σχάζω: Difference between revisions

|Definition=<span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Epid.</span>6.5.15</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Aff.</span>4</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>5.4.58</span>; also σχάω, inf. <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> σχᾶν <span class="bibl">Pl.Com.127</span>, κατα-σχᾶν <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Epid.</span>7.76</span>; so impf. <b class="b3">ἔσχων</b>, <span class="bibl">Ar. <span class="title">Nu.</span>409</span>; 3pl. ἔσχαζον Anon. ap. Phryn.194; also ἐσχάζοσαν Lyc. 21: fut. <b class="b3">σχάσω</b> (ἀπο-) <span class="bibl">Crates Com.41</span>: aor. ἔσχᾰσα <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>10.51</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Tr.</span>811</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>740</span>:—Med., aor. <b class="b3">ἐσχασάμην</b> ib.<span class="bibl">107</span>, Pl. Com.32:—Pass., 3sg. pres. σχᾶται <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Art.</span>30</span>: fut. σχασθήσομαι <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Am.</span>3.5</span>: aor. ἐσχάσθην <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Ulc.</span>24</span>, Antisth. ap. Stob.3.18.26, etc.: pf. <b class="b3">ἔσχασμαι</b> in plant-name <b class="b3">ἐσχασμένη</b>, = [[ὀνοβρυχίς]], Ps.-Dsc.3.153. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> [[slit open so as to let something escape]], <b class="b3">οὐκ ἔσχων ἀμελήσας [τὴν γαστέρα</b>] I carelessly forgot to [[slit]] the haggis, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>409</span> (anap.); <b class="b3">σ. φλέβα</b> [[open]] a vein, <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Epid.</span>6.5.15</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span> 5.4.58</span>, <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Ages.</span>27</span>, etc.; ἐκ βραχιόνων τὰς φλέβας <span class="bibl">Arr.<span class="title">Fr.</span>168J.</span> (so <b class="b3">σ. τὸ φλεγμαῖνον μόριον</b> [[lance]] the boil, Gal.11.119); freq. also without <b class="b3">φλέβα</b>, <span class="bibl">Aret.<span class="title">CA</span>2.7</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">σ. ὑπὸ τὴν γλῶτταν</b> [[bleed]] it under the tongue, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">HA</span>603b15</span>; <b class="b3">σ. τὸν ἀγκῶνα</b>, i.e. [[bleed in]] the arm, <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Int.</span>37</span>; τὴν κεφαλήν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Aff.</span>2</span>: c. acc. cogn., <b class="b3">σ. τομήν</b> make an incision, <span class="bibl">Aret.<span class="title">CA</span>1.7</span>; <b class="b3">αἷμα σ</b>. <span class="bibl">Poll.2.215</span>; <b class="b3">τὸ πρωτόσφακτον ὅρκιον σχάσας</b> [[slaying]] the . . victim, Lyc.329: metaph. in Pass., to [[be purged by bleeding]], Antisth. ap. Stob.3.18.26. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> [[open]], <b class="b3">ἐσχάσαμεν κάλυκας</b> we (roses) [[have opened]] our buds, <span class="title">AP</span>6.345 (Crin.); στόμα Lyc.28. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> [[let go]], <b class="b3">σχάσας τὴν φροντίδα</b> [[letting]] your mind [[go]], [[relaxing]] your thought, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>740</span>; <b class="b3">σχάσαντες τὴν ἀγκύλην τοῦ βρόχου</b> [[slackening]], <span class="bibl">Paul.Aeg.6.51</span>; <b class="b3">σ. τὰς μηχανάς</b> [[let off]] the engines, <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Marc.</span>15</span>; σχάσει τὴν χεῖρα, ὥστε ἀφεθῆναι τὸ βέλος <span class="bibl">Hero <span class="title">Spir.</span>1.41</span>:—Pass., <b class="b3">ἐσχάζετο αὐτόματον [τὸ βέλος</b>] <span class="bibl">Ph. <span class="title">Bel.</span>73.51</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">70.45</span>, <span class="bibl">78.31</span>; <b class="b3">-όμενον παττάλιον</b> (in a mousetrap) <span class="bibl">Poll.7.114</span>; <b class="b3">εἰ σχασθήσεται παγὶς ἄνευ τοῦ συλλαβεῖν τι</b>; <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Am.</span>3.5</span>; <b class="b3">ἔσχαστο ἡ ὕσπληξ</b> the <b class="b3">ὕσπληξ</b> ( σχαστηρία <span class="bibl">1</span>) [[had been let off]], <span class="bibl">Hld.4.3</span>; <b class="b3">βαλβῖδα μηρίνθου σχάσας</b>, i.e. starting the race, Lyc.13 ( = [[βαλβῖδος μήρινθον]] acc. to Sch.); <b class="b3">κἀπὸ γῆς ἐσχάζοσαν ὕσπληγγας</b> [[were starting off]] from shore, Id.21; of the jaw, <b class="b3">ἐκπίπτει μὲν γνάθος ὀλιγάκις, σχᾶται μέντοι πολλάκις ἐν χάσμῃσι</b> [[slips]], <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Art.</span>30</span> ( = [[χαλᾶται]] acc. to <span class="bibl">Paul.Aeg.6.112</span>):—also Act., of the surgeon, <b class="b3">ἐξαπίνης σχάσαι</b> [[let]] the jaw [[slip back into position]], [[let]] it [[go]], ibid. <b class="b3">καὶ κατὰ παλαίστραν δὲ τὸ σχάσαι σημαίνει τὴν χεῖρα ταχέως ἄγειν πρὸς αὐτὴν</b> (leg. <b class="b3">αὑτὴν</b>) ἐκ τῆς ἔμπροσθεν θέσεως Gal.18(1).438. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> [[relax effort]], [[cease]] an action, esp. rowing, <b class="b3">κώπαν σχάσον</b> <b class="b2">easy!</b>, i.e. cease rowing, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>10.51</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Tr.</span>811</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl">Call.<span class="title">Fr.</span>104</span>; <b class="b3">τί σιγᾷς γῆρυν ἄφθογγον σχάσας</b>; <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ph.</span>960</span>; <b class="b3">σχάσον δὲ δεινὸν ὄμμα καὶ θυμοῦ πνοάς</b> ib.<span class="bibl">454</span>: abs., <b class="b3">φοβοῦμαι μὴ σχάσῃ, νεναυσίακε γάρ</b> I fear he [[may give up]], <span class="bibl"><span class="title">BGU</span>1097.4</span> (i A.D.):—Med., <b class="b3">σχασάμενος τὴν ἱππικήν</b> [[giving up]] horses, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>107</span>; τὰς ὀφρῦς σχάσασθε καὶ τὰς ὄμφακας <span class="bibl">Pl.Com.32</span> (cf. ὄμφαξ <span class="bibl">11.3</span>). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> [[let fall]], [[drop]], τὴν οὐράν <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyn.</span>3.5</span>; <b class="b3">πεύκης ὀδόντας</b>, i.e. the anchor, Lyc.99; <b class="b3">λάθρᾳ κατὰ μηχανὰς σχασθέντων τῶν φραγμάτων</b> Hippoloch. ap. <span class="bibl">Ath.4.130a</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">6</span> [[cause to collapse]], θάλαμον σχάσε μῆνις <span class="title">AP</span>9.422 (Apollonid.); <b class="b3">σχάσας . . ἐν πέδῳ γόνυ</b>, i.e. kneel down, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Sammelb.</span>5629.3</span> (iii B.C.):—Pass., <b class="b3">μήπω σχασθῇ</b> lest the dyke [[collapse]], PLond.1.131.243 (i A.D., abbrev.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">7</span> metaph., [[cause to collapse]] or [[fail]], [[foil]], <b class="b3">πῦρ... λεόντων . . ὄνυχας, ἀκμὰν καὶ δεινοτάτων σχάσαις ὀδόντων</b>, of Peleus subduing the metamorphosed Thetis, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">N.</span>4.64</span>; φεῦ, οἵαισιν ἐν φροντίσι Κνώσιον ἔσχασεν στραταγέταν <span class="bibl">B.16.121</span>.</span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: v.<br />Meaning: <b class="b2">to make an incision, to tear open, to open a vein, to let (the blood) flow, to let something take its course, to release, to drop, to abandon</b> (Hp., X., Arist. etc.).<br />Other forms: Also <b class="b3">σχάω</b> (Hp., com., Arist. a.o.), mostly aor. <b class="b3">σχάσαι</b> (Pi., B., Hp., E., com., X., Arist., hell. a. late) with pass. <b class="b3">σχασθ-ῆναι</b>, fut. pass. <b class="b3">-ήσομαι</b>, act. <b class="b3">σχάσω</b>, perf. midd. <b class="b3">ἔσχασμαι</b> (in <b class="b3">ἐσχασμένη</b> as plantname; Strömberg 43).<br />Compounds: Also w. prefix, e.g. <b class="b3">ἀπο-</b>, <b class="b3">κατα-</b><br />Derivatives: 1. <b class="b3">σχάσις</b> (<b class="b3">ἀπό-</b>, <b class="b3">κατά-</b>) f. <b class="b2">the tearing, blood-letting, release</b> (medic., Ph. Bel.). 2. <b class="b3">σχάσμα</b> (<b class="b3">κατά-</b>) n. [[incision]], [[release]] (Hp., Dsc., Ph. Bel.). 3. <b class="b3">κατα-σχασμός</b> m. [[draft]] (medic.). 4. <b class="b3">σχαστήρ</b> = Lat. [[tendicula]] (gloss.); <b class="b3">κατασ[χ]αστήρ</b> meaning unknown (IG 11: 2, 165, 11 [Delos IIIa]). 5. <b class="b3">σχαστηρ-ία</b> f. <b class="b2">trigger, release in mechanisms etc.</b> (Arist., Ph. Bel., Hero, Plb. etc.; Scheller Oxytonierung 58 n. 4); <b class="b3">-ιον</b> n. [[lancet]] (Hippiatr.).<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [cf. 919] <b class="b2">*skeh₂-</b>? [[split]]?<br />Etymology: As orig. meaning is above assumed as usual [[make an incision]], [[tear open]], from where <b class="b2">open, let loose etc.</b>; the word would be esp. characteristic for the language of the physician. Also a basic meaning <b class="b2">let loose, free v. t.</b> sceems however possible, while the usual professional expression <b class="b3">φλέβα σχάσαι</b> in MLG [[āderlāten]] <b class="b2">let (flow) from the vein</b> would get a direct agreement. -- As the whole formal system is clearly built on the aor. <b class="b3">σχάσαι</b>, from which <b class="b3">σχάζω</b>, <b class="b3">σχάω</b> as well as all other verbal and nominal forms, the etymolog has to start from this. A certain non-Greek agreement has not been found. Since Fick 1, 143 a. 567 <b class="b3">σχάω</b> is generally compared (Bq, WP. 2, 541 f., Pok. 919f., W.-Hofmann s. [[sciō]]) a.o. with Skt. [[chyati]] (<b class="b2">anu-</b>, <b class="b2">ava-</b>, <b class="b2">vi-</b> etc.), ptc. <b class="b2">chā-ta-</b>, <b class="b2">chi-tá-</b>, caus. <b class="b2">chāy-áyati</b> (IE <b class="b2">*skeh₂-</b>, <b class="b2">*skh₂i̯-</b>) <b class="b2">split, hurt, esp. of the skin</b> (on the meaning Hoffmann Münch. Stud. 19, 61 ff., on phonetics Hiersche Ten. asp. 103 f., 214f.). To this semant. certainly unobjectionable connection it should be remarked, that of the Skt. verb non-present finite forms, e.g. the full grade <b class="b2">s-</b>aorist <b class="b2">a-chā-s-it</b>, occur only in the grammarians. The further combinations (s. the lit. above), e.g. with Lat. [[sciō]], are no less hypothetic. -- So <b class="b3">σχάσαι</b> Greek innovation (perh. through cross of <b class="b3">σχίσαι</b> and <b class="b3">ἐάσαι</b>, <b class="b3">χαλάσαι</b> v.t.)? Note that <b class="b3">σχ-</b> cannot be directly explained from the assumed IE form.