ἐπεί: Difference between revisions

|Definition=Conj., both temporal and causal; also ἐπειδή, ἐπείτε. <span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> OF TIME ([[ἐπειδή]] is more freq. in this sense in Prose), [[after that]], [[since]], [[when]], from Hom. downwds.: </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">I</span> with Ind., </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">1</span> of a definite occurrence in past time, mostly c. aor., <b class="b3">ἐπεὶ π' εὔξαντο</b> [[after]] they had prayed, <span class="bibl">Il.1.458</span>; ἐπειδὴ ἐτελεύτησε Δαρεῖος καὶ κατέστη Ἀρταξέρξης [[after]] D. had died and A. had succeeded, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>1.1.3</span>: rarely c. impf., ἐπειδὴ εἱστιώμεθ' <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>1354</span>; ἐπεὶ πόντον εἰσεβάλλομεν <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">IT</span>260</span>; ἐπεὶ ἠσθένει Δαρεῖος <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>1.1.1</span>: c. plpf., <b class="b3">ἐπειδὴ ἐξηπάτησθε .</b>. [[after]] you had been deceived... <span class="bibl">D.18.42</span>; but generally the aor. is found, the plpf. being used only for special emphasis: c. impf. to express an action not yet complete, <b class="b3">ἐπεὶ ὑπηντίαζεν ἡ φάλαγξ καὶ ἡ σάλπιγξ ἐφθέγξατο</b> [[after]] the phalanx began to advance and the trumpet had sounded, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>6.5.27</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> with implied reference to some later time, ἐπεὶ or [[ἐπειδή]], = [[ἐξ οὗ]], [[from the time when]], [[since]], mostly c. aor., πολλὰ πλάγχθη, ἐπεὶ ἔπερσε <span class="bibl">Od.1.2</span>; <b class="b3">ἐπείτε παρέλαβον τὸν θρόνον, τοῦτο ἐφρόντιζον</b> [[ever since]] I came to the throne, I had this in mind, <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.8</span>.ά; [[ἐπειδήπερ]] ὑπέστη <span class="bibl">Th.8.68</span>; δέκατον μὲν ἔτος τόδ' ἐ… ἦραν <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span> 40</span>: sometimes c. pres. (used in pf. sense) and pf., <b class="b3">ἐπεὶ δὲ φροῦδός ἐστι στρατός</b> [[since]] the army is gone, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>15</span>; <b class="b3">ἐπείτε ὑπὸ τῷ Πέρσῃ εἰσί, πεπόνθασι τοιόνδε</b> [[ever since]] they have been, [[now that]] they are... <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.117</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> with Subj., [[ἄν]] being always added in Att. Prose, and [[ἄν]] or κε generally in Poetry: [[ἐπεί]] with [[ἄν]] becomes [[ἐπήν]] (so in Com., <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Lys.</span>1175</span>,<span class="bibl"><span class="title">Av.</span>983</span>), later [[ἐπάν]] ([[quod vide|q.v.]]), Ion. ἐπεάν <span class="title">Schwyzer</span> 800 (vi B.C.), <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.153</span>, al., ἐπήν <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Fract.</span>6</span>, al., and [[ἐπειδή]] with <b class="b3">ἄν ἐπειδάν</b> ([[quod vide|q.v.]]); Hom. has <b class="b3">ἐπεὶ κε, ἐπήν</b> (once ἐπεὶ ἄν <span class="bibl">Il.6.412</span>): </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">1</span> referring to future time with fut. apodosis, <b class="b3">τέκνα ἄξομεν . . ἐπὴν πτολίεθρον ἕλωμεν</b> [[when]] we shall have taken the city, <span class="bibl">Il.4.238</span>; ἐπεὶ κ' ἀπὸ λαὸς ὄληται <span class="bibl">11.764</span>. cf. <span class="bibl">Od.17.23</span>; ἐπεάν περ ἡμίονοι τέκωσι, τότε τὸ τεῖχος ἁλώσεσθαι <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.153</span>; <b class="b3">ταῦτ', ἐπειδὰν περὶ τοῦ γένους εἴπω, τότ' ἐρῶ</b> I will speak of this, [[when]] I have spoken... <span class="bibl">D.57.16</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>2.3.29</span>; ἐπεὶ ἂν σύ γε πότμον ἐπίσπῃς <span class="bibl">Il.6.412</span>; <b class="b3">χρὴ δέ, ὅταν μὲν τιθῆσθε τοὺς νόμους, . . σκοπεῖν, ἐπειδὰν δὲ θῆσθε, φυλάττειν</b> whenever you are enacting your laws, . . and [[after]] you have enacted them... <span class="bibl">D.21.34</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> of repeated action, with a pres. apodosis, [[whenever]], [[when once]], δαμνᾷ, ἐπεὶ κε λίπῃ ὀστέα θυμός <span class="bibl">Od.11.221</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Il.9.409</span>; <b class="b3">ἐπειδὰν ἡ ἐκφορὰ ᾖ . . ἄγουσι</b> [[whenever]] the burial takes place they bring, <span class="bibl">Th.2.34</span>; <b class="b3">ἐπειδὰν κρύψωσι γῇ . . λέγει</b> [[when]] they have covered them with earth, ibid.: sometimes without [[ἄν]] or κε in Poets, ἐπεὶ ἂρ βλέφαρ' ἀμφικαλύψῃ <span class="bibl">Od.20.86</span>; ἐπεὶ δὴ τόν γε δαμάσσεται . . ὀϊστός <span class="bibl">Il.11.478</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>1225</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ant.</span> 1025</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> like A.1.2, <b class="b3">δέκα ἡμερῶν ἐπειδὰν δόξῃ</b> within ten days [[from]] the passing of the resolution, <span class="title">IG</span>12.88.7. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">III</span> with Opt. (without [[ἄν]]): </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">1</span> referring to future time, <b class="b3">ἐπειδὴ πρὸς τὸ φῶς ἔλθοι, ὁρᾶν οὐδ' ἂν ἓν δύνασθαι</b> (sc. <b class="b3">οὐκ οἴει</b>); [[after]] he had come into the light... <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>516a</span>: Hom. sometimes uses [[ἐπήν]] with opt. in same sense as [[ἐπεί]], <span class="bibl">Il.24.227</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.2.105</span> (codd.), etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> more freq. of repeated action, with a past apodosis, ἐπεὶ ζεύξειεν... δησάσκετο <span class="bibl">Il.24.14</span>; ἐπειδὴ δέ τι ἐμφάγοιεν, ἀνίσταντο <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>4.5.9</span>; ἐπεὶ πύθοιτο, ἐπῄνει <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>5.3.55</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Th.8.38</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>59d</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Prt.</span>315b</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> in orat. obliq. after past tenses, representing a subj. in orat. rect., <b class="b3">αὐτὸς δὲ ἐπεὶ διαβαίης, ἀπιέναι ἔφησθα</b> (the direct form being <b class="b3">ἐπὴν διαβῶ</b>) <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span> 7.2.27</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">3.5.18</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Cyr.</span>1.4.21</span>; after opt. in a final clause, [[ἐπορεύοντο]], ὅπως ἐπειδὴ γένοιντο ἐπὶ τῷ ποταμῷ . . ἴοιεν <span class="bibl">Th.7.80</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">4</span> by assimilation to opt. in principal clause, ἦ τ' ἂν . . νῦν μὲν ἀνώγοιμι πτολεμίζειν . . ἐπὴν τεισαίμεθα λώβην <span class="bibl">Il.19.208</span>; ὃς τὸ καταβρόξειεν ἐπεὶ κρητῆρι μιγείη <span class="bibl">Od.4.222</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">5</span> [[ἐπειδάν]] c. opt. is f.l. in some passages of early authors, as <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>1.3.11</span>, <span class="bibl">D.30.6</span> (c. ind., <span class="bibl">Plb.13.7.8</span>): found in later Gr., <span class="bibl">Agath.2.5</span>, al., <span class="bibl">Zos.5.18.10</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">IV</span> with Inf., only in orat. obliq., <b class="b3">ἐπειδὴ δὲ κατὰ σχολὴν σκέψασθαι, κόπτεσθαι</b> (sc. [[ἔφη]]) <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span> 619c</span>, cf.<span class="bibl"><span class="title">Smp.</span>174d</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.4.10</span>, <span class="bibl">7.150</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">V</span> with other words: </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">1</span> <b class="b3">ἐπεὶ τάχιστα</b> [[as soon as]], freq. separated by a word, ἐπεὶ ἦλθε τάχιστα, . . ἀπέδοτο <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>7.2.6</span>; ἐπεὶ δὲ τάχιστα διέβη <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>3.3.22</span>; ἐπεὶ θᾶττον <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1284a40</span>; ἐπεὶ εὐθέως <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>3.2.4</span>; ἐ… αὐτίκα <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">N.</span>1.35</span>; ἐπειδὴ τάχιστα <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Prt.</span>310c</span>, <span class="bibl">D.27.16</span>; ἐπειδὰν τάχιστα <span class="bibl">Hdt.8.144</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>3.1.9</span>; rarely ἐπειδὴ θᾶττον <span class="bibl">D.37.41</span>; ἐπειδὰν θᾶττον <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Prt.</span> 325c</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> ἐπεὶ τὰ πρῶτα <span class="bibl">Il.12.420</span>; ἐπεὶ τὸ πρῶτον <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>1287</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> with emphatic Particles, <b class="b3">ἐπεὶ ἄρα</b> [[when]] then, in continuing a narrative, <span class="bibl">Il.6.426</span>; <b class="b3">ἐπεὶ οὖν</b> [[when]] then, in resuming a narrative, <span class="bibl">1.57</span>, <span class="bibl">3.4</span>; ἐπεὶ ὦν <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.9</span>; ἐπεὶ γὰρ δή <span class="bibl">Id.9.90</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">B</span> CAUSAL ([[ἐπεί]] more freq. in this sense in early Prose: [[ἐπειδή]] [[whereas]] is used in preambles of decrees, <span class="title">IG</span>22.103, etc.; [[ἐπειδήπερ]] [[inasmuch as]], Ev. Luc. 1.1), [[since]], [[seeing that]], freq. from Hom. downwards: </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">1</span> with Ind. (after both present and past tenses), ἐπεὶ οὐδὲ ἔοικε <span class="bibl">Il.1.119</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">153</span>,<span class="bibl">278</span>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>4.16</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>2.3.4</span>; ἐπειδή <span class="bibl">Th.8.80</span>; ἐπειδὴ οὐκ ἐθέλεις <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Prt.</span>335c</span>; νίκη δ' ἐπείπερ ἕσπετ', ἐμπέδως μένοι <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>854</span>; freq. with past tenses with ἄν, ἐπεὶ οὔποτ' ἂν στόλον ἐπλεύσατ' ἄν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1037</span>; ἐπεὶ οὔ κεν ἀνιδρωτί γ' ἐτελέσθη <span class="bibl">Il.15.228</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">D. 18.49</span>; <b class="b3">οὐ γὰρ ἂν σθένοντά γε εἷλέν μ'· ἐπεὶ οὐδ' ἂν ὧδ' ἔχοντ'</b> (sc. [[εἷλεν]]) <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>948</span>: especially in the sense, [[for otherwise]] .., <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>9.29</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>433</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>2.7.14</span>, <span class="bibl">Herod.2.72</span>, etc.: so c. fut., <b class="b3">ἐξέστω δὲ μηδενὶ . . τεθῆναι... ἐπεὶ ἀποδώσει .</b>. [[otherwise]] he shall pay... <span class="title">Rev.Et.Anc.</span>4.261 (near Smyrna): c. imper., <b class="b3">ἐπεὶ δίδαξον</b> [[for]] teach me, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>352</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">OC</span>969</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">OT</span> 390</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">V.</span>73</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Grg.</span>473e</span>: with an interrog., <b class="b3">ἐπεὶ πῶς ἂν καλέσειας;</b> [[for]] how would you call him? <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>688</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>7.5</span>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span>214</span>, <span class="bibl">S. <span class="title">Tr.</span>139</span> (lyr.); ὦ Ἀλκιβιάδη, ἐπειδὴ περὶ τίνος Ἀθηναῖοι διανοοῦνται βουλεύεσθαι, ἀνίστασαι συμβουλεύσων; Pl.<span class="title">Alc.</span>1.106c. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> c. Opt., ἐπεὶ ἂν μάλα τοι σχεδὸν ἔλθοι <span class="bibl">Il.9.304</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>916</span>; so after past tenses on the principle of orat. obliq., <b class="b3">ἐπείπερ ἡγήσαιντο</b> [[since]] (as they said) they believed, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>1.4.19</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> c. Inf. in orat. obliq., ἐπεὶ γιγνώσκειν γε αὐτά <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Prt.</span>353a</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Hdt.8.111</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.2.93</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">4</span> in elliptical expressions, <b class="b3">ἀδύνατός [εἰμι], ἐπεὶ ἐβουλόμην ἂν οἷός τ' εἶναι</b> I am unable (and yet I am sorry), [[for]] I should like to have the power, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Prt.</span> 335c</span>; so <b class="b3">εἶμι· ἐπεὶ καὶ ταῦτ' ἂν ἴσως οὐκ ἀηδῶς σου ἤκουον</b> ibid. (here the sense may be given by [[and yet]], [[although]], cf. ib. <span class="bibl">333c</span>, <span class="bibl">317a</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ap.</span>19e</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Smp.</span>187a</span>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">EN</span>1121a19</span>); <b class="b3">ἐπεὶ ὅ γε ἀποθανὼν πελάτης τις ἦν ἐμός</b> [[and yet]] ([[moreover]]) the murdered man was my own hired man, <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Euthphr.</span>4c</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> sometimes after a voc., where 'listen' may be supplied, Ἕκτορ, ἐπεὶ με κατ' αἶσαν ἐνείκεσας <span class="bibl">Il.3.59</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">13.68</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.3.103</span>, <span class="bibl">211</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">5</span> with other Particles, <b class="b3">ἐπεὶ ἄρα, ἐπεὶ ἂρ δή</b> [[since]] then, <span class="bibl">Od.17.185</span>; <b class="b3">ἐπεὶ γε</b> (ἐπεὶ . . γε <span class="bibl">Il.1.352</span>, <span class="bibl">Hes. <span class="title">Th.</span>171</span>), more emphatic than ἐπεί, [[since]] [[indeed]], <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Cyc.</span>181</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Hipp.</span>955</span>; <b class="b3">ἐπειδή γε</b> ib.<span class="bibl">946</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>77d</span>, <span class="bibl">D.54.29</span>; sometimes separated, ἐπειδή . . γε <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>631</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>87c</span>; ἐπεὶ γε δή <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.9</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span> 923</span>, ἐπειδή γε καί <span class="bibl">Th.6.18</span>; <b class="b3">ἐπεὶ ἦ</b> [[since]] in truth, ἐπεὶ ἦ πολὺ φέρτερόν ἐστι <span class="bibl">Il.1.169</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">156</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.9.276</span>; [[ἐπείπερ]] (ἐ… περ <span class="bibl">Il.13.447</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.20.181</span>) in Trag. and Prose, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>822</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>75</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>114d</span>; [[ἐπειδήπερ]] in Com. and Prose, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ach.</span>437</span>,<span class="bibl">495</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Nu.</span>1412</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.6.18</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span> 350e</span>; <b class="b3">ἐπεὶ τοι</b> [[since]] surely, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>433</span>; ἐπεὶ νύ τοι <span class="bibl">Il.1.416</span>; ἐπεὶ τοι καί <span class="bibl">E. <span class="title">Med.</span>677</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>567e</span>. [ἐπεὶ sometimes begins a verse in Hom., <span class="bibl">Il.22.379</span>, <span class="bibl">Od. 4.13</span>, <span class="bibl">8.452</span>, <span class="bibl">21.25</span>; sometimes coalesces by synizesis with [[οὐ]], [[οὐδέ]], etc., <span class="bibl">S. <span class="title">Ph.</span>446</span>,<span class="bibl">948</span>, etc.]</span>