κόπτω: Difference between revisions

|Definition=<span class="bibl">Od.18.28</span>, etc.: fut. <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> κόψω <span class="bibl">Hippon.83</span>, <span class="bibl">Men.<span class="title">Pk.</span>64</span>, etc.: aor. <b class="b3">ἔκοψα</b>, Ep. κόψα <span class="bibl">Il.13.203</span>: pf. <b class="b3">κέκοφα</b> (<b class="b3">ἐκ</b>-) <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>6.5.37</span>, (περι-) <span class="bibl">Lys.14.42</span>, (συγ-) <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span>169b</span>; Ep. part. κεκοπώς <span class="bibl">Il.13.60</span> (v.l. -<b class="b3">φώς, -πών</b>), <span class="bibl">Od.18.335</span>:—Med., fut. κόψομαι <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Ez.</span>6.9</span>: aor. ἐκοψάμην <span class="bibl">Hdt.4.166</span>:—Pass., fut. <b class="b3">κεκόψομαι</b> (<b class="b3">ἀπο</b>-) <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>1125</span>, (<b class="b3">ἐκ</b>-) <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ra.</span> 1223</span>, (κατα-) <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>1.5.16</span>, κοπήσομαι <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Je.</span>8.2</span>, Gal.13.759: aor. ἐκόπην <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>1278</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ra.</span>723</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.8.13</span>: pf. κέκομμαι <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span>683</span>:— [[cut]], [[strike]], </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> [[smite]], ο' ἀμφὶ κάρη κεκοπὼς χερσὶ στιβαρῇσι <span class="bibl">Od.18.335</span>: c. dupl. acc., <b class="b3">κόψε δὲ παπτήναντα παρήϊον</b> [[smote]] him [[on]] the cheek, <span class="bibl">Il.23.690</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> [[smite]] with weapons, κόπτοντες δούρεσσι μετάφρενον <span class="bibl">Od.8.528</span>; τοῖσι Πέρσῃσι εἵποντο κόπτοντες <span class="bibl">Hdt.6.113</span>: metaph. in Pass., with play on words, αἰεὶ κόπτῃ ῥήμασι καὶ κοπίσιν <span class="title">AP</span>11.335. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> [[smite]], [[slaughter]] an animal with an axe or mallet, κόψας ἐξόπιθεν κεράων βοός <span class="bibl">Il.17.521</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Od.14.425</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>2.1.6</span>; in Trag., <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>1278</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Eu.</span>635</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">El.</span>838</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> <b class="b2">cut off, chop off</b>, κεφαλὴν ἀπὸ δειρῆς κόψεν <span class="bibl">Il.13.203</span>; χεῖράς τ' ἠδὲ πόδας κόπτον <span class="bibl">Od.22.477</span>; κ. [τὰ γέρρα] ταῖς μαχαίραις <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>4.6.26</span>; <b class="b3">κ. δένδρα</b> [[cut down]] or [[fell]] trees, <span class="bibl">Th.2.75</span>, <span class="bibl">X. <span class="title">HG</span>5.2.39</span>,<span class="bibl">43</span>; <b class="b3">κ. τὴν χώραν</b> [[lay]] it [[waste]], ib.<span class="bibl">3.2.26</span>, <span class="bibl">4.6.5</span>:—in Pass., of ships, <b class="b2">to be shattered, disabled</b> by the enemy, <span class="bibl">Th.4.14</span>,<span class="bibl">8.13</span>:—metaph., φρενῶν κεκομμένος <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>479</span> (lyr.); <b class="b3">τὸν ὕπνον ἁ φροντὶς κόπτοισα</b> [[preventing]], <span class="bibl">Theoc.21.28</span>; [<b class="b3">πνεῦμα] κοπτόμενον</b> <b class="b2">being suddenly stopped, arrested</b>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Mete.</span>367a10</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> [[strike]], [[beat]] a horse, to make him go faster, κόψε δ' Ὀδυσσεὺς τόξῳ <span class="bibl">Il.10.513</span>; also <b class="b3">σκηπανίῳ Γαιήοχος ἀμφοτέρω</b> (sc. <b class="b3">Αἴαντε</b>) κεκοπὼς πλῆσεν μένεος <span class="bibl">13.60</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">6</span> [[hammer]], [[forge]], κόπτε δὲ δεσμούς <span class="bibl">18.379</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.8.274</span>; later, [[stamp]] metal, i.e. [[coin]] money, κ. νόμισμα <span class="title">IG</span>12(5).480.11 (Siphnos, Athenian Law), <span class="bibl">Xenoph.4</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.56</span>:—Med., [[coin oneself]] money, [[order to be coined]], κ. χρυσοῦ καὶ ἀργύρου νόμισμα <span class="bibl">Id.1.94</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">4.166</span>:—Pass., of money, [[to be stamped]] or [[coined]], [νομίσμασιν] μόνοις ὀρθῶς κοπεῖσι <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ra.</span>723</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">726</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">7</span> [[knock]] or [[rap at]], τὴν θύραν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Nu.</span>132</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Pl.</span>1097</span>, <span class="bibl">And. 1.41</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>5.4.7</span>, <span class="bibl">Men.<span class="title">Epit.</span>538</span>, <span class="bibl">Phld.<span class="title">Vit.</span>p.30</span> J., <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Alc.</span>8</span>, etc.; without <b class="b3">θύραν, οὗτος, τί κόπτεις</b>; <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ec.</span>976</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">8</span> [[pound]], [[bray]] in a mortar, κυπἐρου κεκομμένου <span class="bibl">Hdt.4.71</span>; <b class="b3">ἀσταφίδα κεκ</b>. <span class="bibl">Alex.127.4</span>; <b class="b3">ἔλαιον κεκ</b>., i.e. [[pure]] oil, <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">3 Ki.</span>5.11</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">9</span> [[knock]], [[dash about]], τὸ ὕδωρ ὅταν κοπῇ <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ti.</span>60b</span>; κόνις… κοπτομένη… ὑφ' ἅρμασι <span class="bibl">Hes. <span class="title">Sc.</span>63</span>; θάλασσα κοπτομένη πνοιαῖς <span class="bibl">Theoc.22.16</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">10</span> of birds, [[peck]], <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">HA</span>609b5</span>; <b class="b3">ὁ ἁλιάετος… τὰ λιμναῖα κ</b>. [[preys]] on the lagoon life, ib.<span class="bibl">593b24</span>; <b class="b3">σπειρὴν κ</b>. [[peck]] at, <span class="bibl">Arat.449</span>; of fish, [[gnaw]], <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">HA</span> 620b17</span>; of a snake, [[strike]], <span class="bibl">Il.12.204</span>:—Pass., of wood or seeds, <b class="b2">to be worm-eaten</b>, <span class="bibl">Thphr.<span class="title">HP</span>3.18.5</span>, <span class="bibl">8.11.2</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> [[munch]], [[masticate]], dub. in <span class="bibl">Chionid.6</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">11</span> <b class="b3">ὁ ἵππος κ. τὸν ἀναβάτην</b> [[jars]] his rider [[by his paces]], <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Eq.</span>1.4</span>:—Pass., ib.<span class="bibl">8.7</span>, Hp.Aër.21. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">12</span> <b class="b3">κ. ὄνους</b> [[dress]], [[prepare]] mill-stones for use, <span class="bibl">Alex.13</span>; [[set]], [[sharpen]], <span class="bibl">Herod.6.84</span>:—Med., <span class="title">AP</span> 11.253 (Lucill.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">13</span> metaph., [[tire out]], [[weary]], μήθ' ὑμῖν ἐνοχλῶ μήτ' ἐμαυτὸν κ. <span class="bibl">D.<span class="title">Prooem.</span>29</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Alciphr.2.3</span>; λέγων φαίνου τι δὴ καινὸν... ἢ μὴ κόπτε με <span class="bibl">Hegesipp.1.3</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Sosip.1.20</span>; μὴ κόπτ' ἔμ', ἀλλὰ τὰ κρέα <span class="bibl">Alex.173.12</span>; κ. τὴν ἀκρόασιν <span class="bibl">D.H.<span class="title">Comp.</span>19</span>; κ. τὰ ὦτα <span class="bibl">Poll.6.119</span>; κ. ἐρωτήμασιν ἀκαίροις <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Phoc.</span>7</span>, cf. Moer.<span class="bibl">p.74</span> P.:—Pass., [[to be worn out]], κοπτόμενοι ἀεὶ ταῖς στρατείαις <span class="bibl">D.2.16</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> Med. <b class="b3">κόπτομαι</b>, [[beat]] or <b class="b2">strike oneself, beat one's breast</b> or [[head]] through grief, κεφαλὴν δ' ὅ γε κόψατο χερσίν <span class="bibl">Il.22.33</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.121</span>.<b class="b3">δ</b> (also Act. <b class="b3">τί κόπτεις τὴν κεφαλήν</b>; <span class="bibl">Men.<span class="title">Her.</span>4</span>); κόπτεσθαι μέτωπα <span class="bibl">Hdt.6.58</span> (with <b class="b3">μαχαίρῃσι</b> added <span class="bibl">2.61</span>): abs., <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>60b</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">R.</span>619c</span>: pf. Pass., [πόλις] κέκοπται <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span> 683</span>:—Act. c. acc. cogn., ἐκοψα κομμὸν Ἄριον <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ch.</span>423</span> (lyr.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b3">κόπτεσθαί τινα</b> [[mourn for]] any one, κόπτεσθ' Ἄδωνιν <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Lys.</span>396</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Luc.</span>8.52</span>; but also ἐπί τινα <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Apoc.</span>1.7</span>, <span class="bibl">18.9</span> (v.l. [[αὐτῇ]]). (Cf. Lith. [[kapóti]], Lett. [[kapāt]] 'chop small', 'beat', 'stamp', Lat. [[capo]] 'capon', perh. <b class="b3">σκέπαρνον</b>.)</span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: v.<br />Meaning: <b class="b2">strike, smite, hew, hammer, disable, tire out</b><br />Other forms: Aor. <b class="b3">κόψαι</b> (Il.), pass. <b class="b3">κοπῆναι</b> (Att.), perf. <b class="b3">κέκοφα</b> (Att.), ep. ptc. <b class="b3">κεκοπώς</b> (Ν 60 with v. l. <b class="b3">-φώς</b> and <b class="b3">-πών</b>; Aeol.? Schwyzer 772; after Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 397 rather themat. aor.), midd. <b class="b3">κέκομμαι</b> (A.), fut. <b class="b3">κόψω</b> (Alc., Hippon.),<br />Compounds: very often with prefix in several meaning variants, e. g. <b class="b3">ἀπο-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐκ-</b>, <b class="b3">προ-</b>, <b class="b3">περι-</b>, <b class="b3">συν-</b>.<br />Derivatives: (Classif. not always clear): 1. <b class="b3">κόπος</b> prop. *stroke (so in E. Tr. 794 for trad. <b class="b3">κτύπος</b>?; cf. also A. Ch. 23), [[pain]], [[trouble]], [[labour]] (IA.); with <b class="b3">κοπώδης</b> [[tiring]] (Hp., Arist., hell.), <b class="b3">κοπηρός</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (Hdn.); <b class="b3">κοπόομαι</b>, <b class="b3">-όω</b> [[get tired]], [[tire]] (J., Plu. usw.) with <b class="b3">κόπωσις</b> (LXX), <b class="b3">κοπάζω</b> <b class="b2">get tired, leave off</b> (Ion. hell.) with <b class="b3">κόπασμα</b> (Tz.), <b class="b3">κοπιάω</b> (<b class="b3">ἐγ-</b>, <b class="b3">συγ-</b>, <b class="b3">προ-</b>) [[get tired]] (IA.) with <b class="b3">κοπιαρός</b> [[tiring]] (Arist., Thphr.), <b class="b3">κοπιάτης</b> <b class="b2">land-labourer, digger</b> (Cod. Theod., Just.), <b class="b3">κοπιώδης</b> = <b class="b3">κοπώδης</b> (Hp., Arist.), <b class="b3">κοπίαι ἡσυχίαι</b> H. - 2. (<b class="b3">ἀπο-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐκ-</b>, <b class="b3">παρα-</b>, <b class="b3">προ-</b> etc.)<b class="b3">κοπή</b> <b class="b2">hewing etc.</b> (IA.) with <b class="b3">κόπαιον</b> (Alciphr.), <b class="b3">κοπάδιον</b> (Gloss.) [[piece]], <b class="b3">κοπάριον</b> [[sort of probe]] (medic.), (<b class="b3">ἐγ-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐκ-)κοπεύς</b> <b class="b2">oilstamper, chisel </b> (hell.; Boßhardt Die Nom. auf <b class="b3">-ευς</b> 73). - 3. <b class="b3">κόμμα</b> (<b class="b3">διά-</b>, <b class="b3">ἀπό-</b>, <b class="b3">περί-</b>) [[cut in]], [[stamp]], [[part]] (IA.) with <b class="b3">κομμάτιον</b> [[small part]] (Eup.), <b class="b3">κομματίας</b> [[who speaks in short sentences]] (Philostr.), <b class="b3">-ατικός</b> [[consisting of short sentences]] (Luc.); 4. <b class="b3">κομμός</b> <b class="b2">beat the breast, dirge</b> (A., Arist.). - 5. <b class="b3">κόπις</b>, <b class="b3">-ιδος</b> m. [[prater]] (Heraklit. 81 [?], E. Hec. 132 [lyr.], Lyc.), cf. <b class="b3">ὠτοκοπεῖ κεφαλαλγει</b>, <b class="b3">ἐνοχλεῖ λαλῶν</b> H., <b class="b3">κόπτειν την ἀκρόασιν</b>, <b class="b3">δημο-κόπος</b> = <b class="b3">δημηγόρος</b> (H.) etc. (Persson Beitr. 1, 162f.; s. also Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 48, v. Wilamowitz Herm. 62, 277f.; diff. on <b class="b3">κόπις</b> Pisani Acme 1, 324); here (or to <b class="b3">κόπος</b>?) <b class="b3">κοπίζειν ψεύδεσθαι</b> H.; 6. <b class="b3">κοπίς</b>, <b class="b3">-ίδος</b> f. <b class="b2">slaughtering knife, curved sabre</b> (Att.), also name of the meal on the first dayof the Hyacinthies in Sparta (Com.; cf. Nilsson Gr. Rel. 1, 531) with <b class="b3">κοπίζω</b> <b class="b2">celebrate the K.</b> (Ath.); 7. <b class="b3">κοπάς</b>, <b class="b3">-άδος</b> f. [[pruned]], [[lopped]] (Thphr.), [[bush]] (hell. pap.), <b class="b3">ἐπι-κοπ-άς</b> [[land cleared of wood]] (pap.). - 8. <b class="b3">κοπετός</b> = <b class="b3">κομμός</b> (Eup., LXX, Act. Ap.; from <b class="b3">κόπος</b>?; cf. Schwyzer 501 and Chantraine Formation 300). - 9. <b class="b3">πρό-</b>, <b class="b3">ἀπό-</b>, <b class="b3">πρόσ-κοψις</b> etc. from <b class="b3">προ-κόπτειν</b> etc. (Sapph., Hp., Arist.). - 10. <b class="b3">κόπανον</b> [[slaughtering knife]], [[axe]] (A. Ch. 890), [[pestle]] (Eust.), from where <b class="b3">κοπανίζω</b> [[pound]] (LXX, Alex. Trall.) with <b class="b3">κοπανισμός</b>, <b class="b3">κοπανιστήριον</b> H.; <b class="b3">ἐπικόπανον</b> [[chopping block]] (hell.). - 11. <b class="b3">κοπτός</b> [[pounded]] (Cratin., Antiph.; cf. Ammann <b class="b3">Μνήμης χάριν</b> 1, 18); <b class="b3">κοπτή</b> (<b class="b3">σησαμίς</b>) [[cake from pounded sesame]] (hell. ep.), [[Meerzwiebel]], [[θαλάσσιον πράσον]] (Ath.; which Fur. 318 A 5 considers as Pre-Greek), [[pastille]] (Dsc.); 12. <b class="b3">ἐπι-</b>, <b class="b3">περι-κόπτης</b> [[satirist]] resp. [[stonecutter]] (Timo resp. pap.), <b class="b3">Προκόπτας</b> = <b class="b3">Προκρούστης</b> (B. 18, 28); 13. (<b class="b3">ἀπο-</b>, <b class="b3">παρα-</b>, <b class="b3">προσ-</b> usw.)<b class="b3">κοπτικός</b> (medic.) - 14. <b class="b3">κόπτρα</b> pl. [[wages of a hewer]] (Pap.); 15. <b class="b3">κοπτήριον</b> [[threshing place]] (hell. pap.). - 16. Two plant-names: <b class="b3">κοπίσκος</b> = <b class="b3">λίβανος σμιλιωτός</b> (Dsc. 1, 68, 1), <b class="b3">κόπηθρον φυτὸν λαχανῶδες ἄγριον</b> H. - Further verbal nouns like <b class="b3">ἀπό-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐπί-</b>, <b class="b3">παρά-</b>, <b class="b3">ὑπέρ-κοπος</b> etc. and compounds like <b class="b3">δημο-κόπος</b> (cf. 5. above); s. Sturtevant ClassPhil. 3, 435ff.; on <b class="b3">-κόπος</b>, <b class="b3">-κοπῶ</b> in NGr. Hatzidakis Glotta 2, 292f.<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] ?? [cf. 930] <b class="b2">*kop-</b> [[strike]], [[smite]], [[hew]]<br />Etymology: The present <b class="b3">κόπτω</b> can agree with Lith. <b class="b2">kapiù</b> (inf. <b class="b2">kàpti</b>) [[hew]], [[fell]]; nasal present <b class="b2">kampù</b> (pret. <b class="b2">kapaũ</b>, inf. <b class="b2">kàpti</b>) <b class="b2">be cut down, get tired</b> (cf. <b class="b3">κόπος</b> [[labour]]) and uncharacterized Alb. [[kep]] [[hew]], IE. <b class="b2">*kopō</b> (not <b class="b2">*kapō</b>); (acc. to Mann Lang. 26, 386 from <b class="b2">*kopi̯ō</b>, identical with <b class="b3">κόπτω</b>?). Further the secondary formation Lith. <b class="b2">kapóju</b>, <b class="b2">-óti</b> [[hew]], [[split]], [[cut down]] = Latv. <b class="b2">kapãju</b>, <b class="b2">-ât</b> <b class="b2">id.</b>, also in Slav., e. g. Russ. <b class="b2">kopájo</b>, <b class="b2">-átь</b> [[hew]], [[dig]]. The relation of these forms to the many words with initial <b class="b2">sk-</b>, e. g. <b class="b3">σκάπτω</b>, <b class="b3">σκέπαρνος</b> (s. vv.), is an unsolved question; cf. Pok. 930ff., and W.-Hofmann s. [[cāpō]]. - If to <b class="b3">σκάπτω</b> etc. the word might be Pre-Greek.