ψυχή: Difference between revisions

|Definition=<span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> [[life]], λύθη ψ. τε μένος τε <span class="bibl">Il.5.296</span>, etc.; ψ. τεκαὶ αἰών <span class="bibl">16.453</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Od.9.523</span>; θυμοῦ καὶ ψ. <span class="bibl">Il.11.334</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.21.154</span>; λαυκανίην, ἵνα τε ψυχῆς ὤκιστος ὄλεθρος <span class="bibl">Il.22.325</span>; <b class="b3">ψυχὰς παρθέμενοι</b> at hazard of their [[lives]], <span class="bibl">Od.3.74</span>,<span class="bibl">9.255</span>; αἰεὶ ἐμὴν ψ. παραβαλλόμενος <span class="bibl">Il.9.322</span>; <b class="b3">λίσσου' ὑπὲρ ψ. καὶ γούνων</b> by your [[life]], <span class="bibl">22.338</span>; so ἀντὶ ψ. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>1326</span>: but <b class="b3">περὶ ψ</b>. to save their [[life]], <span class="bibl">Od.9.423</span>; περί τε ψυχέων ἐμάχοντο <span class="bibl">22.245</span>; περὶ ψ. θέον Ἕκτορος <span class="bibl">Il.22.161</span>; τρέχων περὶ τῆς ψ. <span class="bibl">Hdt.9.37</span>; τῆς ἐμῆς περὶ ψ. <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Eu.</span>115</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hel.</span>946</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Heracl.</span>984</span>; περὶ ψ. κινδυνεύων <span class="bibl">Antipho 2.1.4</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Th. 8.50</span>; ἁγὼν . . σῆς ψ. πέρι <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>1492</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1330</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Or.</span>847</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>3.3.44</span>; τὸν περὶ ψ. δρόμον δραμεῖν <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">V.</span>375</span> (lyr.); ἀγωνίζεσθαι περὶ τῆς ψ. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Eq.Mag.</span>1.19</span>; <b class="b3">ὃ ἂν θέλῃ, ψυχῆς ὠνεῖται [θυμός</b>] in exchange for [[life]], <span class="bibl">Heraclit.85</span>; τῆς ψ. πρίασθαί τι <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>3.1.36</span>; τί γὰρ δοῖ ἄνθρωπος ἀντάλλαγμα τῆς ψ. αὐτοῦ; <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Marc.</span>8.37</span>. In early poets: ψυχὰν ἀποπνεῖν <span class="bibl">Simon.52</span>; ψυχὰς ἔχοντες κυμάτων ἐν ἀγκάλαις <span class="bibl">Archil.23</span>; ψυχέων φειδόμενοι <span class="bibl">Tyrt.10.14</span>; θειδωλὴν ψ. θέμενος <span class="bibl">Sol.13.46</span>; ψυχῆς εἵνεκα καὶ βιότου <span class="bibl">Thgn.730</span>; ψυχὰν Ἀΐδᾳ τελέων <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">I.</span>1.68</span>; ψυχὰς βαλον <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">O.</span>8.39</span>; χαλκῷ ἀπὸ ψυχὴν ἀρύσας <span class="bibl">Emp.138</span>; τοὐμὸν ἐκπίνουσ' ἀεὶ ψυχῆς ἄκρατον αἷμα <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>786</span>; <b class="b3">τῆς ἐμῆς ψ. γεγώς</b> ib.<span class="bibl">775</span>; τὴν ψ. ἐκπίνουσιν <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>712</span> (anap.); ψ. ἀφήσω <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Or.</span>1171</span>; ψ. σέθεν ἔκτεινε <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Tr.</span>1214</span>; ψ. παραιτέεσθαι <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.24</span>; <b class="b3">ποινὴν τῆς Αἰσώπου ψ</b>. satisfaction for the [[life]] of A., Id.2.134; ψυχῆς ἀποστερῆσαί τινα <span class="bibl">Antipho 4.1.6</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Th.1.136</span>, etc.; τὴν ψ. ἢ τὴν οὐσίαν ἢ τὴν ἐπιτιμίαν τινὸς ἀφελόμενος <span class="bibl">Aeschin.2.88</span>; τὸ τῆς ψ. ἀπαιτηθεὶς χρέος <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Wi.</span>15</span>. <span class="bibl">8</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Luc.</span>12.20</span>; ζητοῦσι τὴν ψ. μου <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">3 Ki.</span>19.10</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Matt.</span> 2.20</span>; τὴν ψ. αὐτοῦ τίθησιν ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Jo.</span>10.11</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">δεῖρον ἄχρις ἡ ψ… ἐπὶ χειλέων λειφθῇ</b> within an inch of his [[life]], <span class="bibl">Herod.3.3</span>:—the phrase <b class="b3">ἐν τῇ χειρὶ τὴν ψ. ἔχοντα</b> taking his [[life]] in his hands, is prob. f.l. in <span class="bibl">Xenarch.4.20</span>; ἡ ψ. μου ἐν ταῖς χερσί [σου] διὰ πάντος <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Ps.</span>118(119).109</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">1 Ki.</span>19.5</span>, <span class="bibl">28.21</span>, al.; of [[life]] in animals, <span class="bibl">Od.14.426</span>, <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Sc.</span>173</span>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">N.</span>1.47</span>, etc.; τὰ ἄλλα ζῷα, ὅσα ψ. ἔχει Anaxag.4, cf. 12; πάντων τῶν ζῴων ἡ ψ. τὸ αὐτό, ἀήρ Diog. Apoll.5 (cf. infr. IV. 1); <b class="b3">ἡ φύσις τοιαύτη πάντων ὅσσα ψ. ἔχει</b> Democrit.278; <b class="b3">ἐπῴζει καὶ ποιεῖ ψ. ἔχειν</b> (of incubation) <span class="bibl">Epich.172</span>; [ἑρπετὸν] ὃ ἔχει ἐν ἑαυτῷ ψ. ζωῆς <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Ge.</span>1.30</span>; <b class="b3">ἡ ψ. πάσης σαρκὸς αἷμα αὐτοῦ ἐστιν</b> ib.<span class="bibl"><span class="title">Le.</span>17.11</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">De.</span>12.23</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> metaph. of things [[dear as life]], χρήματα γὰρ ψ… βροτοῖσι <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>686</span>; πᾶσι δ' ἀνθρώποις ἄρ' ἦν ψ. τέκν' <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Andr.</span>419</span>; τἀργύριόν ἐστιν αἷμα καὶ ψ. βροτοῖς <span class="bibl">Timocl.35</span>; so as an endearing name, <span class="bibl">Hld.1.8</span>, al.; ζωὴ καὶ ψ. Juv.6.195; ψ. μου Mart.10.68. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> in Hom., [[departed spirit]], [[ghost]] (ὑποτίθεται [Ὅμηρος] τὰς ψ. τοῖς εἰδώλοις τοῖς ἐν τοῖς κατόπτροις φαινομένοις ὁμοίας . . ἃ καθάπαξ ἡμῖν ἐξείκασται καὶ τὰς κινήσεις μιμεῖται, στερεμνιώδη δὲ ὑπόστασιν οὐδεμίαν ἔχει εἰς ἀντίληψιν καὶ ἁφήν Apollod. Hist.<span class="title">Fr.</span>102(a)J.); ψ. Πατροκλῆος . . πάντ' αὐτῷ . . ἐϊκυῖα <span class="bibl">Il.23.65</span>: freq. in <span class="bibl">Od.11</span>, <b class="b3">ψ. Ἀγαμέμνονος, Ἀχιλῆος</b>, etc., <span class="bibl">387</span>, <span class="bibl">467</span>, al.; ψ. καὶ εἴδωλον <span class="bibl">Il.23.104</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">72</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.24.14</span>; ψ. κατὰ χθονὸς ᾤχετο τετριγυῖα <span class="bibl">Il.23.100</span>; <b class="b3">ψυχὰς ἡρώων</b>, opp. [[αὐτούς]], <span class="bibl">1.3</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Sc.</span>151</span>; ψυχαὶ δ' Ἄϊδόσδε κατῆλθον <span class="bibl">Il.7.330</span>; ψ. δὲ κατ' οὐταμένην ὠτειλὴν ἔσσυτ' ἐπειγομένη <span class="bibl">14.518</span>; sometimes hardly distinct from signf. ''1'', ἅμα ψ. τε καὶ ἔγχεος ἐξέρυσ' αἰχμήν <span class="bibl">16.505</span>; in swoons it leaves the body, τὸν δὲ λίπε ψ. <span class="bibl">5.696</span>; so in later writers (seldom in Trag.), σὺν Ἀγαμεμνονίᾳ ψυχᾷ <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>11.21</span>; <b class="b3">ἑὰν ψυχὰν κομίξαι</b> ib.<span class="bibl">4.159</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">N.</span>8.44</span>; αἱ ψ. ὀσμῶνται καθ' Ἅιδην <span class="bibl">Heraclit.98</span>; πέμψατ' ἔνερθεν ψυχὴν ἐς φῶς <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span>630</span> (anap.); ποτωμένην ψ. ὑπὲρ σοῦ <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Or.</span>676</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Fr.</span> 912.9</span> (anap.); τὰς τῶν κεκμηκότων ψ., αἷς ἐστιν ἐν τῇ φύσει τῶν αὑτῶν ἐκγόνων κήδεσθαι <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>927b</span>; <b class="b3">ψ. σοφαί</b>, perhaps 'wise <b class="b2">ghosts'</b>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span> 94</span>; δὶς ἀποθανουμένη ψ. Anon. ap. Plu.2.236d. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">III</span> the immaterial and immortal [[soul]], first in Pindar, ἐς τὸν ὕπερθεν ἅλιον κείνων . . ἀνδιδοῖ [Φερσεφόνα] ψυχὰς πάλιν <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Fr.</span>133</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Men.</span>81b</span>; εἰπόντες ὡς ἀνθρώπου ψ. ἀθάνατός ἐστι <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.123</span>; ἀγένητόν τε καὶ ἀθάνατον ψ. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>246a</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Phd.</span>70c</span>, al.; ἀθάνατος ἡμῶν ἡ ψ. καὶ οὐδέποτε ἀπόλλυται <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">R.</span>608d</span>; ἁψ. τῷ σώματι συνέζευκται καὶ καθάπερ ἐν σάματι τέθαπται <span class="bibl">Philol.14</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Cra.</span>400c</span>: hence freq. opp. σῶμα, ψ. καὶ σῶμα <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>1.3.5</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">An.</span>3.2.20</span>; ψ. ἢ σῶμα ἢ συναμφότερον, τὸ ὅλον τοῦτο Pl.<span class="title">Alc.</span>1.130a; εἰς θηρίου βίον ἀνθρωπίνη ψ. ἀφικνεῖται καὶ ἐκ θηρίου . . πάλιν εἰς ἄνθρωπον <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>249b</span>; κατὰ τοὺς Πυθαγορικοὺς μύθους τὴν τυχοῦσαν ψ. εἰς τὸ τυχὸν ἐνδύεσθαι σῶμα <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">de An.</span> 407b22</span>; οὐδὲ τοῦτο ἐπείσθην, ὡς ἡ ψ., ἕως μὲν ἂν ἐν θνητῷ σώματι ᾖ, ζῇ, ὅταν δὲ τούτου ἀπαλλαγῇ, τέθνηκεν <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>8.7.19</span>; ἀνθρώπου γε ψ., ἣ τοῦ θείου μετέχει, . . ὁρᾶται δ' οὐδ' αὐτή <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Mem.</span>4.3.14</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Cyr.</span> 8.7.17</span>; <b class="b3">αἰθὴρ μὲμ ψυχὰς ὑπεδέξατο, σώ[ματα δὲ χθών</b>] <span class="title">IG</span>12.945 (v B. C.); ὁπόταμ ψ. προλίπῃ φάος ἀελίοιο <span class="bibl">Orph.<span class="title">Fr.</span>32</span>[[f]].''1''; ἡμεῖς ἐσμεν ψ., ζῷον ἀθάνατον ἐν θνητῷ καθειργμένον φρουρίῳ <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ax.</span> 365e</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">IV</span> the [[conscious self]] or [[personality]] as centre of emotions, desires, and affections, χερσὶ καὶ ψυχᾷ δυνατοί <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">N.</span>9.39</span>; μορφὰν βραχύς, ψυχὰν δ' ἄκαμπτος <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">I.</span>4(3).53(71)</span>; ἐνίους τῶν καλῶν τὰς μορφὰς μοχθηροὺς ὄντας τὰς ψ. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Oec.</span>6.16</span>; θνητοῦ σώματος ἔτυχες, πειρῶ τῆς ψ. ἀθάνατον μνήμην καταλιπεῖν <span class="bibl">Isoc.2.37</span>; opp. material blessings, κτεάνων ψ. ἔχοντες κρέσσονας <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">N.</span>9.32</span>; μήτε σωμάτων ἐπιμελεῖσθαι μήτε χρημάτων . . οὕτω σφόδρα ὡς τῆς ψ. ὅπως ὡς ἀρίστη ἔσται <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ap.</span> 30b</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">29e</span>: hence regarded in abstraction, τὸ παρεχόμενον ἡμῶν ἕκαστον τοῦτ' εἶναι μηδὲν ἀλλ' ἢ τὴν ψ., τὸ δὲ σῶμα ἰνδαλλόμενον ἡμῶν ἑκάστοις ἕπεσθαι <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>959a</span>; ἡ ψ. ἐστιν ἄνθρωπος Id.<span class="title">Alc.</span>1.130c; οὐδὲ νῦν τήν γ ἐμὴν ψ. ἑωρᾶτε <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>8.7.17</span>, cf. supr.''III'': sts., therefore, distinguished from oneself, ψ. γὰρ ηὔδα πολλά μοι μυθουμένη <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>227</span>; ἡ ψ. μου πεπότηται <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>319</span> (anap.); τί ποτ' ἔστι μαθεῖν ἔραται ψ. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hipp.</span>173</span> (anap.); ἄλλο τι βουλομένη ἑκατέρου ἡ ψ. δήλη ἐστίν <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Smp.</span>192c</span>; <b class="b3">οἴμοι ψυχή</b> woe is <b class="b2">me!</b> <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Mi.</span>7.1</span>; <b class="b3">καὶ ἐρῶ τῇ ψ. μου, "ψυχή, ἔχεις πολλὰ ἀγαθά</b>" <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Luc.</span>12.19</span>; in periphrases, <b class="b3">ψ. Ὀρέστου</b>, = [[Ὀρέστης]], <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>1127</span>, al.: but <b class="b3">τὴν Φιλοκτήτου ψ. ἐκκλέψεις</b> his [[wits]], <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ph.</span>55</span>; ἡ δ' ἐμὴ ψ. τέθνηκεν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ant.</span>559</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">OC</span>999</span>; so [[ψυχαί]] abs., = ἄνθρωποι, ψ. ὀλέσασα <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>1457</span> (lyr.); <b class="b3">ψ. πολλαὶ ἔθανον</b> many [[souls]] perished, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Th.</span>864</span>; πᾶσαι αἱ ψ., υἱοὶ καὶ αἱ θυγατέρες λ γ <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Ge.</span>46.15</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ex.</span>12.4</span>, al.; [κιβωτὸς] εἰς ἣν ὀλίγοι, τοῦτ' ἔστιν ὀκτὼ ψ., διεσώθησαν <span class="bibl"><span class="title">1 Ep.Pet.</span>3.20</span>. In apostrophe, μή, φίλα ψ. <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>3.61</span>; ὦ μελέα ψ. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>712</span> (lyr.); ὦ ἀγαθὴ καὶ πιστὴ ψ. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>7.3.8</span>; in referring to persons, ὅταν μεγάλη ψ. φυῇ <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span> 496b</span> (cf. [[μεγαλόψυχος]]) <b class="b3">; καλεῖται γοῦν ἡ ψ. Κρινοκοράκα</b> the [[creature]], <span class="bibl">Thphr.<span class="title">Char.</span>28.2</span>; πάσῃ ψ. τετελευτηκυίᾳ <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Nu.</span>6.6</span>,''ΙΙ''; πᾶσα ψ. ὑποτασσέσθω <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ep.Rom.</span>13.1</span>, etc.: generally, [[being]], <b class="b3">ψυχὴ ζῶσα</b> living [[creature]], <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Ge.</span>1.24</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">20</span>(pl.). </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> of various aspects of the [[self]], <b class="b3">ἐν πολέμοιο μάχαις τλάμονι ψ. παρέμειν</b>) enduring [[heart]], <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>1.48</span>; διεπειρᾶτο αὐτοῦ τῆς ψ. <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.14</span>, <b class="b3">ἦν ηὰρ . . ψυχὴν οὐκ ἄκρος</b> poor-[[spirited]], <span class="bibl">Id.5.124</span>; ψυχὴν ἄριστε πάντων <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span>457</span>; καρτερὰν ψ. λαβεῖν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ach.</span>393</span>; κράτιστοι ἂν τὴν ψ. κριθεῖεν <span class="bibl">Th.2.40</span>; τοῖς σώμασι δύνανται τὰς δὲ ψ. οὐκ ἔχουσιν <span class="bibl">Lys.10.29</span>; ὁ γὰρ' λόγχην ἀκονῶν καὶ τὴν ψ. τι παρακονᾷ <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>6.2.33</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Oec.</span>21.3</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> of the emotional self, ὑπείργασμαι μὲν εὖ ψυχὴν ἔρωτι <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hipp.</span>505</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">527</span> (lyr.); πάνυ μου ἡ ψ. ἐπεθύμει <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Oec.</span>6.14</span>; τίνα ποτὲ ψ. ἔχων; <span class="bibl">Lys.32.12</span>; <b class="b3">τίν' οἴεσθ' αὐτὴν ψ. ἕξειν, ὅταν ἐμὲ ῒδῃ;</b> how will she <b class="b2">feel?</b> <span class="bibl">D.28.21</span>; <b class="b3">μία ψ</b>., [[proverb|prov.]] of friends, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">EN</span>1168b7</span>; <b class="b3">ψ. μία ἤστην</b> prob. in <span class="bibl">Phryn. <span class="title">PS</span>p.128B.</span>; of appetite, ψυχῇ διδόντες ἡδονήν <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span>841</span> (s. v.l.), cf. <span class="bibl">Epich.297</span>, Theocr.<span class="bibl">16.24</span>; λίχνῳ δὲ ὄντι τὴν ψ. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>579b</span>; τῷ δὲ ἡ ψ. σῖτον μὲν οὐ προσίετο, διψῆν δ' ἐδόκει <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>8.7.4</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">4</span> of the moral and intellectual [[self]], ἀπὸ πάμπαν ἀδίκων ἔχειν ψ. <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span> 2.70</span>; ψ. τε καὶ φρόνημα καὶ γνώμην <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>176</span>; ἀρκεῖν . . κἀντὶ μυρίων μίαν ψ. τάδ' ἐκτίνουσαν, ἢν εὔνους παρῇ <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">OC</span>499</span>; ψ. γὰρ εὔνους καὶ φρονοῦσα τοὔνδικον <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Fr.</span>101</span>; ἡ κακὴ σὴ ψ. <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1014</span>; ψυχῆς κατήγορος κακῆς <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Oec.</span>20.15</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>353e</span>; ἡ βουλεύσασα ψ. <span class="bibl">Antipho 4.1.7</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>873a</span>; <b class="b3">τὸ σῶμα ἀπειρηκὸς ἡ ψ. συνεξέσωσεν . . διὰ τὸ μὴ ξυνειδέναι ἑαυτῇ</b> the [[mind]] conscious of innocence, <span class="bibl">Antipho 5.93</span>; τὸ ἐπιμελεῖσθαι καὶ ἄρχειν καὶ βουλεύεσθαι . . ἐσθ' ὅτῳ ἄλλῳ ἢ ψυχῇ δικαίως ἂν ἀποδοῖμεν; <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>353d</span>; τὴν τῆς ψ. ἐπιμέλειαν <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span> 1.2.4</span>, <span class="bibl">Isoc.15.304</span>; <b class="b3">τὰ ἐν τῇ ψ. διὰ τὴν παιδείαν ἐγγιγνόμενα</b> ib.290; τῆς ψ. ἐξελθούσης, ἐν ᾗ μόνῃ γίγνεται φρόνησις <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>1.2.53</span>; νοῦς τε καὶ ψ. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Cra.</span>400a</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Phdr.</span>247c</span>, al.; ἐμπαίει τί μοι ψυχῇ σύνηθες ὄμμα <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>903</span>; ἰδὼν μὲν γνούς τε σῇ ψ., τέκνον <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Tr.</span>1171</span>. Phrases:— ἐκ τῆς ψ. φίλος <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>7.7.43</span>; <b class="b3">ἀπὸ τῆς ψ. φιλεῖν</b> with all the [[heart]], <span class="bibl">Thphr. <span class="title">Char.</span>17.3</span>; βόσκοιτ' ἐκ ψυχᾶς τὰς ἀμνάδας <span class="bibl">Theoc.8.35</span>; ὅλῃ τῇ ψ. κεχαρίσθαι τινί <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>3.11.10</span>; <b class="b3">οὐκ ἐᾷ ἡμᾶς οὐδὲ ψυχῆς λαχεῖν</b> he won't let us call our [[soul]] our own, <span class="bibl">Phryn.<span class="title">PS</span>p.128B.</span> </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">5</span> of animals, <b class="b3">ψ. μεγαλόφρων</b>, of a horse, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Eq.</span>11.1</span>; θηρίων ψ. ἡμεροῦμεν <span class="bibl">Isoc.2.12</span>; <b class="b3">ψ. χηνός, ὀρτυγίου</b>, <span class="bibl">Eub.101</span>, <span class="bibl">Antiph.5</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">6</span> of inanimate things, πᾶσα πολιτεία ψ. πόλεώς ἐστιν <span class="bibl">Isoc.12.138</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">7.14</span>; ἡ τῶνδε τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἀρετὴ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἦν ψ. <span class="bibl">D.60.23</span>; οἷον ψ. ὁ μῦθος τῆς τραγῳδίας <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Po.</span>1450a38</span>; also of the [[spirit]] of an author, <span class="bibl">D.H.<span class="title">Lys.</span>11</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">V</span> Philosophical uses: </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">1</span> In the early physicists, of the primary substance, the source of [[life and consciousness]], <b class="b3">ὁρίζονται πάντες</b> (sc. <b class="b3">οἱ πρότεροι</b>) τὴν ψ. τρισίν, κινήσει, αἰσθήσει, τῷ ἀσωμάτῳ <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">de An.</span> 405b11</span>; <b class="b3">τὸν λίθον ἔφη [Θαλῆς] ψ. ἔχειν ὅτι τὸν σίδηρον κινεῖ</b>, of the magnet, ib.<span class="bibl">405a20</span>; <b class="b3">ψυχῇσιν θάνατος ὕδωρ γενέσθαι, ὕδατι δὲ θάνατος γῆν γενέσθαι, ἐκ γῆς δὲ ὕδωρ γίνεται, ἐξ ὕδατος δὲ ψ</b>. (sc. [[πῦρ]]) <span class="bibl">Heraclit. 36</span>; ἡ ψ. πνεῦμα Xenoph. ap. <span class="bibl">D.L.9.19</span>; <b class="b3">καρδία ψυχῆς καὶ αἰσθήσιος [ἀρχά</b>] <span class="bibl">Philol.13</span>; τοῦτο [ἀὴρ] αὐτοῖς καὶ ψ. ἐστι καὶ νόησις Diog. Apoll.4; τὴν τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων φύσιν οὐ πιστεύεις Ἀναξαγόρᾳ νοῦν καὶ ψ. εἶναι τὴν διακοσμοῦσαν; <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Cra.</span>400a</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">de An.</span>404a25</span>; <b class="b3">Δημόκριτος πῦρ τι καὶ θερμόν θησιν αὐτὴν</b> (sc. [[ψυχὴν]]) <b class="b3"> εἶναι</b> ib.<span class="bibl">404a1</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Resp.</span>472a4</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> the [[spirit]] of the universe, ψ. εἰς τὸ μέσον [τοῦ κόσμου] θείς <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ti.</span>34b</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">30b</span>; τὴν τοῦ παντὸς δῆλον ὅτι τοιαύτην εἶναι βούλεται [ὁ Τίμαιος] οἷόν ποτ' ἐστὶν ὁ καλούμενος νοῦς <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">de An.</span>407a3</span>; <b class="b3">ἐν τῷ ὅλῳ τινὲς [τὴν ψ.] μεμεῖχθαί φασιν, ὅθεν ἴσως καὶ Θαλῆς ᾠήθη πάντα πλήρη θεῶν εἶναι</b> ib.<span class="bibl">411a8</span>; ὁ κόσμος ψ. ἐστὶν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἡγεμονικόν <span class="bibl">Chrysipp.Stoic.2.186</span>; <b class="b3">ψ. [κόσμου</b>] Plu.2.1013e, cf. <span class="bibl">M.Ant.4.40</span>; ψ. ἐλθοῦσα εἰς σῶμα οὐρανοῦ <span class="bibl">Plot.5.1.2</span>; τόδε τὸ πᾶν ψ. μίαν ἔχον εἰς πάντα αὐτοῦ μέρη <span class="bibl">Id.4.4.32</span>; <b class="b3">περὶ ψυχᾶς κόσμου καὶ φύσιος</b>, title of work by Ti.Locr. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> In Pl. the immaterial principle of movement and life, ὅταν παρῇ [ψυχὴ] τῷ σώματι, αἴτιόν ἐστι τοῦ ζῆν αὐτῷ <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Cra.</span>399d</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Def.</span>411c</span>; [ψυχῆς λόγον ἔχομεν] τὴν δυναμένην αὐτὴν αὑτὴν κινεῖν κίνησιν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Lg.</span>896a</span>; <b class="b3">μεταβολῆς τε καὶ κινήσεως ἁπάσης αἰτία [ἡ ψ.] ἅπασιν</b> ib. b, cf. <span class="bibl">892c</span>; its presence is requisite for thought, σοφία καὶ νοῦς ἄνευ ψ. οὐκ ἂν γενοίσθην <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Phlb.</span>30c</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ti.</span> 30b</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Sph.</span>249a</span>; defined by Arist. as οὐσία ὡς εἶδος σώματος φυσικοῦ δυνάμει ζωὴν ἔχοντος <span class="bibl"><span class="title">de An.</span>412a20</span>; <b class="b3">ἐντελέχεια ἡ πρώτη σώματος φυσικοῦ ὀργανικοῦ</b> ib.<span class="bibl">412b5</span>; the tripartite division of ψ., οἱ δὲ περὶ Πλάτωνα καὶ Ἀρχύτας καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ Πυθαγόρειοι τὴν ψ. τριμερῆ ἀποφαίνονται, διαιροῦντες εἰς λογισμὸν καὶ θυμὸν καὶ ἐπιθυμίαν Iamb. ap. Stob.1.49.34, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>439e</span> sqq.; in Arist. ἡ ψ. τούτοις ὥρισται, θρεπτικῷ, αἰσθητικῷ, διανοητικῷ, κινήσει· πότερον δὲ τοὔτων ἕκαστόν ἐστι ψ. ἢ ψυχῆς μόριον; <span class="bibl"><span class="title">de An.</span>413b11</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PA</span>641b4</span>; ἡ θρεπτικὴ ψ. <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">de An.</span>434a22</span>, al.; in the Stoics and Epicureans, <b class="b3">σῶμα ἡ ψ</b>. Zeno and <span class="bibl">Chrysipp.Stoic.1.38</span>; of the [[scala naturae]], τὰ μὲν ἕξει διοικεῖται, τὰ δὲ φύσει, τὰ δ' ἀλόγῳ ψ., τὰ δὲ καὶ λόγον ἐχούσῃ καὶ διάνοιαν <span class="title">Stoic.</span>2.150, cf. <span class="bibl">M.Ant.6.14</span>; ἡ ψ. σῶμά ἐστι λεπτομερές . . προσεμφερέστατον πνεύματι θερμοῦ τινα κρᾶσιν ἔχοντι <span class="bibl">Epicur.<span class="title">Ep.</span>1p.19U.</span>; τέλος . . τὸ μήτε ἀλγεῖν κατὰ σῶμα μήτε ταράττεσθαι κατὰ ψ. <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ep.</span>3p.64U.</span>; in the Neo-Platonists characterized by discursive thinking, τοὺς λογισμοὺς ψυχῆς εἶναι ἐνεργήματα <span class="bibl">Plot.1.1.7</span>; related to [[νοῦς]] as image to archetype, <b class="b3">εἰκών τίς ἐστι νοῦ [ψ</b>.] <span class="bibl">Id.5.1.3</span>; present in entirety in every part, πάρεστι πᾶσα πανταχοῦ ψ. <span class="bibl">Id.5.1.2</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">4.7.5</span>; φύσις ψ. οὖσα, γέννημα ψυχῆς προτέρας <span class="bibl">Id.3.8.4</span>; animal and vegetable bodies possess οἷον σκιὰν ψυχῆς <span class="bibl">Id.4.4.18</span>; πᾶν σῶμα . . ψυχῆς μετουσίᾳ κινεῖται ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ζῇ διὰ ψ. <span class="bibl">Procl.<span class="title">Inst.</span>20</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">VI</span> [[butterfly]] or [[moth]], <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">HA</span>551a14</span>, <span class="bibl">Thphr.<span class="title">HP</span>2.4.4</span>, Plu.2.636c. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> [[τριπόλιον]], Ps.-Dsc.4.132. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">VII</span> [[Psyche]], in the allegory of Psyche and Eros, Apul.<span class="title">Metam.</span> bks. 4-6, Aristophontes ap. Fulg.<span class="title">Myth.</span>3.6. (See ancient speculations on the derivation, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Cra.</span>399d</span>-<span class="bibl">400a</span>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">de An.</span>405b29</span>, <span class="bibl">Chrysipp.Stoic.2.222</span>; Hom. usage gives little support to the derivation from [[ψύχω]] 'blow, breathe'; τὸν δὲ λίπε ψ. <span class="bibl">Il.5.696</span> means 'his [[spirit]] left his body', and so [[λειποψυχέω]] means 'swoon', not 'become breathless'; ἀπὸ δὲ ψ. ἐκάπυσσε <span class="bibl">Il.22.467</span> means 'she gasped out her [[spirit]]', viz. 'swooned'; the resemblance of [[ἄμπνυτο]] 'recovered consciousness' to [[ἀμπνέω]] 'recover breath' is deceptive, v. [[ἄμπνυτο]], [[ἔμπνυτο]]: when concrete the Homeric [[ψ]]. is rather [[warm blood]] than [[breath]], cf. <span class="bibl">Il.14.518</span>, <span class="bibl">16.505</span>, where the [[ψ]]. escapes through a wound; cf. [[ψυχοπότης]], [[ψυχορροφέω]], and <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>786</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>712</span> (v. supr.''1'').)</span>