>. the fifth [[element]], <span class="bibl">Philol.12</span>, <span class="title">Placit.</span>1.3.22, <span class="bibl">Jul.<span class="title">Or.</span>4.132c</span>; [[metallic substance]], Olymp. Alch.p.71 B. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> Math., <b class="b2">figure of three dimensions, solid</b>, opp. a surface, etc., <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Top.</span>142b24</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Metaph.</span>1020a14</span>, al. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">IV</span> [[the body]] or [[whole]] of a thing, esp. of complete parts of the body, τὸ σ. τῶν νεφρῶν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">HA</span>497a9</span>; τὰ σ. τῶν αἰσθητηρίων <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">GA</span>744b24</span>; <b class="b3">τὸ σ. τῆς γαστρός, τῆς κοιλίας</b>, Gal.15.667,806; σ. παιδοποιόν <span class="bibl">Ael.<span class="title">NA</span>17.42</span>: generally, <b class="b2">the whole body</b> or [[frame]] of a thing, ὑπὸ σώματι γᾶς <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span> 947</span> (lyr.); <b class="b3">τὸ σ. τοῦ παντός, τοῦ κόσμου</b>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ti.</span>31b</span>. <span class="bibl">32c</span>; <b class="b3">ὕδωρ, ποταμοῦ σ</b>. <span class="bibl">Chaerem.17</span>; <b class="b3">τὸ σ. τῆς πίστεως</b> the [[body]] of the proof, i.e. arguments, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Rh.</span>1354a15</span>; τῆς λέξεως <span class="bibl">Longin.<span class="title">Rh.</span>p.188</span> H.; of [[a body]] of writings, <span class="bibl">Cic.<span class="title">Att.</span>2.1.4</span>; [[text]] of a document, opp. <b class="b3">ὑπογραφή</b>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">BGU</span>187.12</span> (ii A.D.), cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PFay.</span>34.20</span> (ii A.D.); of a will, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">POxy.</span>494.30</span> (ii A.D.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b3">ξύλα σώματα</b> [[logs]], opp. <b class="b3">κλάδοι</b>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">POxy.</span>1738.3</span> (iii A.D.); σ. μέγα περσέας <span class="bibl"><span class="title">CPHerm.</span>7 ii 27</span>, cf.<span class="bibl"> iii 8</span> (iii A.D.).</span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: n.<br />Meaning: [[living or dead body]] (Il.; in Hom. the meaning [[corpse]] is necessary or possible; cf. Herter Charites E. Langlotz gewidmet [Berlin 1957] 206ff. w. lit.), [[person]] (Att. etc.), [[slave]] (hell. a. late.; on development and spread of the meaning E. Kretschmer Glotta 18, 80 f.); metaph. [[totality]] (A., Pl., Arist. etc.), [[text of a document]] (pap.).<br />Compounds: Compp., e.g. <b class="b3">σωματο-φύλαξ</b> [[bodyguard]] (hell. a. late); univerbation <b class="b3">σωμ-ασκ-ία</b> f. [[bodily exercise]] (Pl., X. a.o.) from <b class="b3">σῶμα ἀσκέω</b>; to this as backformation <b class="b3">σω-μασκ-έω</b> [[to do bodily exercise]] (X., Plb. etc.); <b class="b3">τρι-σώματος</b> <b class="b2">three-bodied</b> (A., E.), late <b class="b3">τρί-σωμος</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (An. Ox.); on the stemvariation s. Schwyzer 450.<br />Derivatives: 1. Dimin. <b class="b3">σωμάτ-ιον</b> n. (Pl. Com., Arist. etc.; mostly depreciatory). 2. <b class="b3">-ίδιον</b> n. [[text of a document]] (pap.). 3. <b class="b3">-εῖον</b> n. [[corporate body]], [[college]] (Cod. Just.). 4. <b class="b3">-ικός</b> [[bodily]] (Arist. etc.), <b class="b3">-ινος</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (gloss.), <b class="b3">-ώδης</b> [[bodily]] (Arist. a.o.). 5. <b class="b3">-όομαι</b>, <b class="b3">-όω</b> (<b class="b3">ἐν-</b>, <b class="b3">ὑπο-</b>) <b class="b2">to be embodied, to embody</b> (Arist., Thphr. a.o.) with <b class="b3">-ωσις</b> f. (Thphr. a.o.). 6. <b class="b3">-ίζω</b> (<b class="b3">δια-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐν-</b>) [[to edit a text]] with <b class="b3">-ισμός</b> m. (pap.).<br />Origin: XX [etym. unknown]<br />Etymology: For [[body]] the IE languages have several expressions, of which only Lat. [[corpus]] a. cogn. (e.g. Skt. <b class="b2">kr̥p-</b>) has found a wide use and can claim a high date. A convincing connection for the Greek formation <b class="b3">σῶ-μα</b> has not been found. Formally resemble both <b class="b3">σω-λήν</b> and <b class="b3">σω-ρός</b>; if one connects the last, <b class="b3">σῶμα</b> must continue <b class="b2">*tu̯ō-mn̥</b> with a basic meaning [[compactness]], [[swelling]] (since Froehde BB 14, 108). Other proposals, all for diff. reasons doubtable or uncertain: from <b class="b3">*σῶπ-μα</b> to <b class="b3">σήπομαι</b>, <b class="b3">σαπρός</b> (Wackernagel KZ 30, 298f. = Kl. Schr. 1, 661 f.); to <b class="b3">ἐπί-σσωτρον</b> (Schwyzer 523; asking); from *[[[s]]]<b class="b2">ti̯ō-mn̥</b> "what becomes stiff" to Skt. <b class="b2">styā-</b> [[flow]], [[get stiff]] (Thieme KZ 78, 114 A. 4); to <b class="b3">σίνομαι</b> (abl. [[sō]][[[i]]]-: <b class="b2">si-</b>) as <b class="b2">object of σίνεσθαι</b> (Koller Glotta 37, 276 ff.; agreeing Harrison The Phoenix 14, 64). -- Cf. [[σωρός]]; also W.-Hofmann s. [[tōmentum]].