ἄρα: Difference between revisions

|Definition=Ep. ῥά (which is enclitic and used after monosyllables, [[ἦ]], [[ὅς]], [[γάρ]], etc., or words ending in a vowel or diphthong, e.g. [[ἐπεί]]), before a consonant ἄρ (perhaps cf. Lith. <span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> <b class="b2">ir̃</b> 'and'): expressing consequence, [[then]], or mere succession, [[there and then]], and in many derived uses. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> EARLIER USAGE: to denote, </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">I</span> immediate transition, [[there and then]], [[straightway]], ὣς φάτο βῆ δ' ἄρ' Ὄνειρος <span class="bibl">Il.2.16</span>: after a part., ὣς εἰπὼν κατ' ἄρ' ἕζετο <span class="bibl">1.68</span>, al.; πυθόμενος . . εἶπε ἄ. <span class="bibl">Hdt.4.134</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">9.9</span>; ἐρωτώσης τῆς μητρὸς ἀπεκρίνατο ἄρα <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>1.3.2</span>; with other Particles, [[δέ]], [[ἦ]], [[ὡς]], etc., cf. <b class="b3">ὁ δὲ Ἀστυάγης ἄ. εἶπεν</b> ib.<span class="bibl">4.10</span>: also after Advbs. of [[time]], <b class="b3">τότε δή ῥα, τῆμος ἄρα</b>, etc.; οὕτως ἄρα <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>259b</span>; often in apodosi, as αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ δὴ θηήσατο . . αὐτίκ' ἄρ' ἤλυθεν <span class="bibl">Od.5.77</span>; repeated τὼ μὲν ἄρ' . . κεῖντο ἡ δ' ἄρ' . . ἀγόρευε <span class="bibl">Il.21.426</span>: in enumerations, e. g. in Homer's catalogue, [[then]], [[next]], οἱ δ' ἄρ' Ἀθήνας εἶχον <span class="bibl">2.546</span>; so in genealogies, Σίσυφος . . ὁ δ' ἄ. Γλαῦκον τέκεθ' υἱόν <span class="bibl">6.154</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> to draw attention, <b class="b2">mark you!</b> τὸν τρεῖς μὲν ἐπιρρήσσεσκον . . τῶν ἄλλων Ἀχιλεὺς δ' ἄρ' ἐπιρρήσσεσκε καὶ οἶος <span class="bibl">24.456</span>; with imper., ἀλλ' ἄγε δὴ κατ' ἄρ' ἕζευ <span class="bibl">24.522</span>: to point a moral or general statement, φευγόντων δ' οὔτ' ἂρ κλέος ὄρνυται οὔτε τις ἀλκή <span class="bibl">5.532</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> connection, such as, </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">1</span> that of [[antecedent]] and [[consequent]], οἰνοχόει . . ἄσβεστος δ' ἄρ' ἐνῶρτο γέλως <span class="bibl">1.599</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">24.507</span>; τοὔνεκ' ἄρ' ἄλγε' ἔδωκε <span class="bibl">1.96</span>; freq. with [[οὕνεκα]] in protasi, <span class="bibl">7.140</span>, al.: also in questions, <b class="b3">τίς τ' ἄρ τῶν ὄχ' ἄριστος ἔην;</b> who [[then]] (say you) was . . ? <span class="bibl">2.761</span>: with demonstr. Pronoun in recapitulation, <b class="b3">ἀλλ' υἱὸν Πριάμοιο . . τόν ῥ' Ὀδυσεὺς βάλε</b> [[he it was]], [[whom]]... <span class="bibl">4.501</span>: freq. in such phrases as ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας <span class="bibl">2.35</span>, al.; ὣς ἄρ' ἔφη <span class="bibl">1.584</span>, al.; ἦ ῥα <span class="bibl">3.355</span>, al., thus, [[then]] he spoke.—This usage is universal in Greek. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> explanation of that which precedes, <b class="b3">χωόμενον κατὰ θυμὸν ἐϋζώνοιο γυναικὸς τήν ῥα . . ἀπηύρων</b> whom ([[and for this cause]] he was angry) they had taken away, <span class="bibl">1.429</span>; <b class="b3">εἰ μὴ ὑπερφίαλον ἔπος ἔκβαλε . . φῆ ῥ' ἀέκητι θεῶν φυγέειν</b> [[for]] he said, <span class="bibl">Od.4.504</span>: freq. with [[οὕνεκα]]; so with relatives, <b class="b3">ἐκ δ' ἔθορε κλῆρος ὃν ἄρ' ἤθελον αὐτοί</b> the [[very]] one which... <span class="bibl">Il.7.182</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">B</span> LATER USAGE, always with inferential force: 1. in drawing conclusions (more subjective than [[οὖν]]), ἄριστον ἄ. ἡ εὐδαιμονία <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">EN</span>1099a24</span>; δῆλον ἄ. <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1295b33</span>; in pseudo-syllogistic conclusions, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">SE</span>174b11</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Rh.</span>1401a3</span>, al.: esp. by way of informal inference, [[as it seems]], οὐκ ἄ. σοί γε πατὴρ ἦν Πηλεύς <span class="bibl">Il.16.33</span>; οὐδ' ἄ. πως ἦν ἐν πάντεσσ' ἔργοισι δαήμονα φῶτα γενέσθαι <span class="bibl">23.670</span>; μάτην ἄρ', ὡς ἔοικεν, ἥκομεν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>772</span>; <b class="b3">οὕτω κοινόν τι ἄ. χαρᾷ καὶ λύπῃ δάκρυά ἐστιν</b> [[so true is it that]]... <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>7.1.32</span>; πολὺ γὰρ ἀμείνων ἄ. ὁ τοῦ ἀδίκου ἢ ὁ τοῦ δικαίου βίος <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>358c</span>; ἦν ἄ. πυρός γ' ἕτερα . . θερμότερα <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span> 382</span>; ὦ τλῆμον ἀρετή, λόγος ἄρ' ἦσθα <span class="title">Trag.Adesp.</span>374; so in announcing the discovery or correction of an error, as <b class="b3">οὐκ ἐννενοήκαμεν ὅτι εἰσὶν ἄ</b>. . . <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>375d</span>; <b class="b3">φαίνεται πρὸ ποδῶν ἡμῖν κυλινδεῖσθαι καὶ οὐχ ἑωρῶμεν ἄρ' αὐτό</b> ib.<span class="bibl">432d</span>; <b class="b3">εἰκότως ἄ. οὐκ ἐγίγνετο· ὡς γὰρ ἐγὼ νῦν πυνθάνομαι</b>. . <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>2.2.3</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> in questions, expressing the anxiety of the questioner, <b class="b3">τίς ἄ. ῥύσεται;</b> [[who is there]] to save ? <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>92</span>; so in exclamations to heighten the expression of emotion, <b class="b3">οἵαν ἄρ' ἥβην . . ἀπώλεσεν</b> [[what]] a band of youth was that . . ! <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Pers.</span>733</span>; so <b class="b3">ὡς ἄρα</b> ib.<span class="bibl">472</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>577</span>; τί μ' ἄ. τί μ' ὀλέκεις; <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ant.</span>1285</span>; τί οὖν . . ἄ. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Oec.</span>6.2</span>; <b class="b3">πῶς ἄ.; οὕτως ἄ</b>., etc.; [[ἄ]]. alone, ἔζης ἄ. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>686</span>: especially in ironical comments, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Av.</span>476</span>, <span class="bibl">1371</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> epexegetic, [[namely]], <b class="b3">ἐρῶ, ὡς ἄ</b>. . . <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span>152d</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">156e</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">4</span> for <b class="b3">τοι ἄρα, τἄρα</b>, v. sub τοι <span class="bibl">11.2</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">5</span> [[εἰ]] (or [[ἐάν]]) <b class="b3"> μὴ ἄ</b>. unless [[perhaps]], <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ap.</span>38b</span>, <span class="bibl">D.58.4</span>; separated from <b class="b3">εἰ μή</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.9.20</span>; with irony, εἰ μὴ ἄ. ἡ τῆς ἀρετῆς ἐπιμέλεια διαφθορά ἐστιν <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>1.2.8</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">6</span> in hypothetical clauses, to indicate the improbability of the supposition, ἢν ἄ. ποτὲ κατὰ γῆν βιασθῶσιν <span class="bibl">Th.1.93</span>, etc.; or simply, [[perhaps]] (sts. separated from [[εἰ]]), εἴ τις οὖν ὑμῶν ἄ. . . ὑπελάμβανεν <span class="bibl">D.21.8</span>; εἴ τις ἰδίᾳ τινὰ δεδιὼς ἄ. ἀπρόθυμός ἐστιν <span class="bibl">Th.4.86</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">C</span> IN CRASIS, freq. [[τἄρα]], [[μεντἄρα]], [[οὐτἄρα]]: also [[δήξομἄρα]] for <b class="b3">δήξομαι ἄ</b>., <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ach.</span>325</span>; [[οἰμώξετἄρα]], [[κλαύσἄρα]], <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Th.</span>248</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Pax</span> 532</span>: also in Trag., E.<span class="title">Hyps.Fr.</span>34.86. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">D</span> [[ἄρα]] never stands first in the sentence in Classical Greek (<span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Mech.</span>851a22</span> is corrupt), but is found at the beginning of an apodosis in <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Matt.</span>12.28</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ep.Rom.</span>10.17</span>, and first in a sentence, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Luc.</span>11.48</span>, <span class="bibl">Vett.Val.305.20</span>; in conclusion of syllogism, Herm. ap.Stob.3.11.31.</span>

|auten=ἄρ ([[before]] [[consonants]]), ῥα, ῤ (enclitic), [[always]] [[post]]-[[positive]]: [[particle]] denoting [[inference]] or a [[natural]] [[sequence]] of ideas, [[then]], so [[then]], so, [[naturally]], as it appears, [[but]] [[for]] the [[most]] [[part]] untranslatable by [[word]] or [[phrase]]; freq. in neg. sentences, οὐδ' [[ἄρα]], οὔτ [[ἄρα]], and joined to rel. and causal words, ὅς τ' [[ἄρα]], ὅς ῥά τε, οὕνεκ [[ἄρα]], [[ὅτι]] ῥα, [[also]] [[following]] [[εἶτα]], [[γάρ]], [[ἀλλά]], [[αὐτάρ]], etc.; [[further]], in questions, and in the apodosis of sentences [[after]] [[μέν]] and [[other]] particles. The [[following]] examples [[will]] [[illustrate]] [[some]] of the [[chief]] usages: οὐδ' [[ἄρα]] [[πως]] ἦν &#x007C; ἐν πάντεσσ' ἔργοισι δαήμονα φῶτα [[γενέσθαι]], ‘as it seems,’ Il. 23.670 ; ἐκ δ' ἔθορε [[κλῆρος]] κυνέης, ὅν ἀῤ [[ἤθελον]] αὐτοί, ‘[[just]] the [[one]]’ [[they]] wished, Il. 7.182 ; κήδετο γὰρ Δαναῶν, [[ὅτι]] ῥα θνήσκοντας ὁρᾶτο, ‘[[even]] [[because]]’ she [[saw]], Il. 1.56 ; [[τίς]] τ' ἄρ [[σφωε]] [[θεῶν]] ἔριδι [[ξυνέηκε]] μάχεσθαι, ‘[[who]] [[then]]’? Il. 1.8 ; αὐτὰρ [[ἄρα]] [[Ζεὺς]] δῶκε διακτόρῳ Ἀργεϊφόντῃ, ‘and [[then]] [[next]],’ Il. 2.103 ; αὐτὰρ [[ἐπεὶ]] [[πόσιος]] καὶ ἐδητύος ἐξ ἔρον [[ἕντο]], &#x007C; τοῖς [[ἄρα]] μύθων ἦρχε [[Γερήνιος]] [[ἱππότα]] [[Νέστωρ]], ‘[[then]],’ [[not]] [[temporal]], Il. 2.433 ; ὢς [[ἄρα]] φωνήσᾶς κατ' ἄῤ ἕζετο ([[twice]] in [[one]] [[sentence]], [[ἄρα]] in the [[phrase]] κατ' ἄῤ ἕζετο marks the [[sitting]] [[down]] as the [[regular]] [[sequel]] of [[making]] a [[speech]]), Od. 16.213.

|dgtxt=<b class="num">• Prosodia:</b> [ᾰρᾰ]<br /><b class="num">• Morfología:</b> ép. frec. ἄρ ante cons.; ép. y poét. ῥα enclít. gener. tras monosílabos o disílabos que acaban en vocal o diptongo, p. ej. ἐπεί. Tal vez en ocasiones aparece sólo por razones métricas. Frec. combinada c. otras partíc; ἄλλ' ἄ., [[εἴτε]] [[ἄρα]], δήξομἄρα Ar.<i>Ach</i>.325, οἰμώξεται τἄρ' Ar.<i>Th</i>.248<br /><b class="num">A</b> para llamar la atención sobre hechos sorprendentes o difícilmente creíbles, a veces intraducible<br /><b class="num">I</b> gener. [[sí que]], [[de veras]], [[nada menos]] τὸν τρεῖς μὲν ἐπιρρήσσεσκον ... Ἀχιλεὺς δ' ἄρ' ἐπιρρήσσεσκε καὶ οἷος el (cerrojo) que tres (de los Aqueos) descorrían, Aquiles nada menos que él solo lo descorría</i>, <i>Il</i>.24.456, στῆ δ' ἄρ' ὑπὲρ κεφαλῆς de veras, se puso sobre mi cabeza</i>, <i>Il</i>.2.59, δράκων ... τόν ῥ' αὐτὸς Ὀλύμπιος ἧκε φόωσδε, βωμοῦ ὑπαΐξας πρός ῥα πλατάνιστον ὄρουσεν un dragón ... al que nada menos que el Olímpico sacó a la luz, surgiendo de debajo del altar saltó, de veras, a un plátano</i>, <i>Il</i>.2.309-310, cf. 5.582, ὣς [[ἄρα]] τήκετο γαῖα σέλαι πυρὸς αἰθομένοιο así, de veras, se fundía la tierra con la llama del fuego ardiente</i> Hes.<i>Th</i>.867, cf. <i>h.Cer</i>.287, Sapph.141.4, Stesich.4.2, Mimn.13.5, Pi.<i>O</i>.10.52, φὰς ... [[εἰπεῖν]] ἄ. αὐτὸν πρὸς τοὺς ἰχθῦς diciendo que, de veras, dijo a los peces</i> Hdt.1.141, cf. X.<i>HG</i> 4.2.22, ἀληθῆ [[ἄρα]] ἦν era, por increíble que parezca, verdad</i> Pl.<i>Grg</i>.508b, cf. <i>R</i>.459b<br /><b class="num">•</b>frec. c. μέλλειν o giros que se refieren al futuro, indicando que la realidad será otra de lo que uno se cree [[en realidad]], [[de veras]] νήπιος, οὐδ' ἄρ' ἔμελλε κακὰς ὑπὸ κῆρας ἀλύξαι necio, no iba a poder eludir las funestas Ceres e.d. las Parcas</i>, <i>Il</i>.12.113, τῷ δ' ἄρ' ἔμελλεν αὐτῷ κήδε' ἔσεσθαι a él, en realidad, le estaban reservadas penas</i>, <i>Od</i>.4.107, cf. S.<i>Ai</i>.926, <i>Ph</i>.1083, Ar.<i>Ach</i>.347<br /><b class="num">•</b>c. impf. de [[εἰμί]] cuyo suj. sea un inf. οὐδ' ἄρ' Ὀδυσσῆϊ ... μόρσιμον ἦεν ... ἀποκτάμεν <i>Il</i>.5.674, οὐδ' [[ἄρα]] ... κιχήμεναι αἴσιμον ἦεν <i>Il</i>.15.274<br /><b class="num">•</b>anunciando la sorpresa ante un descubrimiento, desengaño o error, Pl.<i>R</i>.375d, X.<i>An</i>.2.2.3, ταῦτ' [[ἄρα]] Ar.<i>Ach</i>.90.<br /><b class="num">II</b> en exclamaciones, ruegos o exhortaciones<br /><b class="num">1</b> c. imperat. [[ya]], [[ah]], [[en verdad]] ἀλλ' [[ἄγε]] δὴ κατ' ἄρ' ἕζευ ¡pero, ea, siéntate ya!</i>, <i>Il</i>.24.522, cf. 21.288<br /><b class="num">•</b>γινώσκετε [[ἄρα]] <i>Ep.Gal</i>.3.1<br /><b class="num">•</b>acompañando a exclamaciones τοὶ δ' [[ἄρα]] πρωτομόροιο φεῦ ληφθέντες πρὸς ἀνάγκας y los que primero por una muerte irremediable fueron atrapados, ¡ay!</i> A.<i>Pers</i>.568, οἵαν ἄρ' ἥβην ξυμμάχων ἀπώλεσεν A.<i>Pers</i>.733, cf. S.<i>Fr</i>.686, Lys.3.30.<br /><b class="num">2</b> en preguntas avivándolas, indicando preocupación o interés [[pues]], a veces [[acaso]] τί τ' ἄρ' σφωε θεῶν ... ¿quién, pues, de los dioses ...?</i>, <i>Il</i>.1.8, cf. 3.226, Pi.<i>P</i>.11.22, τί μ' [[ἄρα]] τί μ' ὀλέκεις; S.<i>Ant</i>.1285, ἦν ἄρ' ἀπολέσθαι χρεών; ¿era de veras forzoso que sucumbiera?</i> Ar.<i>Eq</i>.138, οὐ καλὸν [[ἄρα]]; Pl.<i>Hp.Ma</i>.288c, cf. <i>Euthd</i>.279a, X.<i>Oec</i>.6.2<br /><b class="num">•</b>frec. con futuro τίς ἄ. ῥύσεται, τίς ἄρ' ἐπαρκέσει; A.<i>Th</i>.93, cf. S.<i>OT</i> 1444, ἆρά γε τοῦτ' ἄρ' [[ἐγώ]] ποτ' ὄψομαι; ¿acaso veré tal alguna vez?</i> Ar.<i>Nu</i>.465, cf. Pl.<i>Grg</i>.515b, Lys.10.22, <i>Eu.Matt</i>.18.1, I.<i>AI</i> 6.200<br /><b class="num">•</b>ἦ ῥά ...; <i>Il</i>.5.421, en interr. indirectas ποτιδέγμενοι ὁππότ' ἄρ' ἔλθοι <i>Il</i>.7.415, cf. Pi.<i>O</i>.10.57, S.<i>Ph</i>.689, Pl.<i>Prt</i>.343c, D.20.68, LXX <i>Nu</i>.22.11, <i>Eu.Marc</i>.11.13.<br /><b class="num">B</b> para llamar la atención sobre un hecho bien conocido o evidente, frec. intraducible [[en verdad]], [[como todo el mundo sabe]], [[como es sabido]]<br /><b class="num">I</b> <b class="num">a)</b>en rel. c. temas del mundo mitológico y heroico, Νέστωρ, ὅς ῥα Πύλοιο [[ἄναξ]] ἦν <i>Il</i>.2.77, cf. 5.543, Hes.<i>Sc</i>.473;<br /><b class="num">b)</b> en el segundo término de los símiles μιν ... ἕλεν μένος, ὥς τε λέοντα, ὅν ῥά ... <i>Il</i>.5.137, cf. 21.495, <i>Od</i>.11.414;<br /><b class="num">c)</b> unido a caracteres fijos [[por supuesto]], [[naturalmente]] Ἔρις δ' [[ἄρα]] χαῖρε ... εἰσορόωσα por supuesto (ante la batalla) Eris se complacía mirando</i>, <i>Il</i>.11.73, cf. 13.302, Hes.<i>Sc</i>.149;<br /><b class="num">d)</b> en γνῶμαι o sentencias de sentido evidente o muy conocido [[desde luego]], [[por supuesto]], [[naturalmente]] φευγόντων δ' οὔτ' ἂρ κλέος ὄρνυται οὔτέ τις ἀλκή <i>Il</i>.5.532, cf. Hes.<i>Op</i>.372, οὕτως οὐδὲν ἄρ' ἦν φίλτερον ἄλλο πάτρης Thgn.788, [[ἄριστον]] [[ἄρα]] ... ἡ εὐδαιμονία Arist.<i>EN</i> 1099^a24.<br /><b class="num">II</b> c. cierto valor de seriación, para indicar consecución<br /><b class="num">1</b> en series y enumeraciones [[en verdad]], [[aún]], [[también]], [[pues]] οἱ δ' ἂρ Ἀθήνας εἶχον <i>Il</i>.2.546, Ἄξυλον δ' ἄρ' ἔπεφνε ... [[Διομήδης]] <i>Il</i>.6.12, cf. <i>Od</i>.7.124, Hes.<i>Th</i>.633.<br /><b class="num">2</b> al describir la transición en series genealógicas [[en verdad]], [[consiguientemente]] τόν ῥ' ἔτεκεν Ῥήνη ὑπ' Ὀϊλῆϊ <i>Il</i>.2.728, ἣ δὲ καὶ Διὸς εὔχετ' ἐν ἀγκοίνῃσιν ἰαῦσαι, καί ῥ' ἔτεκεν δύο παῖδ' <i>Od</i>.11.262, cf. <i>Epic.Alex.Adesp</i>.2.12.<br /><b class="num">3</b> indicando transición:<br /><b class="num">a)</b> entre palabra y acto [[luego]], [[consiguientemente]] ὣς φάτο, βῆ δ' ἄρ Ὄνειρος <i>Il</i>.2.16, ὣς εἰπῶν κατ' ἄρ ἕζετο <i>Il</i>.1.68, entre preparativos y realización o acto, esp. en la fórmula βῆ ῥ' ἴμεν <i>Il</i>.14.188<br /><b class="num">•</b>tb. acompañando a adv. temporales αὐτίκ' ἄρ εἰς εὐρὺ σπέος ἤλυθεν <i>Od</i>.5.77<br /><b class="num">•</b>incl. para subrayar la op. entre palabra y realidad ὦ τλῆμον [[ἀρετή]]· λόγος ἄρ' ἦσθ', ἐγὼ δέ σε ὡς ἔργον ἤσκουν ¡oh triste virtud! eres en realidad nada más que palabra, pero yo te ejercí como realidad</i> Diog.<i>Fr</i>.3, cf. <i>POxy</i>.2680.14 (II/III d.C.), <i>PCair.Isidor</i>.77.27 (IV d.C.);<br /><b class="num">b)</b> entre partes del diálogo [[pues]], [[por consiguiente]] πυθόμενος ... εἶπε ἄ. Hdt.4.134, ἐρωτώσης ... τῆς μητρὸς ... ἀπεκρίνατο ἄ. X.<i>Cyr</i>.1.3.2, esp. c. ὥς: ὣς ἄ. φωνήσας así pues, diciendo</i>, <i>Il</i>.2.35, ὣς ἄρ' ἔφη <i>Il</i>.1.584, cf. Pi.<i>O</i>.6.52, Hdt.1.24, 27, ἦ ῥα <i>Il</i>.3.355, cf. [[ἆρα]];<br /><b class="num">c)</b> cerrando una conclusión [[pues]] σὺ δ' [[ἄρα]] πρώτην ἱκέτευσας <i>Od</i>.7.301, ἀλλὰ διελὼν τοῦ τείχους; ἅπασιν ἄ. φανερὰ γένοιτ' ἄν Gorg.B 11a.12, cf. <i>bis</i>, οὐδὲν ἄρ' εἰσιν en resumen, no son nada</i> Emp.B 15.4, cf. S.<i>Ai</i>.269, E.<i>Io</i> 312, <i>Ba</i>.166, <i>Eu.Matt</i>.12.28 (cf. IV).<br /><b class="num">III</b> c. valor consecutivo y causal<br /><b class="num">1</b> reforzando a partíc. causales [[desde luego]], [[verdaderamente]] c. οὕνεκα: τὸν ἐπίκλησιν κορυνήτην ἄνδρες κίκλησκον ... οὕνεκ' ἄρ' οὐ τόξοισι μαχέσκετο ... ἀλλὰ ... κορύνῃ ῥήγνυσκε φάλαγγας <i>Il</i>.7.140, cf. Hes.<i>Th</i>.144, c. [[γάρ]] <i>Od</i>.3.143, c. ἐπεί <i>Il</i>.11.498, 24.790, <i>Od</i>.1.263, c. εἵνεκ' Hes.<i>Fr</i>.180.10, c. ὅτι Hes.<i>Sc</i>.479.<br /><b class="num">2</b> reforzando a condicionales εἰ [[ἄρα]] ταῦτα γινόμενα ἔλεγε Hdt.2.28, ἢν [[ἄρα]] Hdt.3.45<br /><b class="num">•</b>esp. en Th.: εἰ ἄ. κωλύοιντο ὑπὸ Κερκυραίων πλεῖν por si acaso se les impedía la navegación por los corcirenses</i> Th.1.27, cf. 93, Pl.<i>Lg</i>.665b, <i>La</i>.187e, Lys.3.40, Isoc.6.72, And.3.15, D.3.26, Arist.<i>SE</i> 181^b33, elípticamente sin verbo οὐδὲν αὐτὸ καθ' αὑτὸ, ἀλλ' εἰ [[ἄρα]] κατὰ συμβεβηκός Arist.<i>Cat</i>.5^b10, cf. <i>Top</i>.106^b7, Plb.11.28.5, LXX <i>Ge</i>.18.3, 1<i>Ep.Cor</i>.15.15.<br /><b class="num">IV</b> como partíc. lógica (cf. B II 3 c))<br /><b class="num">1</b> [[entonces]], [[por tanto]] para indicar el paso de una proposición a otra, bien en la deducción [[entonces]], [[por tanto]], [[por consiguiente]] ψυχὴν ἄ. ἡμᾶς κελεύει γνωρίσαι ὁ ἐπιτάττων γνῶναι ἑαυτόν ... ὅστις [[ἄρα]] τῶν τοῦ σώματός τι γιγνώσκει, τὰ [[αὐτοῦ]] ἄλλ' οὐχ αὐτὸν ἔγνωκεν ... οὐδεὶς [[ἄρα]] τῶν ἰατρῶν ἑαυτὸν γιγνώσκει Pl.<i>Alc</i>.1.130e-131a, cf. <i>R</i>.387d-e, o en la inducción ἔστιν [[ἄρα]] τὰ μὲν γυναικεῖα, τὰ δὲ ἀνδρεῖα μαθήματα ... οὐκ ἄ. ἐν γε τούτοις ἐστὶν ὁμόνοια γυναιξὶ πρὸς ἄνδρας ... Pl.<i>Alc</i>.1.127a-b, cf. <i>Men</i>.97c, <i>Tht</i>.203b, Arist.<i>Metaph</i>.1047^b22, cf. <i>Eu.Matt</i>.7.20, <i>Ep.Rom</i>.5.18.<br /><b class="num">2</b> para introducir la conclusión de una serie de proposiciones, Pl.<i>Alc</i>.1.131a, <i>R</i>.387e<br /><b class="num">•</b>incluso la conclusión de un silogismo, aunque todavía no del todo formalizado φρόνησιν ἄ. φαμὲν ἀρετὴν εἶναι por consiguiente, decimos que la «frónesis» es una virtud</i> Pl.<i>Men</i>.89a, cf. <i>Hp.Mi</i>.374a, <i>Alc</i>.1.129e, συμπεραντικῶς [[εἰπεῖν]], ὡς συλλελογισμένους «οὐκ [[ἄρα]] τὸ καὶ τό» Arist.<i>SE</i> 174^b11, cf. <i>Rh</i>.1401^a3, <i>Pol</i>.1295^b35<br /><b class="num">•</b>o de un entimema πρέπει [[ἄρα]] τῷ κακῷ δουλεύειν· ἄμεινον [[γάρ]] Pl.<i>Alc</i>.1.135c, o una ley οὐκ ἄ. περὶ ἃ μὴ οἶσθα πλανᾷ, ἄνπερ εἰδῇς ὅτι οὐκ οἶσθα; Pl.<i>Alc</i>.1.117d, cf. <i>Euthd</i>.281b, Arist.<i>Cael</i>.311^b27.<br /><b class="num">• Etimología:</b> De *<i>r̥</i>, cf. tb. en grado ø lit. <i>ir͂</i>, let. <i>ir</i> ‘y’, y en grado pleno lit. <i>ar͂</i>, let. <i>ar</i> partíc. interr. Si está rel. c [[ἀραρίσκω]], q.u., etc., procedería de *<i>H2r̥</i>-.

|etymtx=[[ἄρα]], [[ἄρ]], enclit. [[ῥα]], with elision [[ῥ]]<br />Grammatical information: adv.<br />Meaning: [[of course]], [[then]], [[so]] (Il.).<br />Dialectal forms: Cypr. <b class="b3">ἔρ(α</b>) H.; against Latte s. Ruijgh [[τε]] <b class="b2">épique</b> 433 n. 76.<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [62] <b class="b2">*(h₁)er</b>? [[now]], [[thus]], [[so]] questioning particle<br />Etymology: On the use Schwyzer-Debrunner 558f, in Homer Grimm, Glotta 40, 1962, 3-41. To Lith. <b class="b2">ir̃</b>, Latv. <b class="b2">ìr</b> <b class="b2">and; also, even</b> from PIE <b class="b2">*r̥</b>; with full grade Lith. <b class="b2">ar̃</b>, Latv. [[ar]] question particle. The full grades require a laryngeal (which is anyhow needed before [[r]]); Cypr. <b class="b3">ἔρ(α</b>) can be <b class="b2">*h₁er</b>, Lith. ar̃ < <b class="b2">*h₁or</b>, but <b class="b2">*h₁r̥</b> would have given <b class="b3">*ερα</b>, not [[αρα]]; either some forms are analogical, or the rule about the root structure does not work here. S. also Hoenigswald Lang. 29, 288ff. (Connection with [[ἀραρίσκω]], [[ἄρτι]] is indemonstrable, and would require <b class="b2">*h₂r</b>. Improbable Ruijgh, Lingua 25, 1970, 313: to [[ἄριστος]]) - On final <b class="b3">-α</b> Schwyzer 622f.