γάρ: Difference between revisions

|txtha=a [[conjunction]], [[which]] according to its [[composition]], γέ and [[ἄρα]] (equivalent to ἀρ), is [[properly]] a [[particle]] of [[affirmation]] and [[conclusion]], denoting [[truly]] [[therefore]], [[verily]] as the [[case]] stands, "the [[thing]] is [[first]] affirmed by the [[particle]] γέ, and [[then]] is referred to [[what]] precedes by the [[force]] of the [[particle]] [[ἄρα]] (Klotz ad Devar. ii. 1, p. 232; cf. Kühner, ii., p. 724; (Jelf, § 786; Winer's Grammar, 445f (415f))). Now [[since]] by a [[new]] [[affirmation]] [[not]] [[infrequently]] the [[reason]] and [[nature]] of [[something]] [[previously]] mentioned are [[set]] [[forth]], it comes to [[pass]] [[that]], by the [[use]] of [[this]] [[particle]], [[either]] the [[reason]] and [[cause]] of a foregoing [[statement]] is added, [[whence]] arises the causal or [[argumentative]] [[force]] of the [[particle]], for (Latinnam, enim; German denn); or [[some]] [[previous]] [[declaration]] is explained, [[whence]] [[γάρ]] takes on an explicative [[force]]: for, the [[fact]] Isaiah, [[namely]] (Latin videlicet, German nämlich). Thus the [[force]] of the [[particle]] is [[either]] [[conclusive]], or [[demonstrative]], or explicative and declaratory; cf. Rost in Passow's Lexicon, i., p. 535ff; Kühner, ii., pp. 724ff, 852ff; (cf. Liddell and Scott, [[under]] the [[word]]). The [[use]] of the [[particle]] in the N. T. does [[not]] [[differ]] from [[that]] in the classics. I. Its [[primary]] and [[original]] Conclusive [[force]] is [[seen]] in questions (in Greek writings [[also]] in exclamations) and answers expressed [[with]] [[emotion]]; [[where]], according to the connexion, it [[may]] be [[freely]] represented by [[assuredly]], [[verily]], [[forsooth]], [[why]], [[then]], etc.: ἐν [[γάρ]] [[τούτῳ]] etc. ye [[profess]] [[not]] to [[know]] [[whence]] he is; herein [[then]] is [[assuredly]] a [[marvellous]] [[thing]], [[why]], herein etc. οὐ [[γάρ]], [[ἀλλά]] etc. by no [[means]] in [[this]] [[state]] of things, [[nay]] [[verily]], [[but]] etc. L T Tr WH. It is joined to interrogative particles and pronouns: μή [[γάρ]] etc. μή [[γάρ]] ... [[οὐκ]], [[since]] ye are so [[eager]] to [[eat]] and [[drink]], [[have]] ye [[not]]," etc.?); [[τίς]] [[γάρ]], τί [[γάρ]]: τί [[γάρ]] [[κακόν]] ἐποίησεν, ye [[demand]] [[that]] he be crucified [[like]] a [[malefactor]], Why, [[what]] [[evil]] hath he done?); [[which]] [[then]] do ye [[suppose]] to be the easier, etc.?); τί [[γάρ]]; for τί [[γάρ]] ἐστι, [[what]] [[then]]? i. e. [[what]], [[under]] these circumstances, [[ought]] to be the [[conclusion]]? [[πῶς]] [[γάρ]], Jelf, ii., p. 608); Winer's Grammar, 447 (416). Here belongs [[also]] the vexed [[passage]] ἤ [[γάρ]] [[ἐκεῖνος]] (so G T Tr marginal [[reading]], [[but]] L WH Tr [[text]] παῥ ἐκεῖνον) or do ye [[suppose]] [[then]] [[that]] [[that]] [[man]] went down approved of God? cf. Winer's Grammar, 241 (226). II. It adduces the Cause or gives the Reason of a [[preceding]] [[statement]] or [[opinion]];<br /><b class="num">1.</b> [[universally]]: [[γάρ]] assigns the [[reason]] [[why]] [[now]] at [[length]] Jesus betook [[himself]] [[into]] Galilee; for the [[authority]] denied to a [[prophet]] in his [[own]] [[country]] (Galilee), he had [[previously]] to [[seek]] and [[obtain]] [[among]] strangers; cf. [[γάρ]] annexes the [[reason]] [[why]] the [[thing]] [[must]] [[either]] be done or avoided: [[γάρ]] connects the [[verse]] [[with]] [[γάρ]] annexes the [[reason]] [[why]] the [[question]] is asked: [[τίς]], τί [[γάρ]]: τί [[γάρ]] for τί [[γάρ]] ἐστι, [[ἵνα]] τί [[γάρ]], ποίᾳ [[γάρ]], WH [[text]] omits; Tr brackets [[γάρ]]).<br /><b class="num">6.</b> Sometimes in answers it is so used to [[make]] [[good]] the [[substance]] of a [[preceding]] [[question]] [[that]] it [[can]] be rendered [[yea]], [[assuredly]]: [[assuredly]], [[yea]]: εὐδόκησαν [[γάρ]]); so [[also]] [[καί]] [[γάρ]], [[γάρ]] introduces the [[cause]], or renders the [[reason]], is [[not]] expressed, [[but]] [[must]] be gathered from the context and supplied in [[thought]]. But [[that]] [[this]] ellipsis is [[wholly]] [[imaginary]] is [[clearly]] shown by Klotz ad Devar. ii. 1, p. 236f, cf. Winer's Grammar, 446f (415f). The [[particle]] is [[everywhere]] used in [[reference]] to [[something]] [[expressly]] stated. Suffice it to [[append]] a [[very]] [[few]] examples; the true [[nature]] of [[many]] others is shown [[under]] the [[remaining]] heads of [[this]] [[article]]: In [[γάρ]] [[some]] [[supply]] '[[nor]] does [[this]] [[happen]] to [[you]] [[alone]]'; [[but]] the [[reason]] is added [[why]] a [[great]] [[reward]] in [[heaven]] is [[reserved]] for those [[who]] [[suffer]] [[persecution]], [[which]] [[reason]] consists in [[this]], [[that]] the prophets [[also]] suffered [[persecution]], and [[that]] [[their]] [[reward]] is [[great]] no [[one]] [[can]] [[doubt]]. In [[γάρ]] [[here]], [[see]] III.<br /><b class="num">a.</b> [[below]]. On T Tr WH [[omit]]; L brackets [[γάρ]]), [[where]] [[before]] [[καί]] [[γάρ]] [[some]] [[supply]] '[[but]] [[help]] me,' or '[[yet]] we do [[not]] [[suffer]] [[even]] the dogs to [[perish]] [[with]] [[hunger]],' [[see]] 10b. [[below]]. In [[γάρ]] [[many]] [[supply]] 'he [[will]] [[listen]] to thee'; [[but]] it introduces the [[reason]] for the [[preceding]] [[command]].<br /><b class="num">9.</b> When in [[successive]] statements [[γάρ]] is [[repeated]] [[twice]] or [[thrice]], or [[even]] [[four]] or [[five]] times, [[either]] a. [[one]] and the [[same]] [[thought]] is confirmed by as [[many]] arguments, [[each]] having its [[own]] [[force]], as [[there]] are repetitions of the [[particle]] (Meyer denies the coordinate [[use]] of [[γάρ]] in the N. T., asserting [[that]] the [[first]] is [[argumentative]], the [[second]] explicative, [[see]] his commentaries on the [[passage]] to [[follow]], [[also]] on G L T Tr WH); Winer's Grammar, 453 (422)); WH [[text]] omits; Tr brackets the [[first]] [[γάρ]], L WH marginal [[reading]] [[omit]] the [[second]]).<br /><b class="num">10.</b> [[καί]] [[γάρ]] (on [[which]] cf. Kühner, ii., p. 854 f; Winer's Grammar, 448 (417); (Ellicott on for, and [[truly]] (etenim, namque, (the [[simple]] [[rendering]] for is regarded as inexact by [[many]]; cf. Meyer on Krüger, § 69,32, 21)): L Tr brackets [[γάρ]]); for [[also]], for [[even]] (nam etiam): [[καί]] [[γάρ]] (R G L brackets) τά κυνάρια etc. the [[woman]], by adducing an [[example]], confirms [[what]] Christ had said, [[but]] the [[example]] is of [[such]] a [[sort]] as [[also]] to [[prove]] [[that]] her [[request]] [[ought]] to be granted. τέ [[γάρ]] for [[indeed]] (German denn ja): Winer's Grammar, 448 (417). [[ἰδού]] [[γάρ]], [[see]] [[under]] [[ἰδού]]. III. It serves to [[explain]], [[make]] [[clear]], [[illustrate]], a [[preceding]] [[thought]] or [[word]]: for equivalent to [[that]] Isaiah, [[namely]];<br /><b class="num">a.</b> so [[that]] it begins an [[exposition]] of the [[thing]] [[just]] announced (cf. Winer's Grammar, 454 f (423 f)): R G); [[γάρ]] introduces a [[statement]] setting [[forth]] the [[nature]] of the συνδοξασθῆναι [[just]] mentioned.<br /><b class="num">b.</b> so [[that]] the [[explanation]] is intercalated [[into]] the [[discourse]], or [[even]] added by [[way]] of appendix: ἦν [[γάρ]] [[μέγας]] [[σφόδρα]] is added to [[throw]] [[light]] on [[all]] [[that]] has been [[previously]] said (in IV. As respects [[position]]: [[γάρ]] [[never]] occupies the [[first]] [[place]] in a [[sentence]], [[but]] the [[second]], or [[third]], or [[even]] the [[fourth]] (ὁ [[τοῦ]] Θεοῦ [[γάρ]] [[υἱός]], [[not]] the [[number]] [[but]] the [[nature]] of the [[word]] [[after]] [[which]] it stands is the [[point]] to be noticed, Hermann on [[Sophocles]] Philippians 1437.