στυγέω: Difference between revisions

|Definition=<span class="bibl">Il.7.112</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.236</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">El.</span>1017</span>, etc.: aor. 1 <b class="b3">ἔστυξα</b>, opt. <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> στύξαιμι <span class="bibl">Od.11.502</span> (v. infr. <span class="bibl">11</span>): aor. 2 <b class="b3">ἔστῠγον</b> (κατ-) <span class="bibl">10.113</span>, <span class="bibl">Il.17.694</span>: later aor. 1 ἐστύγησα <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Supp.</span>528</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Tr.</span>710</span>: pf. ἐστύγηκα <span class="bibl">J.<span class="title">Ap.</span>2.24</span>, (ἀπ-) <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.47</span>:—Pass., fut. <b class="b3">στυγήσομαι</b> in pass. sense, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>672</span>: aor. ἐστυγήθην <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>691</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Alc.</span>465</span> (lyr.): pf. ἐστύγημαι Lyc.421; ἔστυγμαι Hsch.:—poet. Verb (also in Hdt. and later Prose, <span class="bibl">Phld.<span class="title">Lib.</span>p.13</span> O., J.l.c.), [[hate]], [[abhor]], c. acc., <span class="bibl">Il.20.65</span>, al., Hes. (<span class="bibl"><span class="title">Th.</span> 739</span>, al.), and Trag. (v. infr.); also in <span class="bibl">Thgn.278</span>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">Fr.</span>203.2</span>, <span class="bibl">Emp. 115.12</span>, <span class="bibl">116</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.236</span>; Com. only in paratragoedic and lyric passages, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ach.</span>33</span> (cf. Sch. ad loc.), <span class="bibl">472</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Th.</span>1144</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl">Diph.73.5</span>, <span class="title">Com.Adesp.</span>1278; never in Att. Prose: stronger than <b class="b3">μισέω</b>, for it means [[to show hatred]], not merely to feel it, τὸ πρᾶγμα... ἢν μὲν ἀξίως μισεῖν ἔχῃ, στυγεῖν δίκαιον <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">El.</span>1017</span>: c. inf., [[hate]] or [[fear]] to do a thing, <span class="bibl">Il.1.186</span>, <span class="bibl">8.515</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>87</span>, <span class="bibl">A.R.2.628</span>:—Pass., <b class="b2">to be abhorred, detested</b>, τὸν μέγα στυγούμενον <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>1004</span>; Φοίβῳ στυγηθέν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Th.</span> 691</span>; <b class="b3">τί δ' ἐστίν . . πρός γ' ἐμοῦ στυγούμενον</b>; what is <b class="b2">the horrid thing that I have done?</b> <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>738</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> in aor. 1, [[make hateful]], <b class="b3">τῷ κέ τεῳ στύξαιμι μένος καὶ χεῖρας</b> then [[would I make]] my courage and my hands [[a hate and fear]] to many a one, <span class="bibl">Od.11.502</span>: but this aor. is used in the common sense by <span class="bibl">A.R.4.512</span>, <span class="title">AP</span>7.430 (Diosc.).</span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: v.<br />Meaning: <b class="b2">to hate, to detest, to hold back</b> (ep. poet., Il., Hdt. a. late prose).<br />Other forms: Aor. <b class="b3">στυγεῖν</b> (Hom., Call., Nic. a.o.), <b class="b3">στύξαι</b> (λ 502 [caus.], A. R., Opp., AP), <b class="b3">στυγ-ῆσαι</b>, pass. <b class="b3">-ηθῆναι</b>, fut. <b class="b3">-ήσομαι</b> (trag.), perf. <b class="b3">ἐστύγ-ηκα</b> (Hdt. a.o.), <b class="b3">-ημαι</b> (Lyc.), <b class="b3">-μαι</b> (H.).<br />Compounds: Also w. <b class="b3">ἀπο-</b>, <b class="b3">κατα-</b>.<br />Derivatives: <b class="b3">στυγ-ητός</b> [[hated]], [[detestable]] (A. Pr., late prose), <b class="b3">-ημα</b> n. <b class="b2">object of hate, detestation</b> (E. a.o.), <b class="b3">ἀπο-</b> στυγέω <b class="b3">ησις</b> f. [[detestation]] (sch.). -- Besides the adj. 1. <b class="b3">στυγ-ερός</b> <b class="b2">hated, full of hate, detestable</b> (ep. poet. Il.). 2. <b class="b3">-νός</b> <b class="b2">id.</b>, also <b class="b2">gruesome, sad etc.</b> (Archil., Hp., trag. etc.) with <b class="b3">-νότης</b> f. (hell. a. late), <b class="b3">-νία</b> f. (sch.), <b class="b3">-νόομαι</b> (also w. <b class="b3">κατα-</b>) [[to be somber]] (AP, H.), <b class="b3">-νωσον χώρισον</b> H., <b class="b3">-νάζω</b> (also w. <b class="b3">δια-</b>, <b class="b3">κατα-</b>, <b class="b3">συν-</b>) [[to be]], [[become overcast]] (NT a.o.) with <b class="b3">-νασις</b> f. (late). 3. <b class="b3">-ιος</b> [[hated]], [[detestable]] (E., Plu.; cf. on <b class="b3">Στύξ</b> below). Subst. 1. <b class="b3">στύγος</b> n. <b class="b2">hate, object of hate</b> (A. a.o.). 2. <b class="b3">Στύξ</b>, <b class="b3">-γός</b> f. river in the Underworld (Hom. etc.) with adj. <b class="b3">Στύγιος</b> (trag. a.o.), name of an Arcadian mountain brook wit icecold water (Hdt., Str., Paus.), also appellat. [[hate]], [[detestation]] (Alciphr.), pl. [[icy cold]] (Thphr.); also = <b class="b3">σκώψ</b> (Ant. Lib. a.o.). Compp. <b class="b3">στυγ-άνωρ</b> [[hating men]] (A. Pr.), <b class="b3">ψευσί-στυξ</b> [[hating lies]] (AP).<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [1033, 1035] <b class="b2">*stug-</b> <b class="b2">be cold, freeze?</b><br />Etymology: The rise of the above forms cannot be reconstructed with certainty. Old is in any case the primary suffixless <b class="b3">Στύξ</b>; whether the pres. <b class="b3">στυγέω</b> or the aor. <b class="b3">ἔστυγον</b> was prior cannot be decided, as the latter just like <b class="b3">στύξαι</b> can be metrically conditioned; cf. <b class="b3">ἔκτυπον</b> s. <b class="b3">κτύπος</b> (also Schwyzer 721 and Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 347). From <b class="b3">στυγέω</b> first <b class="b3">στυγη-τός</b>, <b class="b3">-μα</b>, prob. also as backformation <b class="b3">στύγος</b> (cf. <b class="b3">μισέω</b> : <b class="b3">μῖσος</b>). The adj. can be explained in diff. ways. -- No certain etymology. As behind the notion [[hate]] a concrete conception will be hidden and for <b class="b3">στύξ</b> the meaning [[icy cold]], [[icecold water]] is in fact attested (from where <b class="b3">στυγέω</b> prop. [[shiver]]?) it is obvious to connect a synonymous Slav. word: Russ. <b class="b2">stýgnutь</b>, <b class="b2">stúgnutь</b> <b class="b2">cool down, get cold, freeze</b>, [[Stugna]] tributary of the Dniepr. Much less usual are forms with <b class="b2">-d-</b>, e.g. Russ. <b class="b2">stúda</b> [[cold]], <b class="b2">studítь</b> <b class="b2">cool (down)</b>, OCS [[studъ]] also = <b class="b3">αἰσχύνη</b>; a Slavic change <b class="b2">-dn-</b> to <b class="b2">-gn-</b> is perhaps not to be excluded (s. lit. in Vasmer s. <b class="b2">stýgnutь</b>). Connection with a verb for <b class="b2">push etc.</b>, e.g. Skt. <b class="b2">tujáti</b>, Germ., e.g. NLG [[stūken]], is semantically more difficult to motivate. Further hypotheses (to <b class="b3">στύω</b> a.o.) in Bq, WP. 2, 616f. a. 620, Pok. 1033 u. 1035, Vasmer s.vv., also Fraenkel s. 1. <b class="b2">stúgti</b>; everywhere w. lit. -- New proposal by v. Windekens Orbis 13, 224 f.: to Toch. B <b class="b2">ścono</b>, <b class="b2">śconiye</b> [[hate]] from <b class="b2">steu-n-</b>.