ἄν: Difference between revisions

|Definition=(A), [ᾰ], Ep., Lyr., Ion., Arc., Att.; also κεν) Ep., Aeol., Thess., κᾱ Dor., Boeot., El.; the two combined in Ep. (infr. D. 11.2) and Arc.,<br><span class="bld">A</span> εἰκ ἄν ''IG''5(2).6.2, 15 (iv B. C.):—modal Particle used with Verbs to indicate that the action is limited by circumstances or defined by conditions. In Hom. κε is four times as common as [[ἄν]], in Lyr. about equally common. No clear distinction can be traced, but κε as an enclitic is somewhat less emphatic; [[ἄν]] is preferred by Hom. in negative clauses, κε (ν) with the relative.<br><span class="bld">A</span> In Simple Sentences, and in the Apodosis of Compound Sentences; here [[ἄν]] belongs to the Verb, and denotes that the assertion made by the Verb is dependent on a condition, expressed or implied: thus [[ἦλθεν]] [[he came]], <b class="b3">ἦλθεν ἄν</b> [[he would have come]] (under conditions, which may or may not be defined), and so he might have come; [[ἔλθοι]] [[may he come]], <b class="b3">ἔλθοι ἄν</b> [[he would come]] (under certain conditions), and so [[he might come]].<br><span class="bld">I</span> WITH INDICATIVE:<br><span class="bld">1</span> with historical tenses, generally impf. and aor., less freq. plpf., never pf., v. infr.,<br><span class="bld">a</span> most freq. in apodosis of conditional sentences, with protasis implying nonfulfilment of a past or present condition, and apod. expressing what [[would be]] or [[would have been]] the case if the condition [[were]] or [[had been]] fulfilled. The impf. with [[ἄν]] refers to continued action, in Hom. always in past time, exc. perhaps καί κε θάμ' ἐνθάδ' ἐόντες ἐμισγόμεθ' Od.4. 178; later also in pres. time, first in Thgn.905; <b class="b3">πολὺ ἂν θαυμαστότερον ἦν, εἰ ἐτιμῶντο</b> it [[would be]] far more strange if they were honoured, Pl.''R.''489a; <b class="b3">οὐκ ἂν νήσων ἐκράτει, εἰ μή τι καὶ ναυτικὸν εἶχεν</b> he [[would]] not [[have]] been master of islands if he had not had also some naval power, Th.1.9. The aor. strictly refers only to past time, Pi.''N.''11.24, etc.; <b class="b3">εἰ τότε ταύτην ἔσχε τὴν γνώμην, οὐδὲν ἂν ὧν νυνὶ πεποίηκεν ἔπραξεν</b> if he had then come to this opinion, he [[would have]] accomplished nothing of what he has now done, D.4.5, al., but is used idiomatically with Verbs of saying, answering, etc., as we say [[I should have]] said, εἰ μὴ πατὴρ ἦσθ', εἶπον ἄν σ' οὐκ εὖ φρονεῖν S.''Ant.''755, cf. Pl.''Smp.''199d, ''Euthphr.''12d, etc.: the plpf. refers to completed actions, as <b class="b3">ὃ εἰ ἀπεκρίνω, ἱκανῶς ἂν ἤδη παρὰ σοῦ τὴν ὁσιότητα ἐμεμαθήκη</b> I [[should have]] already learnt... ib.14c; εἰ ὁ ἀνὴρ ἀπέθανεν, δικαίως ἂν ἐτεθνήκει Antipho 4.2.3.<br><span class="bld">b</span> the protasis is freq. understood: <b class="b3">ὑπό κεν ταλασίφρονά περ δέος εἷλεν</b> fear [[would have]] seized even the stout-hearted (had he heard the sound), Il.4.421; <b class="b3">τὸ γὰρ ἔρυμα τῷ στρατοπέδῳ οὐκ ἂν ἐτειχίσαντο</b> they [[would]] not [[have]] built the wall (if they had not won a battle), Th.1.11; <b class="b3">πολλοῦ γὰρ ἂν ἦν ἄξια</b> for (if that were so) they [[would be]] worth much, Pl.''R.''374d; <b class="b3">οὐ γὰρ ἦν ὅ τι ἂν ἐποιεῖτε</b> for there was nothing which you [[could have]] done, i. e. [[would have]] done (if you had tried), D.18.43.<br><span class="bld">c</span> with no definite protasis understood, to express what [[would have been likely to happen]], or [[might have happened]] in past time: <b class="b3">ἢ γάρ μιν ζωόν γε κιχήσεαι, ἤ κεν Ὀρέστης κτεῖνεν ὑποφθάμενος</b> for either you will find him alive, or else Orestes [[may]] already [[have]] killed him before you, Od.4.546; <b class="b3">ὃ θεασάμενος πᾶς ἄν τις ἀνὴρ ἠράσθη δάϊος εἶναι</b> every man who saw this (the 'Seven against Thebes') [[would have]] longed to be a warrior, Ar. ''Ra.''1022; esp. with [[τάχα]], [[quod vide|q.v.]], <b class="b3">ἀλλ' ἦλθε μὲν δὴ τοῦτο τοὔνειδος τάχ' ἂν ὀργῇ βιασθὲν μᾶλλον ἢ γνώμῃ φρενῶν</b>, i. e. it [[might]] perhaps [[have]] come, [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Tyrannus|OT]]''523; <b class="b3">τάχα ἂν δὲ καὶ ἄλλως πως ἐσπλεύσαντες</b> (''[[sc.]]'' [[διέβησαν]]) and they [[might]] also perhaps [[have]] crossed by sea (to Sicily) in some other way, Th.6.2, cf. [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedrus|Phdr.]]''265b.<br><span class="bld">d</span> [[ἄν]] is freq. omitted in apodosi with Verbs expressing obligation, propriety, or possibility, as <b class="b3">ἔδει, ἐχρῆν, εἰκὸς ἦν</b>, etc., and sometimes for rhetorical effect, <b class="b3">εἰ μὴ . . ᾖσμεν, φόβον παρέσχεν</b> it [[had]] caused (for it [[would have]] caused) fear, E.''Hec.''1113. This use becomes more common in later Gk.<br><span class="bld">2</span> with fut. ind.:<br><span class="bld">a</span> frequently in Ep., usually with κεν, rarely [[ἄν]], Il.9.167, 22.66, indicating a limitation or condition, <b class="b3">ὁ δέ κεν κεχολώσεται ὅν κεν ἵκωμαι</b> and he [[will likely be]] angry to whom-[[soever]] I shall come, ib.1.139; <b class="b3">καί κέ τις ὧδ' ἐρέει</b> and in that case men will say, 4.176; ἐγὼ δέ κέ τοι καταλέξω Od.3.80; so in Lyr., μαθὼν δέ τις ἂν ἐρεῖ Pi.''N.''7.68, cf. ''I.''6(5).59.<br><span class="bld">b</span> rarely in codd. of Att. Prose writers, σαφὲς ἂν καταστήσετε Th.1.140; οὐχ ἥκει, οὐδ' ἂν ἥξει δεῦρο Pl.''R.''615d, cf. ''Ap.''29c, X.''An.''2.5.13; dub. in Hp.''Mul.''2.174: in later Prose, Philostr.V A2.21, S E.''M.''9.225: also in Poetry, E.''El.''484, [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[The Birds|Av.]]''1313; οὐκ ἂν προδώσω Herod.6.36 (corr. <b class="b3">-δοίην</b>):— for [[ἄν]] with fut. inf. and part. v. infr.<br><span class="bld">II</span> WITH SUBJUNCTIVE, only in Ep., the meaning being the same as with the fut. ind. (1.2a), freq. with 1st pers., as <b class="b3">εἰ δέ κε μὴ δώῃσιν, ἐγὼ δέ κεν αὐτὸς ἕλωμαι</b> in that case [[I will]] take her myself, Il.1.324; <b class="b3">πείθευ, ἐγὼ δέ κέ τοι εἰδέω χάριν</b> obey and [[if so]] I will be grateful, 14.235 (the subj. is always introduced by [[δέ]] in this usage); also with other persons, giving emphasis to the future, οὐκ ἄν τοι χραίσμῃ κίθαρις 3.54, al.<br><span class="bld">III</span> WITH OPTATIVE (never fut., rarely pf. <b class="b3">πῶς ἂν λελήθοι [με</b>]; X.''Smp.''3.6):<br><span class="bld">a</span> in apodosis of conditional sentences, after protasis in opt. with [[εἰ]] or some other conditional or relative word, expressing a fut. condition: ἀλλ' εἴ μοί τι πίθοιο, τό κεν πολὺ κέρδιον εἴη Il.7.28; οὐ πολλὴ ἂν ἀλογία εἴη, εἰ φοβοῖτο τὸν θάνατον; [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedo|Phd.]]''68b:—in Hom. pres. and aor. opt. with κε or [[ἄν]] are sometimes used like impf. and aor. ind. with [[ἄν]] in Attic, with either regular ind. or another opt. in the protasis: <b class="b3">καί νύ κεν ἔνθ' ἀπόλοιτο . . εἰ μὴ . . νόησε κτλ</b>., i. e. he [[would have]] perished, had she not perceived, etc., Il.5.311, cf. 5.388, 17.70; <b class="b3">εἰ νῦν ἐπὶ ἄλλῳ ἀεθλεύοιμεν, ἦ τ' ἂν ἐγὼ . . κλισίηνδε φεροίμην</b> if we were now contending in another's honour, I [[should]] now carry... ib.23.274: so rarely in Trag., <b class="b3">οὐδ' ἂν σὺ φαίης, εἴ σε μὴ κνίζοι λέχος</b> (for <b class="b3">εἰ μὴ ἔκνιζε</b>) E.''Med.''568.<br><span class="bld">b</span> with protasis in pres. or fut., the opt. with [[ἄν]] in apodosi takes a simply future sense: <b class="b3">φρούριον δ' εἰ ποιήσονται, τῆς μὲν γῆς βλάπτοιεν ἄν τι μέρος</b> they [[might perhaps]] damage, Th.1.142, cf. 2.60, Pl.''Ap.''25b, ''R.''333e; ἢν οὖν μάθῃς . . οὐκ ἂν ἀποδοίην Ar.''Nu.''116, cf. D.1.26, al.<br><span class="bld">c</span> with protasis understood: φεύγωμεν· ἔτι γάρ κεν ἀλύξαιμεν κακὸν ἦμαρ Od.10.269; <b class="b3">οὔτε ἐσθίουσι πλείω ἢ δύνανται φέρειν· διαρραγεῖεν γὰρ ἄν</b> for (if they should do so) they [[would]] burst, X. ''Cyr.''8.2.21; <b class="b3">τὸν δ' οὔ κε δύ' ἀνέρε . . ἀπ' οὔδεος ὀχλίσσειαν</b> two men [[could]] not heave the stone from the ground, i. e. [[would]] not, if they should try, Il.12.447; οὐδ' ἂν δικαίως ἐς κακὸν πέσοιμί τι S.''Ant.''240, cf. D.2.8: in Hom. sometimes with ref. to past time, Τυδεΐδην οὐκ ἂν γνοίης ποτέροισι μετείη Il.5.85.<br><span class="bld">d</span> with no definite protasis implied, in potential sense: <b class="b3">ἡδέως δ' ἂν ἐροίμην Λεπτίνην</b> but I [[would]] gladly ask Leptines, D.20.129; <b class="b3">βουλοίμην ἄν</b> I [[should]] like, Lat. [[velim]] (but <b class="b3">ἐβουλόμην ἄν</b> I [[should]] wish, if it were of any avail, [[vellem]]); <b class="b3">ποῖ οὖν τραποίμεθ' ἄν;</b> which way then [[can]] we turn? Pl.''Euthd.''290a; <b class="b3">οὐκ ἂν μεθείμην τοῦ θρόνου</b> I [[will]] not give up the throne, Ar.''Ra.''830; idiomatically, referring to the past, <b class="b3">αὗται δὲ οὐκ ἂν πολλαὶ εἶεν</b> but these [[would]] not (on investigation) prove to be many, Th.1.9; <b class="b3">εἴησαν δ' ἂν οὗτοι Κρῆτες</b> these [[would]] be (i. e. [[would have]] been) Cretans, Hdt.1.2: used in order to soften assertions by giving them a less positive form, as <b class="b3">οὐκ ἂν οὖν πάνυ γέ τι σπουδαῖον εἴη ἡ δικαιοσύνη</b>, i.e. it [[would]] not [[prove to be]], etc. (for, it [[is]] not, etc.), Pl.''R.'' 333e.<br><span class="bld">e</span> in questions, expressing a wish: τίς ἂν θεῶν . . δοίη; S.''OC'' 1100, cf.A.''Ag.''1448; πῶς ἂν θάνοιμι; S.''Aj.''389: hence (with no question) as a mild command, exhortation, or entreaty, τλαίης κεν Μενελάῳ ἐπιπροέμεν ταχὺν ἰόν Il.4.94; <b class="b3">σὺ μὲν κομίζοις ἂν σεαυτὸν ᾗ θέλεις</b> you [[may]] take yourself off (milder than <b class="b3">κόμιζε σεαυτόν</b>), S.''Ant.''444; <b class="b3">χωροῖς ἂν εἴσω</b> you [[may]] go in, ''El.''1491; <b class="b3">κλύοις ἂν ἤδη, Φοῖβε</b> hear me now, Phoebus, ib.637; <b class="b3">φράζοις ἄν, λέγοις ἄν</b>, Pl.''Phlb.''23c, 48b.<br><span class="bld">f</span> in a protasis which is also an apodosis: <b class="b3">εἴπερ ἄλλῳ τῳ ἀνθρώπων πειθοίμην ἄν, καὶ σοὶ πείθομαι</b> if I [[would]] trust any (other) man (if he gave me his word), I trust you, Id.''Prt.''329b; <b class="b3">εἰ μὴ ποιήσαιτ' ἂν τοῦτο</b> if you [[would]] not do this (if you could), D.4.18, cf. X.''Mem.''1.5.3, Plot.6.4.16.<br><span class="bld">g</span> rarely omitted with opt. in apodosis: ῥεῖα θεός γ' ἐθέλων καὶ τηλόθεν ἄνδρα σαώσαι Od.3.231, cf. 14.123, Il.5.303; also in Trag., θᾶσσον ἢ λέγοι τις E.''Hipp.''1186; τεὰν δύνασιν τίς . . κατάσχοι; S.''Ant.''605.<br><span class="bld">h</span> [[ἄν]] c. fut. opt. is prob. always corrupt (cf. 1.2b), as <b class="b3">τὸν αὐτὸν ἂν ἐπαινέσοι</b> ([[ἐπαινέσαι]] Bekk.) Pl.''Lg.''719e; <b class="b3">εἰδὼς ὅτι οὐδέν' ἂν καταλήψοιτο</b> ([[οὐδένα]] Bekk.) Lys.1.22.<br><span class="bld">IV</span> WITH INF. and PART. (sts. ADJ. equivalent to part., τῶν δυνατῶν ἂν κρῖναι Pl.''R.''577b) representing ind. or opt.:<br><span class="bld">1</span> pres. inf. or part.:<br><span class="bld">a</span> representing impf. ind., <b class="b3">οἴεσθε τὸν πατέρα . . οὐκ ἂν φυλάττειν;</b> do you think he [[would]] not [[have]] kept them safe? (οὐκ ἂν ἐφύλαττεν), D.49.35; <b class="b3">ἀδυνάτων ἂν ὄντων [ὑμῶν] ἐπιβοηθεῖν</b> when you [[would have]] been unable, Th.1.73, cf. 4.40.<br><span class="bld">b</span> representing pres. opt., <b class="b3">πόλλ' ἂν ἔχων</b> (representing <b class="b3">ἔχοιμ' ἄν</b>) ἕτερ' εἰπεῖν παραλείπω D. 18.258, cf. X.''An.''2.3.18: with Art., τὸ ἐθέλειν ἂν ἰέναι ἄκλητος ἐπὶ δεῖπνον Pl.''Smp.''174b.<br><span class="bld">2</span> aor. inf. or part.:<br><span class="bld">a</span> representing aor. ind., <b class="b3">οὐκ ἂν ἡγεῖσθ' αὐτὸν κἂν ἐπιδραμεῖν;</b> do you not think he [[would]] even [[have]] run thither? (καὶ ἐπέδραμεν ἄν), D.27.56; <b class="b3">ἴσμεν ὑμᾶς ἀναγκασθέντας ἄν</b> we know you [[would have]] been compelled, Th.1.76, cf. 3.89; <b class="b3">ῥᾳδίως ἂν ἀφεθείς</b> when he [[might]] easily [[have]] been acquitted, X.''Mem.''4.4.4.<br><span class="bld">b</span> representing aor. opt., <b class="b3">οὐδ' ἂν κρατῆσαι αὐτοὺς τῆς γῆς ἡγοῦμαι</b> I think they [[would]] not even be masters of the land (οὐδ' ἂν κρατήσειαν), Th.6.37, cf. 2.20; <b class="b3">ὁρῶν ῥᾳδίως ἂν αὐτὸ ληφθέν</b> (ληφθείη ἄν) Id.7.42; <b class="b3">οὔτε ὄντα οὔτε ἂν γενόμενα</b>, i.e. things which are not and never [[could]] happen (ἃ οὔτε ἂν γένοιτο), Id.6.38.<br><span class="bld">3</span> pf. inf. or part. representing:<br><span class="bld">a</span> plpf. ind., <b class="b3">πάντα ταῦθ' ὑπὸ τῶν βαρβάρων ἂν ἑαλωκέναι</b> (φήσειεν ἄν) he [[would]] say that all these [[would have]] been destroyed by the barbarians (ἑαλώκη ἄν), D.19.312.<br><span class="bld">b</span> pf. opt., <b class="b3">οὐκ ἂν ἡγοῦμαι αὐτοὺς δίκην ἀξίαν δεδωκέναι, εἰ . . καταψηφίσαισθε</b> I do not believe they [[would]] (then) have suffered (δεδωκότες ἂν εἶεν) punishment enough, etc., Lys.27.9.<br><span class="bld">4</span> fut. inf.or part., never in Ep., and prob. always corrupt in Att., <b class="b3">νομίζων μέγιστον ἂν σφᾶς ὠφελήσειν</b> (leg. <b class="b3">-ῆσαι</b>) Th.5.82, cf. 6.66, 8.25,71; part. is still more exceptional, ὡς ἐμοῦ οὐκ ἂν ποιήσοντος ἄλλα Pl.''Ap.''30c (codd.), cf. D.19.342 ([[varia lectio|v.l.]]); both are found in later Gk., νομίσαντες ἂν οἰκήσειν οὕτως ἄριστα Plb.8.30.8, cf. Plu.''Marc.''15, Arr.''An.''2.2.3; with part., Epicur. ''Nat.''14.1, Luc.''Asin.''26, Lib.''Or.''62.21, dub. l. in Arr.''An.''6.6.5.<br><span class="bld">B</span> IN DEPENDENT CLAUSES.<br><span class="bld">I</span> In the protasis of conditional sentences with [[εἰ]], regularly with the subjunctive. In Attic <b class="b3">εἰ ἄν</b> is contracted into [[ἐάν]], [[ἤν]], or [[ἄν]] (ᾱ) ([[quod vide|q.v.]]): Hom. has generally <b class="b3">εἴ κε</b> (or <b class="b3">αἴ κε</b>), sometimes [[ἤν]], once εἰ δ' ἄν Il.3.288, twice εἴπερ ἄν 5.224, 232. The protasis expresses either future condition (with apod. of fut. time) or general condition (with apod. of repeated action): <b class="b3">εἰ δέ κεν ὣς ἔρξῃς καί τοι πείθωνται Ἀχαιοί, γνώσῃ ἔπειθ' ὅς</b> . . if thus thou shalt do... ib.2.364; <b class="b3">ἢν ἐγγὺς ἔλθῃ θάνατος, οὐδεὶς βούλεται θνῄσκειν</b> if death (ever) come near... E.''Alc.''671.<br><span class="bld">2</span> in relative or temporal clauses with a conditional force; here [[ἄν]] coalesces with <b class="b3">ὅτε, ὁπότε, ἐπεί, ἐπειδή</b>, cf. [[ὅταν]], [[ὁπόταν]], [[ἐπήν]] or [[ἐπάν]] (Ion. [[ἐπεάν]]) <b class="b3">, ἐπειδάν</b>: Hom. has <b class="b3">ὅτε κε</b> (sts. <b class="b3">ὅτ' ἄν</b>) <b class="b3">, ὁππότε κε</b> (sts. <b class="b3">ὁπότ' ἄν</b> or <b class="b3">ὁππότ' ἄν</b>) <b class="b3">, ἐπεί κε</b> (ἐπεὶ ἄν Il.6.412), <b class="b3">ἐπήν, εὖτ' ἄν;</b> v. also [[εἰσόκε]] (εἰς ὅ κε):<b class="b3">—τάων ἥν κ' ἐθέλωμι φίλην ποιήσομ' ἄκοιτιν</b> whomsoever of these I [[may]] wish... Il.9.397; <b class="b3">ὅταν δὴ μὴ σθένω, πεπαύσομαι</b> when I shall have no strength... S.''Ant.''91; <b class="b3">ἐχθρὸς γάρ μοι κεῖνος . . ὅς χ' ἕτερον μὲν κεύθῃ ἐνὶ φρεσίν, ἄλλο δὲ εἴπῃ</b> who[[ever]] conceals one thing in his mind and speaks another, Il.9.312, cf. D.4.6, Th.1.21. —Hom. uses subj. in both the above constructions (''1'' and 2) without <b class="b3">ἄν;</b> also Trag. and Com., S.''Aj.''496, Ar.''Eq.''805; [[μέχρι]] and [[πρίν]] occasionally take subj. without [[ἄν]] in prose, e.g. Th.1.137,4.16 (μέχρι οὗ), [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedo|Phd.]]''62c, Aeschin.3.60.<br><span class="bld">3</span> in final clauses introduced by relative Advbs., as [[ὡς]], [[ὅπως]] (of Manner), [[ἵνα]] (of [[place]]), [[ὄφρα]], [[ἕως]], etc. (of [[time]]), freq. in Ep., σαώτερος ὥς κε νέηαι Il.1.32; ὄφρα κεν εὕδῃ Od.3.359; ὅπως ἂν εἰδῇ . . φράσω [[Aeschylus|A.]]''[[Prometheus Vinctus|Pr.]]''824; ὅπως ἂν φαίνηται κάλλιστος Pl.''Smp.''198e; μηχανητέον ὅπως ἂν διαφύγῃ ''Grg.'' 481a (where [[ὅπως]] with fut. ind. is the regular constr.); also after [[ὡς]] in Hdt., Trag., X.''An.''2.5.16, al., once in Th.6.91 (but fut. ind. is regular in Att.); [[ἵνα]] final does not take [[ἄν]] or κε exc. ἵνα εἰδότες ἤ κε θάνωμεν ἤ κεν . . φύγοιμεν Od.12.156 ([[ἵνα]] = [[where]] in S.''OC''405). [[μή]], = [[lest]], takes [[ἄν]] only with opt. in apodosis, as S.''Tr.''631, Th.2.93.<br><span class="bld">II</span> in Ep. sometimes with OPTATIVE as with subj. (always κε (ν), exc. εἴ περ ἂν αὐταὶ Μοῦσαι ἀείδοιεν Il.2.597), εἴ κεν Ἄρης οἴχοιτο Od.8.353; <b class="b3">ὥς κε . . δοίη ᾧ κ' ἐθέλοι</b> that he [[might]] give her to whomsoever he [[might]] please, ib.2.54: so in Hdt. in final clauses, 1.75,99:—in Od.23.135 <b class="b3">ὥς κέν τις φαίη, κέν</b> belongs to Verb in apod., as in ὡς δ' ἂν ἥδιστα ταῦτα φαίνοιτο X.''Cyr.''7.5.81.<br><span class="bld">2</span> rarely in [[oratio obliqua]], where a relat. or temp. word retains an [[ἄν]] which it would have with subj. in direct form, S.''Tr.''687, X.''Mem.''1.2.6, Isoc.17.15; ἐπειδὰν δοκιμασθείην D.30.6:—similarly after a preceding opt., οὐκ ἀποκρίναιο ἕως ἂν . . σκέψαιο [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedo|Phd.]]''101d.<br><span class="bld">III</span> rarely with [[εἰ]] and INDICATIVE in protasis, only in Ep.:<br><span class="bld">1</span> with fut. ind. as with subj.: αἴ κεν Ἰλίου πεφιδήσεται Il.15.213:—so with relat., οἵ κέ με τιμήσουσι 1.175.<br><span class="bld">2</span> with [[εἰ]] and a past tense of ind., once in Hom., εἰ δέ κ' ἔτι προτέρω γένετο δρόμος Il.23.526; so <b class="b3">Ζεὺς γάρ κ' ἔθηκε νῆσον εἴ κ' ἐβούλετο</b> Orac. ap. Hdt.1.174, cf. Ar.''Lys.'' 1099 (cod. R), A.R.1.197.<br><span class="bld">IV</span> in later Greek, [[ἄν]] with relative words is used with INDICATIVE in all tenses, as ὅπου ἂν εἰσεπορεύετο ''Ev.Marc.''6.56; ὅσ' ἂν πάσχετε ''PFay.''136 (iv A. D.); ἔνθ' ἂν πέφυκεν ἡ ὁλότης εἶναι Phlp. ''in Ph.''436.19; cf. [[ἐάν]], [[ὅταν]].<br><span class="bld">C</span> with impf. and more rarely aor. ind. in ITERATIVE construction, to express elliptically a condilion fulfilled whenever an opportumty offered; freq. in Hdt. (not in Pi. or A.), <b class="b3">κλαίεσκε ἂν καὶ ὀδυρέσκετο</b> she [[would]] (i. e. [[used to]]) weep and lament, 3.119; εἶτα πῦρ ἂν οὐ παρῆν S.''Ph.''295; <b class="b3">εἴ τινες ἴδοιεν... ἀνεθάρσησαν ἄν</b> whenever they saw it, on each occasion, Th.7.71; διηρώτων ἂν αὐτοὺς τί λέγοιεν Pl.''Ap.''22b: inf. representing impf. of this constr., <b class="b3">ἀκούω Λακεδαιμονίους τότε ἐμβαλόντας ἂν . . ἀναχωρεῖν</b>, i. e. I hear they [[used to]] retire (ἀνεχώρουν ἄν), D.9.48.<br><span class="bld">D</span> GENERAL REMARKS:<br><span class="bld">I</span> POSITION OF [[ἄν]].<br><span class="bld">1</span> in A, when [[ἄν]] does not coalesce with the relat. word (as in [[ἐάν]], [[ὅταν]]), it follows directly or is separated only by other particles, as [[μέν]], [[δέ]], [[τε]], [[γάρ]], [[καί]], [[νυ]], [[περ]], etc.; as εἰ μέν κεν . . εἰ δέ κε Il.3.281-4; rarely by τις, as ὅποι τις ἄν, οἶμαι, προσθῇ D.2.14:—in Hom. and Hes. two such Particles may precede κε, as εἴ περ γάρ κεν Od.8.355, cf. Il.2.123; <b class="b3">εἰ γάρ τίς κε, ὃς μὲν γάρ κε</b>, Hes.''Op.''280,357; rarely in Prose, ὅποι μὲν γὰρ ἄν D.4.45; ὁπότερος οὖν ἄν Ar.''Ra.''1420: also ὁπόσῳ πλέον ἄν Pl.''Lg.''647e, cf. 850a; ὅπου τὸ πάλαι λεγόμενον ἂν γίγνηται 739c.<br><span class="bld">2</span> in apodosis, [[ἄν]] may stand either next to its Verb (before or after it), or after some other emphatic word, esp. an interrog., a negative (e. g. <b class="b3">οὐδ' ἂν εἷς, οὐκ ἂν ἔτι</b>, etc.), or an important Adjective or Adverb; also after a participle which represents the protasis, <b class="b3">λέγοντος ἄν τινος πιστεῦσαι οἴεσθε;</b> do you think they [[would have]] believed it if any one had told them? (εἴ τις ἔλεγεν, ἐπίστευσαν ἄν), D.6.20.<br><span class="bld">3</span> [[ἄν]] is freq. separated from its inf. by such Verbs as <b class="b3">οἴομαι, δοκέω, φημί, οἶδα</b>, etc., <b class="b3">οὐκ ἂν οἴει</b> . .; freq. in Pl., ''Grg.''486d, al.; <b class="b3">καὶ νῦν ἡδέως ἄν μοι δοκῶ κοινωνῆσαι</b> I think that I [[should]], X.''Cyr.''8.7.25; οὕτω γὰρ ἄν μοι δοκεῖ ἥ τε πόλις ἄριστα διοικεῖσθαι Aeschin.3.2; <b class="b3">ἃ μήτε προῄδει μηδεὶς μήτ' ἂν ᾠήθη τήμερον ῥηθῆναι</b> (where [[ἄν]] belongs to [[ῥηθῆναι]]) D. 18.225:—in the phrase <b class="b3">οὐκ οἶδ' ἂν εἰ</b>, or <b class="b3">οὐκ ἂν οἶδ' εἰ, ἄν</b> belongs not to [[οἶδα]], but to the Verb which follows, <b class="b3">οὐκ οἶδ' ἂν εἰ πείσαιμι</b>, for <b class="b3">οὐκ οἶδα εἰ πείσαιμι ἄν</b>, E.''Med.''941, cf. ''Alc.''48; οὐκ ἂν οἶδ' εἰ δυναίμην Pl. ''Ti.''26b; οὐκ οἶδ' ἂν εἰ ἐκτησάμην X.''Cyr.''5.4.12.<br><span class="bld">4</span> [[ἄν]] never begins a sentence, or even a clause after a comma, but may stand first after a parenthetic clause, ἀλλ', ὦ μέλ', ἄν μοι σιτίων διπλῶν ἔδει Ar.''Pax'' †37.<br><span class="bld">II</span> REPETITION OF [[ἄν]]:—in apodosis [[ἄν]] may be used twice or even three times with the same Verb, either to make the condition felt throughout a long sentence, or to emphasize certain words, ὥστ' ἄν, εἰ σθένος λάβοιμι, δηλώσαιμ' ἄν S.''El.''333, cf. ''Ant.''69, A.''Ag.'' 340, Th.1.76 (fin.), 2.41, Pl.''Ap.''31a, Lys.20.15; ἀφανεῖς ἂν ὄντες οὐκ ἂν ὑμνήθημεν ἄν E.''Tr.''1244, cf. [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Fragments|Fr.]]''739; attached to a parenthetical phrase, <b class="b3">ἔδρασ' ἄν, εὖ τοῦτ' ἴσθ' ἄν, εἰ</b> . . Id.''OT''1438.<br><span class="bld">2</span> [[ἄν]] is coupled with κε (ν) a few times in Hom., as Il.11.187,202, Od.5.361, al.; cf. <b class="b3">ἤν περ γάρ κ' ἐθέλωσιν</b> [[varia lectio|v.l.]] ib.18.318.<br><span class="bld">III</span> ELLIPSIS OF VERB:—sts. the Verb to which [[ἄν]] belongs must be supplied, in Hom. only [[εἰμί]], as <b class="b3">τάτ' ἔλδεται ὅς κ' ἐπιδευής</b> (''[[sc.]]'' [[ᾖ]]) Il.5.481; <b class="b3">ἀλλ' οὐκ ἂν πρὸ τοῦ</b> (''[[sc.]]'' [[ἔρρεγκον]]) Ar.''Nu.''5; <b class="b3">τί δ' ἂν δοκεῖ σοι Πρίαμος</b> (''[[sc.]]'' [[πρᾶξαι]]), εἰ τάδ' ἤνυσεν; A.''Ag.''935:—so in phrases like [[πῶς γὰρ ἄν]]; and <b class="b3">πῶς οὐκ ἄν</b> (''[[sc.]]'' [[εἴη]]); also in <b class="b3">ὥσπερ ἂν εἰ</b> (or [[ὡσπερανεί]]), as <b class="b3">φοβούμενος ὥσπερ ἂν εἰ παῖς</b> (i. e. <b class="b3">ὥσπερ ἂν ἐφοβήθη εἰ παῖς ἦν</b>) Pl.''Grg.''479a; so <b class="b3">τοσοῦτον ἐφρόνησαν, ὅσον περ ἂν</b> (''[[sc.]]'' [[ἐφρόνησαν]]) εἰ . . Isoc.10.48:—so also when <b class="b3">κἂν εἰ</b>( = [[καὶ ἂν εἰ]]) has either no Verb in the apod. or one to which [[ἄν]] cannot belong, Pl.''R.''477a, ''Men.''72c; cf. [[κἄν]]:—so the Verb of a protasis containing [[ἄν]] may be understood, <b class="b3">ὅποι τις ἂν προσθῇ, κἂν μικρὰν δύναμιν</b> (i. e. <b class="b3">καὶ ἐὰν προσθῇ</b>) D.2.14; <b class="b3">ὡς ἐμοῦ οὖν ἰόντος ὅπῃ ἂν καὶ ὑμεῖς</b> (''[[sc.]]'' [[ἴητε]]) X.''An.''1.3.6.<br><span class="bld">IV</span> ELLIPSIS OF [[ἄν]]:—when an apodosis consists of several co-ordinate clauses, [[ἄν]] is generally used only in the first and understood in the others: πείθοι' ἂν εἰ πείθοι'· ἀπειθοίης δ' ἴσως A.''Ag.''1049: even when the construction is continued in a new sentence, Pl.''R.''352e, cf. 439b codd.: but [[ἄν]] is repeated for the sake of clearness or emphasis, ib. 398a, cf. D.19.156 (where an opt. is implied with the third [[ὡς]]): rarely expressed with the second of two co-ordinate Verbs and understood with the first, <b class="b3">τοῦτον ἂν . . θαρσοίην ἐγὼ καλῶς μὲν ἄρχειν, εὖ δ' ἂν ἄρχεσθαι θέλειν</b> (i. e. <b class="b3">καλῶς μὲν ἂν ἄρχοι, εὖ δ' ἂν θέλοι ἄρχεσθαι</b>) S.''Ant.''669.<br><br>(B), [ᾱ], Att., = [[ἐάν]], [[ἤν]], Th.4.46 codd., al.; freq. in Pl., ἂν σωφρονῇ ''Phd.''61b; <b class="b3">ἂν θεὸς θέλῃ</b> ib.80d, cf. D.4.50; ἄν τ' . . ἄν τε Arist. ''Ath.''48.4: not common in earlier Att. Inscrr., ''IG''1.2a5, 2.179b49, al.: but freq. later, ''SIG''1044.27 (iv/iii B. C.), ''PPetr.''2p.47 (iii B. C.), ''PPar.''32.19 (ii B. C.), ''PTeb.''110.8 (i B. C.), ''Ev.Jo.''20.23, etc.<br><br>(C) or ἀν, Epic form of [[ἀνά]], [[quod vide|q.v.]]<br><br>(D), shortened from [[ἄνα]], v. sub [[ἀνά]] G.