ὅτι: Difference between revisions

|Definition=Ep. [[ὅττι]] (both in Hom.): Conj., to introduce an objective clause,<br><span class="bld">A</span> [[that]], after Verbs of seeing or knowing, thinking or saying; in Hom. freq. strengthened [[ὅτι ῥα]], and [[ὅτι δή]]:—Usage:<br><span class="bld">I</span> when [[ὅτι]] introduces a statement of fact:<br><span class="bld">a</span> in Hom. always with ind., the tense following the same rules as in English, ἤγγειλ' ὅττι ῥά οἱ πόσις ἔκτοθι μίμνε πυλάων Il.22.439.<br><span class="bld">b</span> in Att., [[ὅτι]] takes ind. after primary tenses, ind. or opt. after secondary tenses, e.g. ἐνδείκνυμαι ὅτι οὐκ ἔστι σοφός Pl.''Ap.''23b; ᾔσθετο ὅτι τὸ Μένωνος στράτευμα ἤδη ἐν Κιλικίᾳ ἦν X.''An.''1.2.21, cf. 2.2.15, al.; ἔλεγον ὅτι οὐκ ὀρθῶς αἱ σπονδαὶ γένοιντο Th.5.61, cf. [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedo|Phd.]]'' 59e, etc.; ἠπείλησ' ὅτι.. βαδιοίμην Ar.''Pl.'' 88: the ind. is freq. retained in the same tense which the speaker used or would have used, <b class="b3">ἠγγέλθη.. ὅτι Μέγαρα ἀφέστηκε</b> news came [[that]] Megara had (lit. has) revolted, Th.1.114; <b class="b3">ἀποκρινάμενοι ὅτι πέμψουσι</b> ib.90: sometimes opt. and ind. are found in the same sentence, ἔλεγον, ὅτι Κῦρος μὲν τέθνηκεν, Ἀριαῖος δὲ πεφευγὼς.. εἴη X.''An.'' 2.1.3; Περικλῆς.. προηγόρευε.. ὅτι Ἀρχίδαμος μέν οἱ ξένος εἴη... τοὺς δ' ἀγροὺς τοὺς ἑαυτοῦ καὶ οἰκίας... ἀφίησιν αὐτὰ δημόσια εἶναι Th. 2.13, cf. [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedo|Phd.]]'' 61b, etc.: also [[ὅτι]].. and the acc. with inf. are found together, Th.3.25, [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''1.3.13.<br><span class="bld">2</span> when [[ὅτι]] introduces a conditional sentence, the Constr. after [[ὅτι]] is the same as in independent conditional sentences, <b class="b3">εἴ τις ἔροιτο, καθ' ὁποίους νόμους δεῖ πολιτεύεσθαι, δῆλον ὅτι ἀποκρίναισθ' ἄν</b>.. it is manifest [[that]] you would answer... D.46.12, cf. [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Memorabilia|Mem.]]''1.6.12.<br><span class="bld">II</span> [[ὅτι]] is freq. inserted pleon. in introducing a quotation (where we use no Conj. and put inverted commas), <b class="b3">λόγον τόνδε ἐκφαίνει ὁ Πρωτεύς, λέγων ὅτι ἐγὼ εἰ μὴ περὶ πολλοῦ ἡγεύμην</b>.. Hdt.2.115; <b class="b3">καὶ ἐγὼ εἶπον, ὅτι ἡ αὐτή μοι ἀρχή ἐστι</b>.. [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Protagoras|Prt.]]'' 318a, cf. 356a, 361a, etc.; even where the quotation consists of one word, ib.330c, ''Men.''74b, 74c.<br><span class="bld">2</span> [[ὅ]]. is also used pleon. with the inf. and acc. (cf. [[ὡς]] B. I.I), <b class="b3">εἶπον ὅτι πρῶτον ἐμὲ χρῆναι πειραθῆναι κατ' ἐμαυτόν</b> (which is in fact a mixture of two constrr.) Id.''Lg.'' 892d, cf. ''Phd.''63c, X.''HG''2.2.2, etc.; but [[ὅτι]] has freq. been wrongly inserted by the copyists, as if [[εἶπεν]] or [[λέγουσιν]] must be followed by it, as in Th.4.37 (om. Pap.), [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''5.4.1, etc.<br><span class="bld">III</span> [[ὅτι]] in Att. freq. represents a whole sentence, especially in affirm. answers, <b class="b3">οὐκοῦν.. τὸ ἀδικεῖν κάκιον ἂν εἴη τοῦ ἀδικεῖσθαι</b>. Answ. <b class="b3">δῆλον δὴ ὅτι</b> (i.e. <b class="b3">ὅτι κάκιον ἂν εἴη</b>, or <b class="b3">ὅτι ταῦτα οὕτως ἔχει</b>) [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Gorgias|Grg.]]'' 475c; cf. <b class="b3">οἶδ' ὅτι, ἴσθ' ὅτι, οἶσθ' ὅτι</b>, S.''Ant.''276, 758, [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Gorgias|Grg.]]'' 486a, etc.: hence arose the practice of using [[δηλονότι]] ([[quod vide|q.v.]]) as adverb<br><span class="bld">2</span> what we make the subject of the Verb which follows [[ὅτι]] freq. stands in the preceding clause, <b class="b3">Αυκάονας δὲ καὶ αὐτοὶ εἴδομεν, ὅτι.. καρποῦνται</b> (for <b class="b3">εἴδομεν, ὅτι Λυκάονες καρποῦνται</b>) X.''An.''3.2.23, cf. 3.2.29, etc.<br><span class="bld">IV</span> [[ὅτι]] sts.= [[with regard to the fact that]], ὅτι.. οὔ φησι.. ὄνομα εἶναι, ὑποπτεύω αὐτὸν σκώπτειν [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Cratylus|Cra.]]''384c, cf. ''Prt.''330e, etc.<br><span class="bld">V</span> <b class="b3">οὐχ ὅτι... ἀλλὰ</b> or ἀλλὰ καὶ... οὐχ ὅτι ὁ Κρίτων ἐν ἡσυχίᾳ ἦν, ἀλλὰ οἱ φίλοι αὐτοῦ [[not only]] Crito... but his friends, [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Memorabilia|Mem.]]''2.9.8; more fully, οὐ μόνον ὅτι ἄνδρες, ἀλλὰ καὶ αἱ γυναῖκες [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Symposium|Smp.]]'' 179b: so followed by <b class="b3">ἀλλ' οὐδὲ... ταύτῃ ἀδύνατα ἐξισοῦσθαι οὐχ ὅτι τὰ ἐν τῇ Εὐρώπῃ, ἀλλ' οὐδ' ἐν τῇ Ἀσίᾳ</b> [[not only]] the powers in Europe, but... Th.2.97: <b class="b3">οὐχ ὅτι</b>, not followed by a second clause, means [[although]], οὐχ ὅτι παίζει καί φησι [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Protagoras|Prt.]]'' 336d, cf. ''Grg.''450e, ''Tht.''157b; cf. [[ὅπως]] A. II. 2.<br><span class="bld">2</span> for <b class="b3">ὅτι μή</b>, v. [[ὅ τι]] II.<br><span class="bld">B</span> as a causal Particle, [[for that]], [[because]], generally after Verbs of feeling, Il.1.56, 14.407, al.; οὐδὲν ἐκπλαγείς, ὅτι.. εἶδες Jul.''Or.''1.31a: but without such a Verb, ὃν περὶ πάσης τῖεν ὁμηλικίης, ὅτι οἱ φρεσὶν ἄρτια ᾔδη Il.5.326, cf. 9.76, al.; μάλιστα δ' αὐτοὺς ἐπεκαλέσαντο ὅτι τειχομαχεῖν ἐδόκουν δυνατοὶ εἶναι Th.1.102, cf. And.1.75, Aeschin.3.231; so ὅτιπερ Th.4.14.<br><span class="bld">b</span> followed by <b class="b3">τί, ὅτι τί</b>; why? (lit. because why?) D.23.214; <b class="b3">ὅτι τί δή</b>; Ar.''Pl.''136, Luc.''Dem.Enc.''22; <b class="b3">ὅτι δὴ τί μάλιστα</b>; [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Republic|R.]]'' 343a; <b class="b3">ὅτι δὴ τί γε</b>; Id.''Chrm.''161c; cf. [[ὁτιή]].<br><span class="bld">2</span> [[seeing that]], in giving the reason for saying what is said, <b class="b3">γλαυκὴ δέ σε τίκτε θάλασσα.. ὅτι τοι νόος ἐστὶν ἀπηνής</b> [[as is proved by the fact that]]... Il.16.35, cf. 21.488, Od.22.36. [The last [[syllable]] is never elided in Att., prob. to avoid confusion with [[ὅτε]]: in Hom. <b class="b3">ὅτ'</b> (ὅ τ') prob. always represents [[ὅτε]] ([[ὅ τε]]): there are no examples of <b class="b3">ὅττ'</b>: hiatus after [[ὅτι]] is permitted in Com., Ar.''Lys.''611, ''Ach.''516.]