μάλα: Difference between revisions

|Definition=[μᾰλᾰ; but Hom. sometimes uses the ult. long before λ, <span class="bibl">Il.3.214</span>, <span class="bibl">4.379</span>; before μ, <span class="bibl">10.172</span>], Adv. <span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> [[very]], [[exceedingly]], prefixed or subjoined to Adjectives, Verbs, and Adverbs: </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">1</span> strengthening the word with which it stands, </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">a</span> with Adjs., in Hom. most freq., <b class="b3">μάλα πολλά</b> [[very]] many, <span class="bibl">Od.1.1</span>; <b class="b3">μ. πᾶσα, μ. πάντα</b>, [[every one]], all [[together]], <span class="bibl">Il.13.741</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.2.306</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">μάλ' ἀσκηθής</b> [[all]] unhurt, <span class="bibl">5.26</span>; <b class="b3">ἀβληχρὸς μ. τοῖος</b> [[quite]] gentle, <span class="bibl">11.135</span>; <b class="b3">σαρδάνιον μ. τοῖον</b> a [[quite]] sardonic smile, <span class="bibl">20.302</span>; μάλα μυρίοι <span class="bibl">15.556</span>, <span class="bibl">16.121</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">ἐμέο πρότερος μ</b>. [[actually]] before me, <span class="bibl">Il.10.124</span>; later, <b class="b3">μ. φιλόσοφοι, πλάτανος μάλ' ἀμφιλαφής</b>, etc., <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Prm.</span>126b</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Phdr.</span>230b</span>, etc.: strengthened, <b class="b3">μ. δὴ πρεσβύτης</b> [[very]] old, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>8.7.1</span>; μ. γέ τινες ὀλίγοι <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>531e</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> with Advs., <b class="b3">πάγχυ μ., μ. πάγχυ</b>, [[quite]] utterly, <span class="bibl">Il.12.165</span>, <span class="bibl">14.143</span>; πάνυ μ. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>80c</span>; <b class="b3">εὖ μ</b>. [[right]] well, <span class="bibl">Od.22.190</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>92d</span>, etc.; μάλα… εὖ <span class="bibl">Od.23.175</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span>156a</span>; <b class="b3">μάλ' αὐτίκα</b> (v. [[αὐτίκα]]) <b class="b3">; μάλ' αἰεί</b> for ever and aye, <span class="bibl">Il.13.557</span>, <span class="bibl">23.717</span>; <b class="b3">ἄχρι μ. κνέφαος</b> until [[quite]] dark, <span class="bibl">Od.18.370</span>; <b class="b3">μάλ' ὧδε</b> [[just]] in this way, <span class="bibl">6.258</span>; <b class="b3">μ. διαμπερές</b> [[right]] through, <span class="bibl">Il.20.362</span>; <b class="b3">μ. μόλις</b> (v. [[μόλις]]); to express repeated action, μάλ' αὖθις <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>1345</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ch.</span>654</span>; μάλ' αὖ <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>1410</span>, etc.; [[μ]]. alone, ἔα, ἔα μ. <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span>870</span>; οἲ μ. καὶ τόδ' ἀλγῶ <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Pers.</span>1045</span> (lyr.); εἶα μ. <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pax</span> 460s</span>q. (so ἄλλος πύργος... καὶ ἕτερος μ. ἐπὶ τούτῳ <span class="bibl">Hdt. 1.181</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">7.186</span>): freq. after καί, αὗταί σ' ὁδηγήσουσι καὶ μάλ' ἀσμένως <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>728</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ch.</span>879</span>: with neg., <b class="b3">μάλ' οὐ, μάλ' οὔ πως</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.2.241</span>, <span class="bibl">Od. 5.103</span>; οὐ μ. <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.93</span>, <span class="bibl">2.37</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>676</span> (lyr.). </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">c</span> with Verbs, μήτ' ἄρ με μάλ' αἴνεε <span class="bibl">Il.10.249</span>; μ. τ' ἔκλυον αὐτοῦ <span class="bibl">1.218</span>; <b class="b3">ἡ δὲ μάλ' ἡνιόχευεν</b> drove [[carefully]], <span class="bibl">Od.6.319</span>; <b class="b3">μ… προπέμπει</b> [[in earnest]], <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>915</span> (lyr.), cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Eu.</span>368</span> (lyr.); καὶ μ. δοκοῦντας φρονίμους εἶναι <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>6.1.36</span>; μ. πολιορκούμενοι <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">HG</span>7.1.25</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> strengthening an assertion, <b class="b3">νῦν σε μ. χρὴ αἰχμητὴν ἔμεναι</b>, i.e. now [[or never]], <span class="bibl">Il.16.492</span>; <b class="b3">τῷ κε μάλ' ἤ κεν μεῖνε</b>… then [[doubtless]] he would have stayed, <span class="bibl">Od.4.733</span>; <b class="b3">σοὶ δὲ μάλ' ἕψομ' ἐγώ</b> yes [[indeed]]... <span class="bibl">Il.10.108</span>; <b class="b3">ἀλλὰ μάλ' ὤφελλες</b> why [[plainly]]... <span class="bibl">Od.4.472</span>: freq. with another word, as <b class="b3">ἦ μ. δή</b>… now [[in very]] truth, <span class="bibl">Il.5.422</span>, etc.; ἦ δή που μ. <span class="bibl">21.583</span>; freq. <b class="b3">ἦ μ</b>. (without [[δή]]) <span class="bibl">3.204</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> in Hom. sometimes after [[εἰ]], as <b class="b3">εἰ μ. μιν χόλος ἵκοι</b> if wrath come on him [[ever so much]], <span class="bibl">Il.17.399</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Od.5.485</span>, al.; καὶ εἰ μ. τις πολεμίζοι <span class="bibl">Il.9.318</span>; also <b class="b3">μ. περ</b> c. part., <b class="b3">μ. περ μεμαώς</b> though desiring [[never so much]], <span class="bibl">13.317</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">14.58</span>, <span class="bibl">17.710</span>, al.; καὶ μ. περ <span class="bibl">1.217</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">17.571</span>; καὶ εὐρέα περ μάλ' ἐόντα <span class="bibl">Od.18.385</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">4</span> in Att. freq. in answers, [[yes]], [[certainly]], μ. γε <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>555d</span>, <span class="bibl">564e</span>, etc.; μ. τοι <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>1.2.46</span>; καὶ μ. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>258c</span>; καὶ μ. γε <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Tht.</span>148c</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">καὶ μ. δή</b> ib.<span class="bibl">177a</span>; <b class="b3">καὶ μ. ἐπαύσατο</b> [[certainly]] it stopped, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Smp.</span>189a</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> Comp. μᾶλλον [ᾱ by nature, Hdn.Gr.<span class="bibl">2.932</span>], Ion. μάλιον [ᾰ] only in <span class="bibl">Tyrt.12.6</span>, cf. Choerob.in <span class="title">An.Ox.</span>2.240; late Dor. μαλλότερον Pempel. ap. Stob.4.25.52:—[[more]], [[rather]], <span class="bibl">Il.5.231</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.1.351</span>, al.: mostly folld. by [[ἤ]], but in Prose also by a gen., <b class="b3">μ. τοῦ ξυμφέροντος</b> [[more than]] is expedient, <span class="bibl">Antipho 5.1</span>; μ. τοῦ δέοντος <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Grg.</span>487b</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>4.3.8</span> (sts. expressed by [[μᾶλλον]] alone, <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Phd.</span>63d</span>); οὐπώποτ' ἔργου μ. εἱλόμην λόγους <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Fr.</span>394</span>; <b class="b3">παντὸς μ</b>. most assuredly, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>715d</span> (v. infr. <span class="bibl">8</span>); in <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ap.</span>36d</span>, <b class="b3">οὐκ ἔσθ' ὅτι μ. πρέπει οὕτως, ὡς... ὡς</b> is prob. = [[ἤ]] (v. [[ὡς]]): denoting a constant increase, [[more and more]], sometimes doubled, μ. μ. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">IT</span>1406</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ra.</span>1001</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl">Alex.29</span>: in positive sense, [[exceedingly]], κηρόθι μ. <span class="bibl">Il.9.300</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.15.370</span>, al.:—Usage: </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">1</span> freq. strengthened by other words, πολὺ μ. <span class="bibl">Il.9.700</span>, etc.; ἔτι μ. <span class="bibl">14.97</span>, al.; μ. ἔτ' ἢ τὸ πάροιθεν <span class="bibl">Od.1.322</span>; καὶ μ. <span class="bibl">Il.8.470</span>; καὶ μ. ἔτι <span class="bibl">Od.18.22</span>; ἔτι καὶ μ. <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>10.57</span>; ἔτι καὶ πολὺ μ. <span class="bibl">Il.23.386</span>, <span class="bibl">429</span>, <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Th.</span>428</span>; ἐπὶ μ. <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.104</span>; ἔτι ἐπὶ μ. <span class="bibl">Id.1.94</span>; πολλῷ μ. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>80e</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">1 Ep.Cor.</span>12.22</span>: also modified, <b class="b3">μᾶλλόν τι</b> somewhat [[more]], μ. τι περιημέκτεε <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.114</span>, cf.<span class="bibl">50</span>, etc.; μ. ἤδη προσδεχομένου <span class="bibl">Th.8.71</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> sometimes with a second Comp., ῥηΐτεροι μ. <span class="bibl">Il.24.243</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.32</span>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>673</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Supp.</span>279</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>1210</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">El.</span>222</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Phd.</span>79e</span>, <span class="bibl">Is.4.14</span> (s.v.l.), <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Top.</span>116b24</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> <b class="b3">μᾶλλον δέ</b> [[much more]]... or [[rather]]... to correct a statement already made, ὁ δεσπότης πέπραγεν εὐτυχέστατα, μ. δ' ὁ Πλοῦτος αὐτός <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pl.</span>634</span>; πολλοί, μ. δὲ πάντες <span class="bibl">D.18.65</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Smp.</span>173e</span>; so ἢ μ. <span class="bibl">Corn.<span class="title">ND</span>20</span>, <span class="bibl">Simp.<span class="title">in Ph.</span>25.16</span>; <b class="b3">οὐχὶ μ. ἤ</b>… not so, [[but rather]] so... <span class="bibl">Th.2.87</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">4</span> <b class="b3">μ. δὲ καὶ ἡσυχαίτερα</b> [[more]] or less [[violent]], <span class="bibl">Id.3.82</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">5</span> <b class="b3">οὐδὲν μ</b>. none [[the more]], ib.<span class="bibl">79</span>; οὐδέν τι μ. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>87d</span>; <b class="b3">μηδέν τι μ. ἤ</b>… <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>280</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">6</span> <b class="b3">μ. ἤ</b>… folld. by [[οὐ]] in comparisons, where preference implies rejection or denial, πόλιν ὅλην διαφθεῖραι μᾶλλον ἤ οὐ τοὺς αἰτίους <span class="bibl">Th.3.36</span>: preceded by another neg., <span class="bibl">Hdt.4.118</span>, <span class="bibl">5.94</span>, <span class="bibl">7.16</span>. γ, etc.: by an interrog. which conveys a neg. force, <b class="b3">τίδεῖ… μᾶλλον, ἤ οὐ</b>…; <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>6.3.15</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">7</span> <b class="b3">τὸ μ. καὶ ἧττον</b>, a form of argument, [[a fortiori]], <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Rh.</span>1397b12</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">8</span> <b class="b3">παντὸς μ</b>., v. [[πᾶς]] <span class="bibl">111.4</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">III</span> Sup. μάλιστα [[most of all]], [[above all]], Hom., etc.; πᾶσι, μάλιστα δ' ἐμοί <span class="bibl">Od.21.353</span>; <b class="b3">μ. μὲν... ἔπειτα</b> or <b class="b3">ἔπειτα δέ</b>... [[first and above all]]... next... <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>647</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ph.</span>1285</span>; <b class="b3">μ. μὲν... δεύτερον δὲ</b>… <span class="bibl">Is.2.20</span>; <b class="b3">μ. μὲν... εἰ δὲ μὴ</b>… <span class="bibl">Hdt.8.22</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.1.40</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>590d</span>, <span class="bibl">D.20.25</span>, etc.; τοῦτο δ' ἐστὶ μ. μὲν θάνατος, εἰ δὲ μή, πάντα τὰ ὄντα ἀφελέσθαι <span class="bibl">Id.21.152</span>; <b class="b3">μάλιστα μὲν... μᾶλλον μέντοι</b>… <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Smp.</span>180b</span>; <b class="b3">μάλιστα... εἰ μὴ δ'</b>… <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>617</span>; <b class="b3">δοκέων μιν μ. ταύτης ἂν πείθεσθαι</b> [[certainly]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.53</span>; <b class="b3">τί μ</b>.; what [[precisely]]? <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Grg.</span>448d</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Men.</span>80b</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Smp.</span>218c</span>: c. gen. partit., μ. πάντων <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.37</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Prt.</span>327a</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Th. 4.86</span>; <b class="b3">τὸ μ. πάντων</b> the [[supreme]] reality, <span class="bibl">Plot.5.5.11</span>; <b class="b3">τὸ μ. εἶναι</b> the [[highest degree]] of being, <span class="bibl">Id.6.2.7</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">1</span> strengthened, <b class="b3">ὡς μ</b>. [[certainly]], <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Supp.</span>294</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>460a</span>, etc.; ὅσον μ. <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>524</span>; ὅσα ἐδύνατο μ. <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.185</span>; ὡς δύναμαι μ. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>367b</span>; ὡς οἷόν τε μ. <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Grg.</span>510b</span>; εἰς ὅσον ἀνθρώπῳ δυνατὸν μ. <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>277a</span>; ὅτι μ. δύνασαι <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Sph.</span>239b</span>; μακρῷ μ. <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.171</span>; πολλῷ μ. <span class="bibl">Paus.1.42.3</span>; παντὸς μ. <span class="bibl">D.H.3.35</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> with the Art., <b class="b3">ἐς τὰ μ</b>. [[in the highest degree]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.20</span>, <span class="bibl">2.76</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.6.104</span>, <span class="bibl">8.6</span>, <span class="bibl">D.21.212</span>: without ἐς, φίλοι τὰ μ. <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.147</span>, cf.<span class="bibl">Th. 1.92</span>, <span class="bibl">D.21.62</span>; τά γε μ. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>794d</span>; <b class="b3">εἰ τὰ μ. ἦσαν ἀληθεῖς</b> if they were [[ever so]] true, <span class="bibl">D.18.95</span>; <b class="b3">εἰ τὰ μ. μὴ τινές, ἀλλὰ πάντες</b>… if ([[to put an extreme case]]) not some, but all... <span class="bibl">Id.20.2</span>; εἰ… δοκοίη τὰ μ. <span class="bibl">Id.18.21</span>; <b class="b3">ἀνὴρ δόκιμος ὁμοῖα τῷ μ</b>. as famous as he that is [[most]] [famous], <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.118</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">3.8</span>; τοῖς μάλισθ' ὁμοίως <span class="bibl">D.<span class="title">Ep.</span>2.24</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> <b class="b3">ἐν τοῖς μ</b>. [[especially]], [[as much as any]], <span class="bibl">Th.8.90</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Smp.</span>173b</span>, etc.: with a Sup., ἐν τοῖς μ. ὠμότατος <span class="bibl">Ael.<span class="title">VH</span>14.40</span>; φιλτάτη καὶ ἀναγκαιοτάτη ἐν τοῖς μ. <span class="bibl">Procop.<span class="title">Arc.</span>4</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> added to a Sup. (v. μάλα <span class="bibl">11.2</span>, [[πλεῖστον]]) <b class="b3">, ἔχθιστος μ., μ. φίλτατος</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.2.220</span>, <span class="bibl">24.334</span>; μ. κῃ ἐμφερέστατα <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.76</span>; μ. φίλτατος <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hipp.</span>1421</span>: to a Comp. (?), μ. δὴ ὀκνηρότεροι ἐγένοντο <span class="bibl">Th.4.55</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">4</span> [[μάλιστα]] for μᾶλλον, μ. τῆς κόρης <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">IA</span>[1594]</span>; μ. ἤ ἐμοί <span class="bibl">A.R.3.91</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">5</span> with numerals, [[in round numbers]], [[about]], <span class="bibl">Th.3.29</span>, <span class="bibl">92</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>5.2.31</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">πεντήκοντα μάλιστα</b> is <span class="bibl">49</span> in <span class="bibl">Th.1.118</span>; ἑκατοστὸς μ. <span class="bibl">99t</span>h, <span class="bibl">Id.8.68</span>; <b class="b3">ἐς μέσον μάλιστά κῃ</b> [[about]] the middle, <span class="bibl">Hdt. 1.191</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">76</span>; ἥμισυ μ. <span class="bibl">Th.1.93</span>; <b class="b3">μ. σφᾶς μεσοῦν δειπνοῦντας</b> that they were [[about]] the middle of supper, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Smp.</span>175c</span>; κου μ. <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.22</span>; μ. πως <span class="bibl">Plb.2.41.13</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">6</span> in answers, [[most certainly]], <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pl.</span>827</span>, etc.; μ. γε <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>994</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>253</span>; μ. πάντων <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Av.</span>1531</span>; πάντων μ. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Grg.</span>453d</span>; v. supr.<span class="bibl">1.4</span>. (Orig. perh. [[fiercely]], cf. [[μαλερός]].)</span>