χαλκός: Difference between revisions

|Definition=Cret. καυχός <span class="title">GDI</span>5011.4 (iii B. C.), ὁ:—<span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> [[copper]], χ. ἐρυθρός <span class="bibl">Il.9.365</span>; with reference to its polished surface, <b class="b3">αἶθοψ, ἦνοψ, νῶροψ, φαεινός</b>, <span class="bibl">4.495</span>, <span class="bibl">16.408</span>, <span class="bibl">2.578</span>, <span class="bibl">12.151</span>; Τρῶες . . χαλκῷ μαρμαίροντες <span class="bibl">13.801</span>; πεδίον . . λάμπετο χαλκῷ <span class="bibl">20.156</span>; τῆλε δὲ χ. λάμφ' ὥς τε στεροπή <span class="bibl">10.153</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">11.65</span>, <span class="bibl">19.363</span>; σάκος . . χαλκῷ παμφαῖνον <span class="bibl">14.11</span>; and of the ornaments of a house, χαλκοῦ τε στεροπήν <span class="bibl">Od.4.72</span>; of [[copper]] as the first metal that men learnt to smelt and work, τῶν δ' ἦν χάλκεα μὲν τεύχεα, χάλκεοι δέ τε οἶκοι, χαλκῷ δ' εἰργάζοντο, μέλας δ' οὐκ ἔσκε σίδηρος <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>151</span>; <b class="b3">χ. ἐρυθρός</b> (cf. supr.) <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Ulc.</span>17</span>, <span class="bibl">Thphr.<span class="title">Lap.</span>57</span>, <span class="bibl">Callix.1</span>; χ. ἐρυθρὸς καὶ λευκός <span class="bibl">Thphr.<span class="title">Od.</span>71</span>; χ. Κύπριος <span class="bibl">Posidon.52J.</span>, Dsc.1.102, cf. <span class="bibl">Polyaen.3.10.14</span>; alloyed with tin to form [[bronze]], the usual meaning of the word in Hom. (v. infr. <span class="bibl">11</span>) and freq. in later writers: σίδηρος δὲ καὶ χ. πολέμων ὄργανα <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>956a</span>, etc.; χ. κεκραμένος <span class="bibl">D.Chr.28.3</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> in Poets freq. for <b class="b2">anything made of metal</b>, esp. of arms (hence Pi. calls it <b class="b3">πολιός</b>, the proper epith. of iron, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">P.</span>3.48</span>); of offensive arms, <b class="b3">ὀξέϊ χαλκῷ, νηλέϊ χ</b>., of a spear, a sword, <span class="bibl">Il.4.540</span>, <span class="bibl">3.292</span>, al.; of a knife, <span class="bibl">1.236</span>, al.; of an axe, <span class="bibl">13.180</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.5.244</span>, al.; of a fish-hook, <span class="bibl">Il.16.408</span>; of defensive arms, as the plates laid on a shield, <span class="bibl">20.275</span>; <b class="b3">χαλκὸν ζώννυσθαι</b>, of a warrior girding on his armour, <span class="bibl">23.130</span>; κεκορυθμένος, αἴθοπι χ. <span class="bibl">4.495</span>; ἐδύσετο νώροπα χ. <span class="bibl">2.578</span>; of both combined, <b class="b3">πλάγχθη</b> <b class="b3">δ' ἀπὸ χαλκόφι χαλκός</b> <b class="b2">the spear of bronze</b> glanced off <b class="b2">the helm of bronze</b>, <span class="bibl">11.351</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> of vessels, [[copper]], [[cauldron]], [[urn]], <span class="bibl">18.349</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.8.426</span>; of a cinerary urn, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>758</span>; collectively of <b class="b2">bronze plate</b>, <b class="b3">χ. μυρίος</b>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">N.</span>10.45</span>; θάλαμον... ὅθι νητὸς χρυσὸς καὶ χ. ἔκειτο <span class="bibl">Od. 2.338</span>, cf.<span class="bibl">13.19</span>,<span class="bibl">21.10</span>,<span class="bibl">62</span>, <span class="bibl">Il.2.226</span>; used in payment of ransom, <span class="bibl">22.50</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">340</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.5.38</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> of a <b class="b2">bronze mirror</b>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Fr.</span>393</span>, <span class="bibl">Call.<span class="title">Lav.Pall.</span>21</span>, <span class="title">Ap</span>6.210 (Philet.); used as a burning-glass, <span class="bibl">Thphr.<span class="title">Ign.</span>73</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> collectively, <b class="b2">copper money</b>, <span class="title">IPE</span>12.24.15 (Olbia, iv B. C.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Matt.</span> 10.9</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Marc.</span>12.41</span>, cf. ἰσόνομος <span class="bibl">11</span>; generally, [[money]], opp. <b class="b3">κύαμοι</b>, <span class="title">IG</span>14.423 ii 21 (Tauromenium), cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">BGU</span>822.12</span> (iii A. D.), etc.; <b class="b3">χαλκοῦ σπάνις</b> Men<span class="title">Mon.</span>156; χαλκὸν ἔχων πῶς οὐδὲν ἔχεις μάθε <span class="title">AP</span> 11.167 (Pollian.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> = [[χάλκωμα]], <b class="b2">bronze plate</b> or [[tablet]], τὰν προξενίαν γράψαντας εἰς χαλκὸν ἀνθέμεν <span class="title">IG</span>9(1).682 (Corcyra, iv B. C.); <b class="b3">οὐετρανοὶ οἱ χωρὶς χαλκῶν</b>, who have not received <b class="b2">bronze copies</b> of the privileges granted on discharge, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">BGU</span>113.5</span> (ii A. D.), etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">6</span> a weight, <span class="bibl">1</span>/<span class="bibl">8</span> obol, Gal.19.752. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">III</span> <b class="b3">χαλκοῦ ἄνθος</b>, particles thrown off by copper when cooling, <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Mul.</span>1.104</span>, <span class="bibl">Ph.<span class="title">Bel.</span>102.34</span>, Dsc.5.77. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> <b class="b3">χαλκοῦ λεπίς</b>, small pieces that scale off under the hammer, ib.78. (Perh. cf. Lith. [[geležìs]] 'iron'.)</span>