φάρμακον: Difference between revisions

|Definition=[v. sub fin.], τό,<br><span class="bld">A</span> [[drug]], whether [[healing]] or [[noxious]]: in Hom. the sense is freq. determined by an [[epithet]], φάρμακα, πολλὰ μὲν ἐσθλὰ... πολλὰ δὲ λυγρά Od.4.230; τόδε φ. ἐσθλόν 10.287, cf. 292; [[φάρμακα ἤπια]], [[ὀδυνήφατα]] (v. infr. 2); [[κακὰ φάρμακα]] ib.213; [[φάρμακα λυγρά]] ib. 236; [[φάρμακον οὐλόμενον]] ib.394; ἀνδροφόνον 1.261; θυμοφθόρα φάρμακα 2.329; so, after Hom., προσανέα φάρμακα Pi.''P.''3.52; παιώνια A.''Ag.''848; χρήσιμον Pl.''R.''382c; θανάσιμα Ph.''Bel.''103.31; ὀλέθριον Luc.''Herm.'' 62.<br><span class="bld">2</span> [[healing remedy]], [[medicine]], in Hom. mostly of those applied outwardly, ἐπιθήσει φάρμαχ' ἅ κεν παύσῃσι μελαινάων ὀδυνάων Il.4.191; [[ἐπ' ἄρ' ἤπια φάρμακα πάσσε]] ib.218; ὀδυνήφατα φάρμακα πάσσων 5.401,900, cf. 11.515,830, 15.394; προσάλειφεν ἑκάστῳ φ. Od.10.392; φ. περιαλείφειν [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[The Knights|Eq.]]''906; also of potions, πιὼν φάρμακ' Od.10.326; φ. πεπωκώς [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]4.160, cf. Pi. l. c.; παρὰ τοῦ ἰατροῦ Pl.''R.''406d, cf. ''Grg.''467c; φ. χριστόν E.''Hipp.''516; ἔγχριστον Theoc.11.1; ἐπίχριστον Str.17.1.10; ἐπίπαστον Theoc. l. c.; καταπλαστόν Ar.''Pl.''716; ποτόν E.''Hipp.'' [[l.c.]]; freq. in Medic. writers, Sor. 1.4, Gal.6.265, etc.; of [[medicines]] for cattle, ''PFlor.''222.11 (iii A. D.).<br><span class="bld">b</span> c. gen. (v. infr. ''ΙΙ''), [[φάρμακον νόσου]] = a [[medicine for a disease]], [[remedy against a disease]], [[Aeschylus|A.]]''[[Prometheus Vinctus|Pr.]]''251,606 (lyr.); βηχός Phryn.Com.60: [[κεφαλῆς]] [[for]] a [[headache]], Pl.''Chrm.''155b; στραγγουρίας [[Aristotle|Arist.]]''[[Historia Animalium|HA]]''612b16, cf. 624a16; μέθης Amphis 37; δίψης ''AP'' 6.170 (Thyill.); but [[ὑγιείας φάρμακον]] = a [[medicine to restore health]] or [[medicine to maintain health]], Aristid.''Or.''37(2).11.<br><span class="bld">3</span> [[enchanted potion]], [[philtre]]: hence, [[charm]], [[spell]], Od.4.220 sq., Ar.''Pl.''302, Theoc.2.15, ''PSI''1.64.20 (i B. C.); φαρμάκοις τὸν ἄνδρ' ἔμηνεν Ar.''Th.''561; [[τοιαῦτα ἔχω φάρμακα]] = [[such charms have I]], [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]3.85, cf. ''Apoc.''9.21.<br><span class="bld">4</span> [[poison]], S.''Tr.'' 685, E.''Med.''385; πιεῖν τὸ φάρμακον Antipho6.15, [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedo|Phd.]]''57a, 115a; φάρμακα ἐσβεβληκέναι ἐς τὰ φρέατα Th.2.48; φάρμακα δηλητήρια ''SIG''37 ''A'' 1 (Teos, v B. C.); τοξικὸν φάρμακον ''BGU''21 ii 14 (iv A. D.).<br><span class="bld">5</span> [[lye]] for laundering, ''Stud.Pal.''22.56.12 (iii A. D.).<br><span class="bld">II</span> generally, [[remedy]], [[cure]], Hes.''Op.''485, Alc.35, etc.; μεῖζον . . τῆς νόσου τὸ φ. the [[cure]] too strong for, i.e. worse than, the [[disease]], [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Fragments|Fr.]]''589.4, cf. ''Com.Adesp.'' 455; φάρμακον [[πραΰ]], of a bridle, Pi.''O.''13.85; [[φάρμακον τινι]] [[for]] a thing, Thgn. 1134 (pl.), Archil.9; πρός τι Arist.''Pol.''1321a16; ποττὸν ἔρωτα Theoc. 11.1; but most freq. [[φάρμακον τινός]] [[remedy against]] . . χλαῖνα . . φ. ῥίγευς Hippon.19; Ζεὺς πάντων φ. μοῦνος ἔχει Simon.87; τὸ σιγᾶν φ. βλάβης ἔχω A.''Ag.''548; [[φάρμακον πόνων]], [[λύπης]], E.''Ba.''283, ''Fr.''1079; δόλοι . . χρείας ἀνάνδρου φ. ib.288; φόβου Pl.''Lg.''647e; [[λήθης φάρμακα]] (of [[γράμματα]]) E.''Fr.''578.1; v. [[εὐδιανός]].<br><span class="bld">2</span> c. gen. also, [[a means of producing]] something, φάρμακον σωτηρίας Id.''Ph.''893; μνήμης καὶ σοφίας φάρμακον [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedrus|Phdr.]]''274e; [[ὑπομνήσεως]] ib.275a, cf. 230d; ἀθανασίας Antiph.86.6; ἡσυχίας Arist.''Pol.''1273b23; [[φάρμακον μανίας]], of the oil applied to wrestlers, D.L.1.104.<br><span class="bld">3</span> ἀλλ' ἐπὶ καὶ θανάτῳ φάρμακον κάλλιστον ἑᾶς ἀρετᾶς ἅλιξιν εὑρέσθαι σὺν ἄλλοις = even at the price of death, the fairest way to win his own exploits together with his other companion / but even at the risk of death would find the finest elixir of excellence together with his other companions (ἐπὶ θανάτῳ φάρμακον κάλλιστον ἑᾶς ἀρετᾶς εὑρέσθαι = a [[remedy]] or [[consolation]] in his own [[virtue]]), Pi.''P.''4.187.<br><span class="bld">III</span> [[dye]], [[paint]], [[colour]], Emp.23.3, [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]1.98, A.''Fr.''134, Ar.''Ec.''735, Pl.''R.''420c, ''Plt.''277c, ''PCair.Zen.''789.13 (iii B. C.), etc.<br><span class="bld">IV</span> [[chemical reagent]], PLeid.X.25, ''PHolm.''13.46, 22.10, Ps.-Democr. ap. Zos.Alch.p.160 B.; used by [[tanner]]s, Sch.[[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[The Knights|Eq.]]''44,368.—Cf. [[φαρμάσσω]]. [μᾰ;] but μᾱ in [[φαρμακός]].