στυγέω: Difference between revisions

|Definition=<span class="bibl">Il.7.112</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.236</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">El.</span>1017</span>, etc.: aor. 1 [[ἔστυξα]], opt. <span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> στύξαιμι <span class="bibl">Od.11.502</span> (v. infr. ''ΙΙ''): aor. 2 [[ἔστῠγον]] (κατ-) <span class="bibl">10.113</span>, <span class="bibl">Il.17.694</span>: later aor. 1 ἐστύγησα <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Supp.</span>528</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Tr.</span>710</span>: pf. ἐστύγηκα <span class="bibl">J.<span class="title">Ap.</span>2.24</span>, (ἀπ-) <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.47</span>:—Pass., fut. [[στυγήσομαι]] in pass. sense, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>672</span>: aor. ἐστυγήθην <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>691</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Alc.</span>465</span> (lyr.): pf. ἐστύγημαι Lyc.421; ἔστυγμαι Hsch.:—poet. Verb (also in Hdt. and later Prose, <span class="bibl">Phld.<span class="title">Lib.</span>p.13</span> O., J.l.c.), [[hate]], [[abhor]], c. acc., <span class="bibl">Il.20.65</span>, al., Hes. (<span class="bibl"><span class="title">Th.</span> 739</span>, al.), and Trag. (v. infr.); also in <span class="bibl">Thgn.278</span>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">Fr.</span>203.2</span>, <span class="bibl">Emp. 115.12</span>, <span class="bibl">116</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.236</span>; Com. only in paratragoedic and lyric passages, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ach.</span>33</span> (cf. Sch. ad loc.), <span class="bibl">472</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Th.</span>1144</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl">Diph.73.5</span>, <span class="title">Com.Adesp.</span>1278; never in Att. Prose: stronger than [[μισέω]], for it means [[to show hatred]], not merely to feel it, τὸ πρᾶγμα... ἢν μὲν ἀξίως μισεῖν ἔχῃ, στυγεῖν δίκαιον <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">El.</span>1017</span>: c. inf., [[hate]] or [[fear]] to do a thing, <span class="bibl">Il.1.186</span>, <span class="bibl">8.515</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>87</span>, <span class="bibl">A.R.2.628</span>:—Pass., to [[be abhorred]], [[detested]], τὸν μέγα στυγούμενον <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>1004</span>; Φοίβῳ στυγηθέν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Th.</span> 691</span>; <b class="b3">τί δ' ἐστίν . . πρός γ' ἐμοῦ στυγούμενον</b>; what is <b class="b2">the horrid thing that I have done?</b> <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>738</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> in aor. 1, [[make hateful]], <b class="b3">τῷ κέ τεῳ στύξαιμι μένος καὶ χεῖρας</b> then [[would I make]] my courage and my hands [[a hate and fear]] to many a one, <span class="bibl">Od.11.502</span>: but this aor. is used in the common sense by <span class="bibl">A.R.4.512</span>, <span class="title">AP</span>7.430 (Diosc.).</span>

|elnltext=στυγέω poët. conj. 3 sing. στυγέῃ en στυγέῃσι; ep. opt. aor. στύξαιμι Od. 11.502; poët. them. aor. ἔστυγον; fut. med. met pass. bet. στυγήσομαι met acc. haten, verafschuwen:; οἰκία... τά τε στυγέουσι θεοί περ zijn verblijfplaats, die zelfs de goden verafschuwen Il. 20.65; pass.. ἐνθ’ ἂν ᾖ στυγήσεται waar hij ook is zal hij verafschuwd worden Soph. OT 672. met inf. ervoor terugschrikken om:. ὄφρα στυγέῃ … καὶ ἄλλος ἶσον ἐμοὶ φάσθαι opdat ook een ander ervoor terugschrikt om zich gelijk aan mij te achten Il. 1.186. gehaat of gevreesd maken. Od. 11.502.

|lsmtext='''στῠγέω:''' αόρ. αʹ <i>ἐστύγησα</i> και <i>ἔστυξα</i>, παρακ. <i>ἐστύγηκα</i>, αόρ. βʹ <i>ἔστῠγον</i> — Παθ., μέλ. <i>στυγήσομαι</i>, με Παθ. [[σημασία]], αόρ. αʹ <i>ἐστυγήθην</i>·<br /><b class="num">I.</b> [[μισώ]], [[απεχθάνομαι]], [[σιχαίνομαι]], [[αηδιάζω]], αποστρέφομαι· με ισχυρότερη [[σημασία]] από το [[μισέω]], σε Όμηρ., Τραγ.· με απαρ., αποστρέφομαι ή [[τρομάζω]], [[φοβάμαι]] να κάνω [[κάτι]], σε Ομήρ. Ιλ., Σοφ. — Παθ., είμαι [[αντικείμενο]] αποστροφής, αηδίας, σε Αισχύλ.· τί δ' ἐστι [[πρός]] γ' [[ἐμοῦ]] στυγούμενον; τί το αποτρόπαιο, φρικαλέο έχω κάνει; σε Σοφ.<br /><b class="num">II.</b> σε αόρ. αʹ, [[καθιστώ]] κάποιον ή [[κάτι]] μισητό, σε Ομήρ. Οδ.

|etymtx=Grammatical information: v.<br />Meaning: [[to hate]], [[to detest]], [[to hold back]] (ep. poet., Il., Hdt. a. late prose).<br />Other forms: Aor. [[στυγεῖν]] (Hom., Call., Nic. a.o.), [[στύξαι]] (λ 502 [caus.], A. R., Opp., AP), <b class="b3">στυγ-ῆσαι</b>, pass. <b class="b3">-ηθῆναι</b>, fut. <b class="b3">-ήσομαι</b> (trag.), perf. <b class="b3">ἐστύγ-ηκα</b> (Hdt. a.o.), <b class="b3">-ημαι</b> (Lyc.), <b class="b3">-μαι</b> (H.).<br />Compounds: Also w. <b class="b3">ἀπο-</b>, <b class="b3">κατα-</b>.<br />Derivatives: <b class="b3">στυγ-ητός</b> [[hated]], [[detestable]] (A. Pr., late prose), <b class="b3">-ημα</b> n. [[object of hate]], [[detestation]] (E. a.o.), <b class="b3">ἀπο-</b> στυγέω [[ησις]] f. [[detestation]] (sch.). -- Besides the adj. 1. <b class="b3">στυγ-ερός</b> [[hated]], [[full of hate]], [[detestable]] (ep. poet. Il.). 2. <b class="b3">-νός</b> <b class="b2">id.</b>, also [[gruesome]], [[sad etc.]] (Archil., Hp., trag. etc.) with <b class="b3">-νότης</b> f. (hell. a. late), <b class="b3">-νία</b> f. (sch.), <b class="b3">-νόομαι</b> (also w. <b class="b3">κατα-</b>) to [[be somber]] (AP, H.), <b class="b3">-νωσον χώρισον</b> H., <b class="b3">-νάζω</b> (also w. <b class="b3">δια-</b>, <b class="b3">κατα-</b>, <b class="b3">συν-</b>) to [[be]], [[become overcast]] (NT a.o.) with <b class="b3">-νασις</b> f. (late). 3. <b class="b3">-ιος</b> [[hated]], [[detestable]] (E., Plu.; cf. on [[Στύξ]] below). Subst. 1. [[στύγος]] n. [[hate]], [[object of hate]] (A. a.o.). 2. [[Στύξ]], <b class="b3">-γός</b> f. river in the Underworld (Hom. etc.) with adj. [[Στύγιος]] (trag. a.o.), name of an Arcadian mountain brook wit icecold water (Hdt., Str., Paus.), also appellat. [[hate]], [[detestation]] (Alciphr.), pl. [[icy cold]] (Thphr.); also = [[σκώψ]] (Ant. Lib. a.o.). Compp. <b class="b3">στυγ-άνωρ</b> [[hating men]] (A. Pr.), <b class="b3">ψευσί-στυξ</b> [[hating lies]] (AP).<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [1033, 1035] <b class="b2">*stug-</b> [[be cold]], [[freeze?]]<br />Etymology: The rise of the above forms cannot be reconstructed with certainty. Old is in any case the primary suffixless [[Στύξ]]; whether the pres. [[στυγέω]] or the aor. [[ἔστυγον]] was prior cannot be decided, as the latter just like [[στύξαι]] can be metrically conditioned; cf. [[ἔκτυπον]] s. [[κτύπος]] (also Schwyzer 721 and Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 347). From [[στυγέω]] first <b class="b3">στυγη-τός</b>, <b class="b3">-μα</b>, prob. also as backformation [[στύγος]] (cf. [[μισέω]]: [[μῖσος]]). The adj. can be explained in diff. ways. -- No certain etymology. As behind the notion [[hate]] a concrete conception will be hidden and for [[στύξ]] the meaning [[icy cold]], [[icecold water]] is in fact attested (from where [[στυγέω]] prop. [[shiver]]?) it is obvious to connect a synonymous Slav. word: Russ. <b class="b2">stýgnutь</b>, <b class="b2">stúgnutь</b> [[cool down]], [[get cold]], [[freeze]], [[Stugna]] tributary of the Dniepr. Much less usual are forms with [[-d-]], e.g. Russ. <b class="b2">stúda</b> [[cold]], <b class="b2">studítь</b> <b class="b2">cool (down)</b>, OCS [[studъ]] also = [[αἰσχύνη]]; a Slavic change [[-dn-]] to [[-gn-]] is perhaps not to be excluded (s. lit. in Vasmer s. <b class="b2">stýgnutь</b>). Connection with a verb for <b class="b2">push etc.</b>, e.g. Skt. <b class="b2">tujáti</b>, Germ., e.g. NLG [[stūken]], is semantically more difficult to motivate. Further hypotheses (to [[στύω]] a.o.) in Bq, WP. 2, 616f. a. 620, Pok. 1033 u. 1035, Vasmer s.vv., also Fraenkel s. 1. <b class="b2">stúgti</b>; everywhere w. lit. -- New proposal by v. Windekens Orbis 13, 224 f.: to Toch. B <b class="b2">ścono</b>, <b class="b2">śconiye</b> [[hate]] from [[steu-n-]].

|ftr='''στυγέω''': (seit Il.),<br />{stugéō}<br />'''Forms''': Aor. στυγεῖν (Hom., Kall., Nik. u.a.), [[στύξαι]] (λ 502 [Kaus.], A. R., Opp., ''AP''), στυγῆσαι, Pass. -ηθῆναι, Fut. -ήσομαι (Trag.), Perf. ἐστύγηκα (Hdt. u.a.), -ημαι (Lyk.), -μαι (H.),<br />'''Grammar''': v.<br />'''Meaning''': [[hassen]], [[verabscheuen]], [[sich scheuen]] (ep. poet., Hdt. u. sp. Prosa).<br />'''Composita''': auch m. ἀπο-, κατα-,<br />'''Derivative''': Davon [[στυγητός]] [[verhaßt]], [[abscheulich]] (A. ''Pr''., sp. Prosa), -ημα n. [[Gegenstand des Hasses]], [[Abscheus]] (E. u.a.), ἀπο- ~ ησις f. [[Abscheu]] (Sch.). — Daneben die Adj. 1. [[στυγερός]] [[verhaßt]], [[haßerfüllt]], [[abscheulich]] (ep. poet. seit Il.). 2. -νός ib., auch [[grausig]], [[traurig]] (Archil., Hp., Trag. usw.) mit -νότης f. (hell. u. sp.), -νία f. (Sch.), -νόομαι (auch m. κατα-) [[düster sein]] (''AP'', H.), -νωσον· χώρισον H., -νάζω (auch m. δια-, κατα-, συν-) [[trübe sein]], [[werden]] (NT u.a.) mit -νασις f. (sp.). 3. -ιος [[verhaßt]], [[abscheulich]] (E., Plu.; vgl. zu [[Στύξ]] unten). Subst. 1. [[στύγος]] n. [[Haß]], [[Gegenstand des Hasses]] (A. u.a.). 2. [[Στύξ]], -γός f. Fluß der Unterwelt (Hom. usw.) mit Adj. [[Στύγιος]] (Trag. u.a.), N. eines arkadischen Bergbaches mit eiskaltem Wasser (Hdt., Str., Paus.), auch appellat. [[Hass]], [[Abscheu]] (Alkiphr.), pl. [[Eiseskälte]] (Thphr.); auch = [[σκώψ]] (Ant. Lib. u.a.). Kompp. [[στυγάνωρ]] [[mannhassend]] (A. ''Pr''.), [[ψευσίστυξ]] [[lügenhassend]] (''AP'').<br />'''Etymology''': Das Herauswachsen der obigen Formen läßt sich nicht mit Sicherheit rekonstruieren. Alt ist jedenfalls das primäre suffixlose [[Στύξ]]; ob dem Präs. [[στυγέω]] oder dem Aor. ἔστυγον die Priorität zukommt, bleibt unentschieden, da letzteres ebensowie [[στύξαι]] metrisch bedingt sein kann; vgl. [[ἔκτυπον]] s. [[κτύπος]] (auch Schwyzer 721 und Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 347). Von [[στυγέω]] zunächst [[στυγητός]], -μα, wohl auch als Rückbildung [[στύγος]] (vgl. [[μισέω]]: [[μῖσος]]). Die Adj. lassen sich auf mehrfache Weise erklären. — Ohne sichere Etymologie. Da hinter dem Begriff [[hassen]] sich eine konkrete Vorstellung verstecken muß und für [[στύξ]] die Bed. [[Eiseskälte]], [[eiskaltes Wasser]] tatsächlich belegt ist (wovon [[στυγέω]] eig. [[schaudern]] ?) liegt es nahe, bei einem synonymen slav. Wort Anschluß zu suchen: russ. ''stýgnutь'', ''stúgnutь'' [[abkühlen]], [[kalt werden]], [[frieren]], ''Stugna'' Nebenfluß d. Dniepr. Weit gewöhnlicher sind indessen Formen mit -''d''-, z.B. russ. ''stúda'' [[Kälte]], ''studítь'' [[abkühlen]], aksl. ''studъ'' auch = [[αἰσχύνη]]; ein slavischer Wandel -''dn''- zu -''gn''- ist vielleicht nicht auszuschließen (s. Lit. bei Vasmer s. ''stýgnutь''). Anknüpfung an ein Verb für [[stoßen]], z.B. aind. ''tujáti'', germ., z.B. nnd. ''stūken'', ist semantisch schwieriger zu begründen. Weitere Hypothesen (zu [[στύω]] u.a.) bei Bq, WP. 2, 616f. u. 620, Pok. 1033 u. 1035, Vasmer s.vv., auch Fraenkel s. 1. ''stúgti''; überall m. Lit. — Neuer Vorschlag bei v. Windekens Orbis 13, 224 f.: zu toch. B ''ścono'', ''śconiye'' [[Haß]] aus ''steu''-''n''-.<br />'''Page''' 2,812-813