σάρξ: Difference between revisions

|Definition=gen. <b class="b3">σαρκός, ἡ</b>, Aeol. σύρξ <span class="bibl"><span class="title">EM</span>708.31</span>:—<span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> [[flesh]], Hom. always in pl., exc. <span class="bibl">Od.19.450</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Sc.</span>364</span>,<span class="bibl">461</span>; κορέει κύνας . . δημῷ καὶ σάρκεσσι <span class="bibl">Il.8.380</span>; ἔγκατά τε σάρκας τε καὶ ὀστέα <span class="bibl">Od.9.293</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">11.219</span>; σάρκες περιτρομέοντο μέλεσσιν <span class="bibl">18.77</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Th.</span>538</span>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">Fr.</span>168</span>, etc.; τούτου σάρκας λύκοι πάσονται <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>1040</span>; ὀπτὰς σάρκας <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ag.</span>1097</span>; σάρκες δ' ἀπ' ὀστέων . . ἀπέρρεον <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Med.</span>1200</span>; sts. to represent the whole body, μήτε γῆ δέξαιτό μου σάρκας θανόντος <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Hipp.</span>1031</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">1239</span>,<span class="bibl">1343</span> (anap.): sg. later in same sense, <b class="b3">τοῦ αἵματος . . πηγνυμένου σ. γίνεται</b> (of the foetus) <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Nat.Puer.</span>15</span>, cf.<span class="title">Steril.</span>233; κορέσαι στόμα πρὸς χάριν ἐμᾶς σαρκὸς αἰόλας <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1157</span> (lyr.); ἔδαπτον σάρκα <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Med.</span> 1189</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ba.</span>1136</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Cyc.</span>344</span>, etc.: also collectively, of the [[body]], γέροντα τὸν νοῦν, σάρκα δ' ἡβῶσαν φέρει <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>622</span>; σαρκὶ παλαιᾶ <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ag.</span>72</span> (anap.); <b class="b3">σαρκὸς περιβόλαια, ἐνδυτά</b>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">HF</span>1269</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ba.</span>746</span>:—Pl. uses sg. and pl. in much the same manner, ταῖς σαρξὶ σάρκες προσγένωνται <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Phd.</span>96d</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Smp.</span>211e</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">R.</span>556d</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Grg.</span>518c</span>, etc.; τῆς σαρκὸς διαλυτικόν <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ti.</span>60b</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">61c</span>, <span class="bibl">62b</span>, etc.: [[portions of meat]], usu. in pl., σάρκας τρεῖς <span class="title">IG</span>12(7).237.17 (Amorgos) (sg., ib.12(2).498.16 (Methymna, iii B.C.)); but, [[pieces of flesh]] or [[membrane]], βήσσοντα . . ὥστε σάρκας ἐνπύους . . ἀποβάλλειν <span class="title">SIG</span> 1171.5 (Lebena). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> <b class="b3">εἰς σάρκα πημαίνειν</b> to the [[quick]], Phld.<span class="title">Herc.</span> 1289p.60V. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b3">ἡ σ. τοῦ σκύτεος</b> the [[inner]] or <b class="b2">flesh-side</b> of leather, <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Art.</span>33</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> <b class="b2">fleshy, pulpy substance of fruit</b>, <span class="bibl">Thphr.<span class="title">CP</span>6.8.5</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">HP</span>1.2.6</span>, <span class="bibl">4.15.1</span>, al. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> the [[flesh]], as the seat of the affections and lusts, [[fleshly nature]], ἐν τῇ σ. ἡ ἡδονή <span class="bibl">Epicur.<span class="title">Sent.</span>18</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Sent.Vat.</span> 33</span>; <b class="b3">ἀδούλωτον</b> (prob. l.) τῇ σαρκὶ καὶ τοῖς ταύτης πάθεσι Plu.2.107f, cf. 101b; freq. in [[NT]], Ep.Gal.5.19, al. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> in <span class="title">NT</span> also, the [[body]], τῆς σαρκὸς πρόνοια <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ep.Rom.</span>13.14</span>; οὔτε ἡ σ. αὐτοῦ εἶδεν διαφθοράν <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Act.Ap.</span>2.31</span>, etc.: hence (partly as a Hebraism) <b class="b3">πᾶσα σάρξ</b>, = every-[[body]], <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Ge.</span>6.12</span>, al., <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Luc.</span>3.6</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">οὐ . . πᾶσα σάρξ</b> no<b class="b2">body, Ev. Matt</b>.<span class="bibl">24.22</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> the [[physical]] or [[natural order]] of things, opp. the spiritual or supernatural, σοφοὶ κατὰ σάρκα <span class="bibl"><span class="title">1 Ep.Cor.</span>1.26</span>; ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ καὶ οὐκ ἐν σαρκὶ πεποιθότες <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ep.Phil.</span>3.3</span>; <b class="b3">τὸν κύριον τῶν πνευμάτων καὶ πάσης σ</b>. <span class="title">SIG</span>1181.3 (ii B.C., Jewish). (Perh. I.-E. <b class="b2">twr[kcirc ]-</b> 'portion', cf. Avest. θ<b class="b2">war[schwa]s-</b> 'cut'.)</span>

|etymtx=σαρκός<br />Grammatical information: f., often pl. (Hom almost only).<br />Meaning: <b class="b2">flesh, piece(s) of meat</b> (Il.); on the number Schw.-Debrunner 43, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 2,30.<br />Other forms: Aeol. <b class="b3">σύρκες</b> pl. H., EM; on the phonetics Schwyzer 308.<br />Compounds: Many compp., e.g. <b class="b3">σαρκο-φάγος</b> [[eating flesh]] (Arist.), <b class="b3">λίθος σαρκοφάγος</b> des. of a stone broken near Assos (Troas), which was used for funeral monuments and would have eaten the corpse (Poll. 10, 150, Plin. a. o.); on the debated physiological-chemical proces s. R. Müller in Kretschmer Glotta 22, 265; from there [[coffin]] (inscr.), Lat. LW [loanword] [[sarcophagus]], OHG [[sarch]] etc.; <b class="b3">ἄ-σαρκος</b> [[without flesh]], [[thin]] (IA.); on the 2. member extens. Sommer Nominalkomp. 94 f.<br />Derivatives: 1. <b class="b3">σαρκ-ίον</b> (Hp., Arist. a. o.), <b class="b3">-ίδιον</b> (Arist. etc.) n. [[piece of flesh]], <b class="b3">-ίς</b> f. [[meat]], [[food]] (late pap.); <b class="b3">-ῖτις</b> f. name of a stone (Plin.; after the colour, Redard 60). 2. <b class="b3">σάρκ-ινος</b> (Att. etc.), <b class="b3">-ικός</b> (hell. a. late), <b class="b3">-ειος</b> (late) <b class="b2">fleshy, made of flesh</b>; <b class="b3">-ώδης</b> <b class="b2">flesh-like</b> (Hp., X. etc.), <b class="b3">-ήρης</b> [[consisting of flesh]] (Trag. Adesp.). 3a <b class="b3">σαρκ-ίζω</b> [[to scrape clean of flesh]] (Hdt.; on the privative meaning Hudson-Williams ClassRev. 26, 122f.; not correct Schwyzer 736), <b class="b3">περι-</b> σαρκός with <b class="b3">-ισμός</b> (medic.), <b class="b3">ἐκ-</b> σαρκός (LXX); b. <b class="b3">-όω</b> (<b class="b3">περι-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐκ-</b> a. o.) <b class="b2">to make fleshy, to change into flesh</b> with <b class="b3">-ωμα</b>, <b class="b3">-ωσις</b>, <b class="b3">-ωτικός</b> (medic. a. o.); c. <b class="b3">-άζω</b> s. v.<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1102] <b class="b2">*tu̯r̥ḱ-</b> [[cut]]<br />Etymology: Acc. to a general, very acceptable view (since v. Bradke ZDMG 40, 752) to Av. <b class="b2">ʮwarǝs-</b>, pres. [[ʮwǝrǝsaiti]] prop. [[cut]] (<b class="b2">upa-</b>, <b class="b2">us-</b> a. o.), as simplex <b class="b2">shape, create, destine etc.</b>, IE <b class="b2">tu̯r̥ḱ-</b> (WP. 1, 751, Pok. 1102); so prop. *'slice' as Lat. [[carō]] <b class="b2">(piece) of meat</b> = Umbr. [[karu]] <b class="b2">pars, piece of meat</b> to <b class="b3">κείρω</b> [[cut]] etc. Other argumentation by Risch Sprache 7, 93 ff. (where also Hitt. [[tuekkaš]] [[body]] [with assumed loss of [[r]] before [[k]]] is discussed; s. however on <b class="b3">σάκος</b>): to <b class="b2">ʮwarǝs-</b> in the (clearly secondary) meaning [[create]], [[build]]; so "flesh as what gives the human body shape and form"; certainly not to be preferred. -- Thus also Lubotsky, Sprache 36 (1994) 94-102, who shows that Skt. <b class="b2">tvaṣṭar-</b> contains a zero grade (with [[a]] < <b class="b2">r̥</b>), like Av. <b class="b2">ʮworǝštar-</b> (from <b class="b2">*ʮwǝrǝštar-</b>). OIr. [[torc]] [[boar]] has the same origin, for which he reconstructs <b class="b2">*turḱos</b>. L. discusses also the rise of <b class="b3">-αρ-</b>, <b class="b3">-υρ-</b> (rejecting a reconstr. <b class="b2">*tu̯orḱ-</b>). - From <b class="b3">σάρξ</b> Alb. [[šark]] [[flesh of a fruit]] (Jokl IF 44, 13 ff.).<br />σαρκός<br />Grammatical information: f., often pl. (Hom almost only).<br />Meaning: <b class="b2">flesh, piece(s) of meat</b> (Il.); on the number Schw.-Debrunner 43, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 2,30.<br />Other forms: Aeol. <b class="b3">σύρκες</b> pl. H., EM; on the phonetics Schwyzer 308.<br />Compounds: Many compp., e.g. <b class="b3">σαρκο-φάγος</b> [[eating flesh]] (Arist.), <b class="b3">λίθος σαρκοφάγος</b> des. of a stone broken near Assos (Troas), which was used for funeral monuments and would have eaten the corpse (Poll. 10, 150, Plin. a. o.); on the debated physiological-chemical proces s. R. Müller in Kretschmer Glotta 22, 265; from there [[coffin]] (inscr.), Lat. LW [loanword] [[sarcophagus]], OHG [[sarch]] etc.; <b class="b3">ἄ-σαρκος</b> [[without flesh]], [[thin]] (IA.); on the 2. member extens. Sommer Nominalkomp. 94 f.<br />Derivatives: 1. <b class="b3">σαρκ-ίον</b> (Hp., Arist. a. o.), <b class="b3">-ίδιον</b> (Arist. etc.) n. [[piece of flesh]], <b class="b3">-ίς</b> f. [[meat]], [[food]] (late pap.); <b class="b3">-ῖτις</b> f. name of a stone (Plin.; after the colour, Redard 60). 2. <b class="b3">σάρκ-ινος</b> (Att. etc.), <b class="b3">-ικός</b> (hell. a. late), <b class="b3">-ειος</b> (late) <b class="b2">fleshy, made of flesh</b>; <b class="b3">-ώδης</b> <b class="b2">flesh-like</b> (Hp., X. etc.), <b class="b3">-ήρης</b> [[consisting of flesh]] (Trag. Adesp.). 3a <b class="b3">σαρκ-ίζω</b> [[to scrape clean of flesh]] (Hdt.; on the privative meaning Hudson-Williams ClassRev. 26, 122f.; not correct Schwyzer 736), <b class="b3">περι-</b> σάρξ with <b class="b3">-ισμός</b> (medic.), <b class="b3">ἐκ-</b> σάρξ (LXX); b. <b class="b3">-όω</b> (<b class="b3">περι-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐκ-</b> a. o.) <b class="b2">to make fleshy, to change into flesh</b> with <b class="b3">-ωμα</b>, <b class="b3">-ωσις</b>, <b class="b3">-ωτικός</b> (medic. a. o.); c. <b class="b3">-άζω</b> s. v.<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1102] <b class="b2">*tu̯r̥ḱ-</b> [[cut]]<br />Etymology: Acc. to a general, very acceptable view (since v. Bradke ZDMG 40, 752) to Av. <b class="b2">ʮwarǝs-</b>, pres. [[ʮwǝrǝsaiti]] prop. [[cut]] (<b class="b2">upa-</b>, <b class="b2">us-</b> a. o.), as simplex <b class="b2">shape, create, destine etc.</b>, IE <b class="b2">tu̯r̥ḱ-</b> (WP. 1, 751, Pok. 1102); so prop. *'slice' as Lat. [[carō]] <b class="b2">(piece) of meat</b> = Umbr. [[karu]] <b class="b2">pars, piece of meat</b> to <b class="b3">κείρω</b> [[cut]] etc. Other argumentation by Risch Sprache 7, 93 ff. (where also Hitt. [[tuekkaš]] [[body]] [with assumed loss of [[r]] before [[k]]] is discussed; s. however on <b class="b3">σάκος</b>): to <b class="b2">ʮwarǝs-</b> in the (clearly secondary) meaning [[create]], [[build]]; so "flesh as what gives the human body shape and form"; certainly not to be preferred. -- Thus also Lubotsky, Sprache 36 (1994) 94-102, who shows that Skt. <b class="b2">tvaṣṭar-</b> contains a zero grade (with [[a]] < <b class="b2">r̥</b>), like Av. <b class="b2">ʮworǝštar-</b> (from <b class="b2">*ʮwǝrǝštar-</b>). OIr. [[torc]] [[boar]] has the same origin, for which he reconstructs <b class="b2">*turḱos</b>. L. discusses also the rise of <b class="b3">-αρ-</b>, <b class="b3">-υρ-</b> (rejecting a reconstr. <b class="b2">*tu̯orḱ-</b>). - From <b class="b3">σάρξ</b> Alb. [[šark]] [[flesh of a fruit]] (Jokl IF 44, 13 ff.).