πῶς: Difference between revisions

|Definition=Ion. κῶς, interrog. Adv. of Manner, <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> <b class="b2">how?</b> <span class="bibl">Il.1.123</span>, etc.; sts. to express displeasure, <span class="bibl">4.26</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>391</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ph.</span>1031</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Tr.</span>192</span>; to express astonishment or doubt, <b class="b3">π. εἶπας</b>; <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span>798</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>407</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">π. λέγεις</b>; <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1407</span>; <b class="b3">π. φῄς</b>; <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>268</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">El.</span>575</span>; <b class="b3">π. τοῦτ' ἔλεξας</b>; <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span>793</span>; <b class="b3">π. τοῦτ' εἶπες αὖ</b>; <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Plt.</span>309c</span>; also <b class="b3">π. μὴ φῶμεν . .</b>; surely we must, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Tht.</span>161e</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> in dialogue, to ask explanation, with a repetition of a word used by the previous speaker, <b class="b3">δίκαια</b>— Answ. <b class="b3">π. δίκαια</b>; <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>832</span>; <b class="b3">μὴ δίκαιος ὤν</b>—Answ. <b class="b3">π. μὴ δίκαιος</b>; <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Tr.</span>412</span>; <b class="b3">συμβολάς</b>—Answ. <b class="b3">π. συμβολάς</b>; <span class="bibl">Alex.143</span>; <b class="b3">πῶς</b> alone, [[how so]], <b class="b3">π., ὅς γε . .</b>; <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1386</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> with a second interrog. in the same clause, <b class="b3">π. ἐκ τίνος νεώς ποτε . . ἥκετε</b>; [[how]] and by what ship . .? <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hel.</span>1543</span>; <b class="b3">τί τἀμὰ—π. ἔχει—θεσπίσματα</b>; ib.<span class="bibl">873</span>; <b class="b3">π. τί τοῦτο λέγεις</b>; [[how]] say you and what? <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ti.</span>22b</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Tht.</span>146d</span>, <span class="bibl">208e</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> c. gen. modi, <b class="b3">π. ἀγῶνος ἥκομεν</b>; [[how]] are we come off in it? <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">El.</span> 751</span>; π. ἔχει πλήθους ἐπισκοπεῖ <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Grg.</span>451c</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> with Verbs of selling, <b class="b2">how? at what price?</b> <b class="b3">π. ὁ σῖτος ὤνιος</b>; <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ach.</span>758</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Eq.</span> 480</span>; <b class="b3">τὰ δ' ἄλφιθ' ὑμῖν π. ἐπώλουν</b>;—Answ. τεττάρων δραχμῶν . . τὸν κόφινον <span class="bibl">Stratt.13</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> with other Particles, <b class="b3">π. ἂν . .; π. κε (ν) . .</b>; <b class="b2">how possibly . .?</b> <b class="b3">π. ἂν ἔπειτ' ἀπὸ σεῖο . . λιποίμην οἶος</b>; <span class="bibl">Il.9.437</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Od. 1.65</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">π. ἂν γένοιτ' ἂν . . ποδῶν ἔκμακτρον</b>; <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">El.</span>534</span>: so with indic., <span class="bibl">Il.22.202</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Alc.</span>96</span> (lyr.), etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> in Trag., <b class="b3">π. ἄν</b> c. opt. is freq. used to express a wish, [[O how]] might it be? i.e. [[would that]] it might . .! <b class="b3">π. ἂν θάνοιμι; π. ἂν ὀλοίμην</b>; etc., <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>388</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Supp.</span> 796</span> (lyr.), cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Hipp.</span>208</span> (anap.), <span class="bibl">345</span>; rare in Com., <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Th.</span>22</span> (a trace of this usage appears in Hom., <span class="bibl">Od.15.195</span>): in later Prose, <b class="b3">π. ἂν γένοιτο ἑσπέρα</b>; <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">De.</span>28.67</span>; also with aor. subj. (without <b class="b3">ἄν</b>) <b class="b3">, π. κοιμηθῶ</b>; <span class="bibl">M.Ant.9.40</span>; <b class="b3">π. μή μοι μέγας λέων ἐπιφανῇ</b>; <span class="bibl">Arr.<span class="title">Epict.</span>4.10.10</span>; with pres., <b class="b3">π. μὴ χρῄζω</b>; M.Ant.l.c. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b3">π. ἄρα . .</b>; in reply, <b class="b2">how then?</b> <b class="b3">π. τ' ἄρ' ἴω . .</b>; <span class="bibl">Il.18.188</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Od.3.22</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">h.Ap.</span>19</span>,<span class="bibl">207</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> <b class="b3">π. γὰρ . .</b>; also in reply, as if something had gone before, [[[that cannot be]]], <b class="b2">for how can . .?</b> <span class="bibl">Il.1.123</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.10.337</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">π. γὰρ κάτοιδα</b>; <span class="bibl">S. <span class="title">Ph.</span>250</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">1383</span>; v. infr. <span class="bibl">111.1</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> <b class="b3">π. δὲ . .</b>; to introduce a strong objection, <b class="b3">π. δὲ σὺ νῦν μέμονας, κύον ἀδδεές . .</b>; <span class="bibl">Il.21.481</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Od.18.31</span>; <b class="b3">δόξει δὲ π</b>.; <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>261</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> <b class="b3">π. δή</b>; <b class="b2">how in the world?</b> <b class="b3">π. δὴ φῂς πολέμοιο μεθιέμεν</b>; <span class="bibl">Il.4.351</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">18.364</span>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>543</span>, etc.; also <b class="b3">π. γὰρ δή . .</b>; <span class="bibl">Od.16.70</span>; <b class="b3">π. δῆτα . .</b>; <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>622</span>,<span class="bibl">1211</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>79</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">6</span> <b class="b3">π. καὶ . .</b>; <b class="b2">just how . .?</b> <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hec.</span>515</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ph.</span>1354</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">π. δὲ καὶ . .</b>; <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span> 721</span>, v. [[καί]] B.6; but <b class="b3">καὶ π…</b>; to introduce an objection, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1348</span>, v. [[καί]] A. 11.2: hence <b class="b3">καὶ π</b>.; alone, <b class="b2">but how? impossible!</b> Pl.<span class="title">Alc.</span>1.134c, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Tht.</span>163d</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">7</span> <b class="b3">π. οὐ . .</b>; <b class="b2">how not so . .?</b> i.e. <b class="b2">surely it is so . .</b>, <b class="b3">π. οὐ δεινὰ εἴργασθε</b>; <span class="bibl">Th.3.66</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>398</span>, <span class="bibl">D.18.273</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">8</span> <b class="b3">π. οὖν . .</b>; like π. [[ἄρα]]; <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Supp.</span>297</span>,<span class="bibl">340</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>568</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">π. ἂν οὖν . .</b> with opt., <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span>243</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">IT</span>98</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">9</span> <b class="b3">π. ποτε . .</b>; <b class="b2">how ever . .?</b> <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span> 1210</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ph.</span>687</span> (lyr.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">III</span> <b class="b3">πῶς</b> folld. by several of the abovenamed Particles is freq. used in elliptical sentences, as, </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> <b class="b3">π. γάρ</b>; inserted parenthet. in a negative sentence, <b class="b2">for how is it possible? how can</b> or <b class="b2">could it be?</b> hence in emphatic denial, <b class="b3">κἀγὼ μὲν οὐκ ἔδρασα, τοῦτ' ἐπίσταμαι, οὐδ' αὖ σύ· π. γάρ</b>; <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">El.</span>911</span>; <b class="b3">οὐκ ἀπορῶν</b> (π. γάρ;), ὅς γε . . <span class="bibl">D.18.312</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">21.217</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Sph.</span>263c</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">οὐδ' ἐπὶ τὴν ἑστίαν καταφυγών</b> (π. γὰρ ἄν;), ὅστις . . <span class="bibl">Lys.1.27</span>; <b class="b3">π. γὰρ οὔ</b>; <b class="b2">how can it but be?</b> i.e. [[it must be so]], <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span>754</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>1307</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span>160c</span>, al.; <b class="b3">π. γάρ</b>; (sc. <b class="b3">ἄλλως ἔχει</b>) is so used in <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>279</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b3">π. δή</b>; <b class="b2">how so?</b> <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Eu.</span> 601</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>664</span>, <span class="bibl">673</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">π. δῆτα</b>; <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Grg.</span>469b</span>; <b class="b3">π. δαί</b>; <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">V.</span> 1212</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> <b class="b3">π. δ' οὔ</b>; like [[π. γὰρ οὔ]]; (v. supr. <span class="bibl">1</span>), <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span>153b</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">R.</span> 457a</span>; <b class="b3">π. δ' οὐχί</b>; <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>1015</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pax</span> 1027</span>; parenthetically, S.<span class="title">OT</span> <span class="bibl">567</span>; <b class="b3">π. δ' οὐκ ἄν . .</b>; <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>759</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> <b class="b3">π. οὖν</b>; [[how]] then? [[how]] next? <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Med.</span>1376</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Hipp.</span>598</span>, <span class="bibl">1261</span>, <span class="bibl">D.19.124</span>; <b class="b3">π. οὖν ἄν . .</b>; <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>1.2.64</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> <b class="b3">π. δοκεῖς</b>; parenthet., in conversation, [[how]] think you? hence (losing all interrog. force),= <b class="b3">λίαν</b>, [[wonderfully]], <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pl.</span>742</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Nu.</span>881</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ach.</span>24</span>; also π. οἴει σφόδρα <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ra.</span>54</span>; cf. δοκέω <span class="bibl">1.2</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">IV</span> π. in indirect questions for <b class="b3">ὅπως</b>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Eu.</span>677</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>991</span> (anap.), <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span> 614</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>1.2.36</span>, etc.; ἐθαύμαζον ἂν π… ἔδεισαν <span class="title">IG</span>12(3).174.28 (Cnidus, Epist.Aug.); ζητηθήσεται π. ὅτι καὶ τοῦτο ἀληθές ἐστι <span class="bibl">S.E. <span class="title">M.</span>8.16</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">V</span> in exclamations, ὦ π. πονηρόν ἐστιν ἀνθρώπου φύσις τὸ σύνολον <span class="bibl">Philem.2</span>; <b class="b3">π. παραχρῆμα ἐξηράνθη . .</b>! <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Matt.</span>21.20</span>; <b class="b3">π. δυσκόλως . .</b>! <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Marc.</span>10.23</span>.</span>