στυγέω: Difference between revisions

|etymtx=Grammatical information: v.<br />Meaning: <b class="b2">to hate, to detest, to hold back</b> (ep. poet., Il., Hdt. a. late prose).<br />Other forms: Aor. [[στυγεῖν]] (Hom., Call., Nic. a.o.), [[στύξαι]] (λ 502 [caus.], A. R., Opp., AP), <b class="b3">στυγ-ῆσαι</b>, pass. <b class="b3">-ηθῆναι</b>, fut. <b class="b3">-ήσομαι</b> (trag.), perf. <b class="b3">ἐστύγ-ηκα</b> (Hdt. a.o.), <b class="b3">-ημαι</b> (Lyc.), <b class="b3">-μαι</b> (H.).<br />Compounds: Also w. <b class="b3">ἀπο-</b>, <b class="b3">κατα-</b>.<br />Derivatives: <b class="b3">στυγ-ητός</b> [[hated]], [[detestable]] (A. Pr., late prose), <b class="b3">-ημα</b> n. [[object of hate]], [[detestation]] (E. a.o.), <b class="b3">ἀπο-</b> στυγέω [[ησις]] f. [[detestation]] (sch.). -- Besides the adj. 1. <b class="b3">στυγ-ερός</b> [[hated]], [[full of hate]], [[detestable]] (ep. poet. Il.). 2. <b class="b3">-νός</b> <b class="b2">id.</b>, also <b class="b2">gruesome, sad etc.</b> (Archil., Hp., trag. etc.) with <b class="b3">-νότης</b> f. (hell. a. late), <b class="b3">-νία</b> f. (sch.), <b class="b3">-νόομαι</b> (also w. <b class="b3">κατα-</b>) to [[be somber]] (AP, H.), <b class="b3">-νωσον χώρισον</b> H., <b class="b3">-νάζω</b> (also w. <b class="b3">δια-</b>, <b class="b3">κατα-</b>, <b class="b3">συν-</b>) to [[be]], [[become overcast]] (NT a.o.) with <b class="b3">-νασις</b> f. (late). 3. <b class="b3">-ιος</b> [[hated]], [[detestable]] (E., Plu.; cf. on [[Στύξ]] below). Subst. 1. [[στύγος]] n. [[hate]], [[object of hate]] (A. a.o.). 2. [[Στύξ]], <b class="b3">-γός</b> f. river in the Underworld (Hom. etc.) with adj. [[Στύγιος]] (trag. a.o.), name of an Arcadian mountain brook wit icecold water (Hdt., Str., Paus.), also appellat. [[hate]], [[detestation]] (Alciphr.), pl. [[icy cold]] (Thphr.); also = [[σκώψ]] (Ant. Lib. a.o.). Compp. <b class="b3">στυγ-άνωρ</b> [[hating men]] (A. Pr.), <b class="b3">ψευσί-στυξ</b> [[hating lies]] (AP).<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [1033, 1035] <b class="b2">*stug-</b> <b class="b2">be cold, freeze?</b><br />Etymology: The rise of the above forms cannot be reconstructed with certainty. Old is in any case the primary suffixless [[Στύξ]]; whether the pres. [[στυγέω]] or the aor. [[ἔστυγον]] was prior cannot be decided, as the latter just like [[στύξαι]] can be metrically conditioned; cf. [[ἔκτυπον]] s. [[κτύπος]] (also Schwyzer 721 and Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 347). From [[στυγέω]] first <b class="b3">στυγη-τός</b>, <b class="b3">-μα</b>, prob. also as backformation [[στύγος]] (cf. [[μισέω]] : [[μῖσος]]). The adj. can be explained in diff. ways. -- No certain etymology. As behind the notion [[hate]] a concrete conception will be hidden and for [[στύξ]] the meaning [[icy cold]], [[icecold water]] is in fact attested (from where [[στυγέω]] prop. [[shiver]]?) it is obvious to connect a synonymous Slav. word: Russ. <b class="b2">stýgnutь</b>, <b class="b2">stúgnutь</b> [[cool down]], [[get cold]], [[freeze]], [[Stugna]] tributary of the Dniepr. Much less usual are forms with <b class="b2">-d-</b>, e.g. Russ. <b class="b2">stúda</b> [[cold]], <b class="b2">studítь</b> <b class="b2">cool (down)</b>, OCS [[studъ]] also = [[αἰσχύνη]]; a Slavic change <b class="b2">-dn-</b> to <b class="b2">-gn-</b> is perhaps not to be excluded (s. lit. in Vasmer s. <b class="b2">stýgnutь</b>). Connection with a verb for <b class="b2">push etc.</b>, e.g. Skt. <b class="b2">tujáti</b>, Germ., e.g. NLG [[stūken]], is semantically more difficult to motivate. Further hypotheses (to [[στύω]] a.o.) in Bq, WP. 2, 616f. a. 620, Pok. 1033 u. 1035, Vasmer s.vv., also Fraenkel s. 1. <b class="b2">stúgti</b>; everywhere w. lit. -- New proposal by v. Windekens Orbis 13, 224 f.: to Toch. B <b class="b2">ścono</b>, <b class="b2">śconiye</b> [[hate]] from <b class="b2">steu-n-</b>.