σέβομαι: Difference between revisions

|Definition=mostly used in pres.: impf. in <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.197</span>: fut. <span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> σεβήσομαι <span class="bibl"><span class="title">POxy.</span>1381.202</span> (ii A.D.): aor. ἐσέφθην <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>164</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>254b</span>, <span class="bibl">Porph.<span class="title">Plot.</span>12</span>:—[[feel awe]] or [[fear]] before God, [[feel shame]], <b class="b3">οὔ νυ σέβεσθε</b>; <span class="bibl">Il.4.242</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>293</span>; τιμῶν καὶ σεβόμενος <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>729c</span>; [[σεφθεῖσα]] [[awe-stricken]], Id.<span class="title">Phdr.</span> l.c.: rarely c. inf., [[dread]] or [[fear to do]] a thing, σ. προσιδέσθαι... ἀντία φάσθαι <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span>694</span> (lyr.); μιαίνειν τὸ θεῖον <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ti.</span>69d</span>; σέβεται καὶ φοβεῖται . . τό τι κινεῖν τῶν καθεστώτων <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Lg.</span> 798b</span>: so c. acc. rei, [[to fear to do]] it, <span class="bibl">Antipho 2.4.12</span>: c. part., σ. προσορῶν <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>250e</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> after Hom., c. acc. pers., [[revere]], [[worship]], Κρονίδαν <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>6.25</span>; θεούς <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Supp.</span>921</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">πάντων ἀνάκτων κοινοβωμίαν</b> ib.<span class="bibl">223</span>; Λατώ <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Th.</span>123</span>; <b class="b3">Λυκοῦργον σέβεσθαι</b> [[worship]] him [[as a hero]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.66</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">7.197</span>; προσορῶν ὡς θεὸν σ. τινά <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>251a</span>; [[do homage to]] Zeus, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>937</span>: generally, [[pay honour]] or <b class="b2">respect to . .</b>, <b class="b3">θνατοὺς ἄγαν σ</b>. ib.<span class="bibl">543</span> (lyr.); τὸ φίλον <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>187</span> (lyr.), cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ph.</span>1163</span> (lyr.), etc.; σ. τινὰ τύχης μάκαρος <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">IT</span>648</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> especially of Jewish proselytes, σεβομένη τὸν θεόν <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Act.Ap.</span>16.14</span>, cf.<span class="bibl">J.<span class="title">AJ</span>14.7.2</span>; <b class="b3">σεβόμενοι προσήλυτοι, Ἕλληνες</b>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Act.Ap.</span>13.43</span>, <span class="bibl">17.4</span>; <b class="b3">σεβόμεναι γυναῖκες</b> ib.<span class="bibl">13.50</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> of things, τὰ βυβλία σεβόμενοι μεγάλως <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.128</span>; ὄργια <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Th.</span>949</span>; ὦ Πιερία, σέβεταί σ' Εὔιος <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ba.</span>566</span> (lyr.); τὸ σῶφρον αἰδούμενος ἅμα καὶ σ. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>837c</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> Act. [[σέβω]] is post-Hom., used only in pres. and impf., [[worship]], [[honour]], mostly of the gods, σ. Δήμητρος πανήγυριν <span class="bibl">Archil.120</span>; πατρὸς Ὀλυμπίοιοτιμάν <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>14.12</span>; θεούς <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>596</span>; Νύμφας <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Eu.</span>22</span>; Ἅιδην <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>777</span>; <b class="b3">τἀν Ἅιδου</b> ib.<span class="bibl">780</span>; θεῶν θέσμια <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Aj.</span> 713</span>(lyr.), etc.; rare in Prose, νομίζεται θεοὺς σέβειν <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>4.4.19</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>600</span>; but also of parents, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>1377</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ant.</span>511</span>; of kings, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Aj.</span>667</span>, etc.; of suppliants, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Eu.</span>151</span> (lyr.); λέγω κατ' ἄνδρα, μὴ θεόν, σέβειν ἐμέ <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ag.</span>925</span>; αἰχμὴν . . μᾶλλον θεοῦ σ. <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Th.</span>530</span>; σ. ὀνείρων φάσματα <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ag.</span>274</span>; τὰς ἐμὰς ἀρχὰς σ. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>744</span> (<b class="b3">εὖ σέβουσι</b> is dub. cj. for [[εὐσεβοῦσι]] in <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>338</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1320</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Tr.</span>85</span>); <b class="b3">σέβειν ἐν τιμῇ</b> c. acc., <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span>166</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>647a</span>: c. inf., <b class="b3">ὑβρίζειν ἐν κακοῖσιν οὐ σέβω</b>, i.e. <b class="b3">τὸ ὑβρίζειν</b>, I do not [[respect]], [[approve]] it, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>1612</span>; τὸ μὴ ἀδικεῖν σέβοντες <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Eu.</span>749</span>: rarely of a god, Ποσειδῶν . . τὰς ἐμὰς ἀρὰς σέβων <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hipp.</span>896</span>:—[[σέβομαι]] as Pass., to [[be reverenced]], ἡ δ' οἴκοι [πόλις] πλέον δίκῃ σέβοιτ' ἄν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>760</span>; <b class="b3">τὸ σεβόμενον</b> [[reverence]], Plu. 2.1101d. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> less freq. abs., [[to worship]], to [[be religious]], τὸν σέβοντ' εὐεργετεῖν <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Eu.</span>725</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">897</span>; οὐ γὰρ σέβεις <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>745</span>; κρίνοντες ἐν ὁμοίῳ καὶ σέβειν καὶ μή <span class="bibl">Th.2.53</span>; but in all these places an object shd. perhaps be supplied from the context. ([[σέβομαι]] prob. orig. '<b class="b2">I shrink from . .</b>', of which [[σοβέω]] is the causal; perhaps cogn. with Skt. [[tyajati]] 'desert, let go'.)</span>

|lsmtext='''σέβομαι:''' κατά κανόνα στον ενεστ.· αόρ. αʹ <i>ἐσέφθην</i>· αποθ.,<br /><b class="num">1.</b> [[αισθάνομαι]] θρησκευτικό [[δέος]], [[αισθάνομαι]] [[ντροπή]], [[αισχύνη]], σε Ομήρ. Ιλ., Αριστοφ.· <i>σεφθεῖσα</i>, κατειλημμένη από [[ιερό]] [[δέος]], φόβο, σε Πλάτ.· με απαρ., [[τρέμω]] από φόβο ή [[αισθάνομαι]] φόβο, [[διστάζω]] από [[συστολή]] να κάνω [[κάτι]], σε Αισχύλ., Πλάτ.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> με αιτ. προσ., [[τιμώ]] με θρησκευτικό [[δέος]], [[λατρεύω]], Λατ. [[veneror]], σε Πίνδ., Ηρόδ. κ.λπ.· [[επομένως]], [[ευλαβούμαι]], [[αποδίδω]] τιμές ή σεβασμό προς, σε Τραγ.

|etymtx=Grammatical information: v.<br />Meaning: <b class="b2">to shy from smth., to feel ashamed</b>, posthom. [[to be in awe]], [[to honour]], esp. as regards the gods (Δ 242).<br />Other forms: also [[σέβω]] (Pi., trag., rarely in prose; cf. Schw.-Debrunner 234), nonpres. forms quite rare: aor. pass. [[σεφθῆναι]] (S. Fr. 164, Pl. Phdr. 254b), fut. [[σεβήσομαι]] (pap. IIp).<br />Compounds: Rarely with <b class="b3">προσ-</b>, <b class="b3">ἀντι-</b>.<br />Derivatives: A. [[σέβας]] n. (only nom. a. acc.; pl. [[σέβη]] A. Supp. 755) <b class="b2">(sacred) awe, amazement, worship, object of awe, of worship</b> (ep. poet. Il.); after [[γέρας]]? (cf. Chantraine Form. 422; s. also on [[σεμνός]]); as 2. member, after the <b class="b3">εσ-</b>stems, <b class="b3">-σεβής</b> (Schwyzer 514; aslo relation to [[σέβομαι]] is possible), s.g. <b class="b3">εὑ-σεβής</b> [[God-fearing]], [[pious]] (Thgn., Pi. etc.) with <b class="b3">εὑσέβ-εια</b>, <b class="b3">-έω</b>, <b class="b3">-ημα</b>; after this and after [[ἀσέβημα]] the simplex [[σέβημα]] n. [[worship]] (Orph.). From [[σέβας]]: 1. the aorist [[σεβάσσατο]] (Il.), to which [[σεβάζομαι]], [[σεβασθῆναι]] (late) = [[σέβομαι]]. From this a. [[σεβάσεις]] pl. [[deferences]] (Epicur.); b. <b class="b3">-σμα</b> n. [[object of worship]], [[shrine]] (D. H., NT etc.); c. <b class="b3">-σμός</b> m. [[worship]] (hell. a. late) with <b class="b3">-σμιος</b>, <b class="b3">-σμιότης</b>; d. <b class="b3">-στός</b> [[venerable]], [[reverend]], [[elevated]], = Lat. Augustus (D. H., Str. etc.; also to [[σέβας]]) with <b class="b3">-στιος</b>, <b class="b3">-στικός</b>, <b class="b3">-στεύω</b>, <b class="b3">-στεῖον</b>. 2. [[σεβίζομαι]], <b class="b3">-ίζω</b> = <b class="b3">σέβο-μαι</b> (Pi., trag. a.o.; can also be enlargement of [[σέβομαι]]) with <b class="b3">-ισμα</b> n. (sch.). -- B. Verbal adj. [[σεπτός]] [[venerable]] (A. Pr. 812, late prose), mostly comp., <b class="b3">ἄ-</b>, <b class="b3">περί-</b>, <b class="b3">θεό-σεπτος</b> a.o. (trag. a.o.); <b class="b3">σεπτ-ικός</b>, <b class="b3">-εύω</b> H. C. nom. ag. <b class="b3">θεο-σέπτωρ</b> m. [[worshiper of gods]] (E. Hipp. 1364 [anap.]; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 28). D. <b class="b3">σέβερος εὑσεβής</b>, <b class="b3">δίκαιος</b> H. -- On [[σεμνός]] and [[σοβέω]] s. v.<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1086] <b class="b2">*ti̯egʷ-</b> <b class="b2">have respcct for smb.</b><br />Etymology: Phonetically possible, but at least at first sight semant. not very convincing is the connection with Skt. [[tyajati]] [[desert]], [[leave alone]], [[abandon]] (Brugmann IF 25, 301 ff., WP. 1, 746, Pok. 1086). The causative [[σοβέω]] (s. v.) points for [[σέβομαι]] to an orig. meaning [[run away]], [[flee]] v. t.; from this <b class="b2">(schameful) redress for sth., yield</b>? Doubts by Mayrhofer [[sub verbo|s.v.]] (w. lit.); agreement by v. Erffa [[Αἰδώς]] (Phil. Supp. 30: 2) 27 f. The equation of [[σεπτός]] with <b class="b2">tyaktá-</b>, of <b class="b3">θεο-σέπτωρ</b> with <b class="b2">tyaktar-</b>, to which also the <b class="b2">s-</b>stems [[σέβας]]: <b class="b2">tyajas-</b> (Porzig Satzinhalte 301), is without impostance for the etymology, as it could be monolingual innovations. Acc. to v. Windekens Orbis 14, 117 here also Toch. AB <b class="b2">yäk-</b> <b class="b2">negligent, careless, be c.</b>; doubtable.

|ftr='''σέβομαι''': (seit Δ 242),<br />{sébomai}<br />'''Forms''': auch [[σέβω]] (Pi., Trag., selten in d. Prosa; vgl. Schw.-Debrunner 234), außerpräs. Formen ganz spärlich: Aor. Pass. σεφθῆναι (S. ''Fr''. 164, Pl. ''Phdr''. 254b), Fut. σεβήσομαι (Pap. II^p),<br />'''Grammar''': v.<br />'''Meaning''': [[sich scheuen]], [[sich schämen]], nachhom. [[Ehrfurcht haben]], [[verehren]], bes. im Hinblick auf die Götter.<br />'''Composita''' : sehr vereinzelt mit προσ-, ἀντι-,<br />'''Derivative''': Davon A. [[σέβας]] n. (nur Nom. u. Akk.; pl. σέβη A. ''Supp''. 755) ‘(heilige) Scheu, Staunen, Verehrung, Gegenstand der Scheu, der Verehrung’ (ep. poet. seit Il.); nach [[γέρας]]? (vgl. Chantraine Form. 422; s. auch zu [[σεμνός]]); als Hinterglied, nach den εσ-Stämmen, -σεβής (Schwyzer 514; auch Anschluß an [[σέβομαι]] kommt in Betracht), z. B. [[εὐσεβής]] [[gottesfürchtig]], [[fromm]] (Thgn., Pi. usw.) mit [[εὐσέβεια]], -έω, -ημα; danach und nach [[ἀσέβημα]] das Simplex [[σέβημα]] n. [[Verehrung]] (Orph.). Von [[σέβας]]: 1. der Aorist σεβάσσατο (Il.), wozu [[σεβάζομαι]], σεβασῆναι (sp.) = [[σέβομαι]]. Davon a. σεβάσεις pl. [[Ehrerbietungen]] (Epikur.); b. -σμα n. [[Gegenstand der Verehrung]], [[Heiligtum]] (D. H., NT usw.); c. -σμός m. [[Verehrung]] (hell. u. sp.) mit -σμιος, -σμιότης; d. -στός [[verehrungswürdig]], [[ehrwürdig]], [[erhaben]], = lat. ''Augustus'' (D. H., Str. usw.; auch auf [[σέβας]] beziehbar) mit -στιος, -στικός, -στεύω, -στεῖον. 2. σεβίζομαι, -ίζω = [[σέβομαι]] (Pi., Trag. u.a.; kann auch Erweiterung von [[σέβομαι]] sein) mit -ισμα n. (Sch.). — B. Verbaladj. [[σεπτός]] [[verehrungswürdig]] (A. ''Pr''. 812, sp. Prosa), meist komponiert, ἄ-, [[περί]]-, [[θεόσεπτος]] u.a. (Trag. u.a.); [[σεπτικός]], -εύω H. C. Nom. ag. [[θεοσέπτωρ]] m. [[Gottesverehrer]] (E. ''Hipp''. 1364 [anap.]; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 28). D. [[σέβερος]]· [[εὐσεβής]], [[δίκαιος]] H. — Zu [[σεμνός]] und [[σοβέω]] s. bes.<br />'''Etymology''' : Nicht sicher erklärt. Lautlich möglich, aber wenigstens beim ersten Anblick semantisch wenig überzeugend ist die Zusammenstellung mit aind. ''tyajati'' [[verlassen]], [[im Stich lassen]], [[aufgaben]] (Brugmann IF 25, 301 ff., WP. 1, 746, Pok. 1086). Das Kausativum [[σοβέω]] (s. bes.) läßt indessen für [[σέβομαι]] auf eine urspr. Bed. [[wegeilen]], [[davon fliehen]] od. ä. schließen; daraus ‘(scheu) vor etwas zurücktreten, zurückweichen’? Bedenken bei Mayrhofer [[sub verbo|s.v.]] (m. Lit.); Zustimmung bei v. Erffa Αἰδώς (Phil. Supp. 30: 2) 27 f. Die Gleichsetzung von [[σεπτός]] m.it ''tyaktá''-, von [[θεοσέπτωρ]] mit ''tyaktar''-, wozu noch die ''s''-Stämme [[σέβας]]: ''tyajas''- (Porzig Satzinhalte 301), ist für die Etymologie belanglos, da es sich unter allen Umständen um einzelsprachliche Neubildungen handelt. Nach v. Windekens Orbis 14, 117 hierher noch toch. AB ''yäk''- [[nachlässig]], [[achtlos]], [[lässig sein]]; in jeder Hinsicht anfechtbar.<br />'''Page''' 2,686-687