πῶς: Difference between revisions

|Definition=Ion. [[κῶς]], interrog. Adv. of Manner,<br><span class="bld">A</span> how? Il.1.123, etc.; sometimes to express displeasure, 4.26, [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Tyrannus|OT]]''391, ''Ph.''1031, ''Tr.''192; to express astonishment or doubt, <b class="b3">π. εἶπας</b>; [[Aeschylus|A.]]''[[The Persians|Pers.]]''798, S.''El.''407, etc.; <b class="b3">π. λέγεις</b>; Id.''Ph.''1407; <b class="b3">π. φῄς</b>; [[Aeschylus|A.]]''[[Agamemnon|Ag.]]''268, E.''El.''575; <b class="b3">π. τοῦτ' ἔλεξας</b>; [[Aeschylus|A.]]''[[The Persians|Pers.]]''793; <b class="b3">π. τοῦτ' εἶπες αὖ</b>; [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Politicus|Plt.]]'' 309c; also <b class="b3">π. μὴ φῶμεν..</b>; surely we must, Id.''Tht.''161e.<br><span class="bld">b</span> in dialogue, to ask explanation, with a repetition of a word used by the previous speaker, [[δίκαια]]—Answ. <b class="b3">π. δίκαια</b>; [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Coloneus|OC]]''832; <b class="b3">μὴ δίκαιος ὤν</b>—Answ. <b class="b3">π. μὴ δίκαιος</b>; Id.''Tr.''412; [[συμβολάς]]—Answ. <b class="b3">π. συμβολάς</b>; Alex.143; [[πῶς]] alone, [[how so]], <b class="b3">π., ὅς γε..</b>; S.''Ph.''1386.<br><span class="bld">2</span> with a second interrog. in the same clause, <b class="b3">π. ἐκ τίνος νεώς ποτε.. ἥκετε</b>; [[how]] and by what ship..? E.''Hel.''1543; <b class="b3">τί τἀμὰ—π. ἔχει—θεσπίσματα</b>; ib.873; <b class="b3">π. τί τοῦτο λέγεις</b>; [[how]] say you and what? Pl.''Ti.''22b, cf. ''Tht.''146d, 208e, etc.<br><span class="bld">3</span> c. gen. modi, <b class="b3">π. ἀγῶνος ἥκομεν</b>; [[how]] are we come off in it? E.''El.'' 751; π. ἔχει πλήθους ἐπισκοπεῖ [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Gorgias|Grg.]]'' 451c.<br><span class="bld">4</span> with Verbs of selling, how? at what price? <b class="b3">π. ὁ σῖτος ὤνιος</b>; [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[Acharnians|Ach.]]''758, cf. ''Eq.'' 480; <b class="b3">τὰ δ' ἄλφιθ' ὑμῖν π. ἐπώλουν</b>;—Answ. τεττάρων δραχμῶν.. τὸν κόφινον Stratt.13.<br><span class="bld">II</span> with other Particles, <b class="b3">π. ἂν..; π. κε (ν)..</b>; how possibly..? <b class="b3">π. ἂν ἔπειτ' ἀπὸ σεῖο.. λιποίμην οἶος</b>; Il.9.437, cf. Od. 1.65, etc.; <b class="b3">π. ἂν γένοιτ' ἂν.. ποδῶν ἔκμακτρον</b>; E.''El.''534: so with indic., Il.22.202, [[Euripides|E.]]''[[Alcestis|Alc.]]''96 (lyr.), etc.<br><span class="bld">b</span> in Trag., <b class="b3">π. ἄν</b> c. opt. is freq. used to express a wish, [[O how]] might it be? i.e. [[would that]] it might..! <b class="b3">π. ἂν θάνοιμι; π. ἂν ὀλοίμην</b>; etc., [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Ajax|Aj.]]''388 (lyr.), E.''Supp.'' 796 (lyr.), cf. ''Hipp.''208 (anap.), 345; rare in Com., Ar.''Th.''22 (a trace of this usage appears in Hom., Od.15.195): in later Prose, <b class="b3">π. ἂν γένοιτο ἑσπέρα</b>; [[LXX]] ''De.''28.67; also with aor. subj. (without [[ἄν]]) <b class="b3">, π. κοιμηθῶ</b>; M.Ant.9.40; <b class="b3">π. μή μοι μέγας λέων ἐπιφανῇ</b>; Arr.''Epict.''4.10.10; with pres., <b class="b3">π. μὴ χρῄζω</b>; M.Ant.l.c.<br><span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b3">π. ἄρα..</b>; in reply, how then? <b class="b3">π. τ' ἄρ' ἴω..</b>; Il.18.188, cf. Od.3.22, ''h.Ap.''19,207.<br><span class="bld">3</span> <b class="b3">π. γὰρ..</b>; also in reply, as if something had gone before, that cannot be, for how can..? Il.1.123, Od.10.337, etc.; <b class="b3">π. γὰρ κάτοιδα</b>; S. ''Ph.''250, cf. 1383; v. infr. 111.1.<br><span class="bld">4</span> <b class="b3">π. δὲ..</b>; to introduce a strong objection, <b class="b3">π. δὲ σὺ νῦν μέμονας, κύον ἀδδεές..</b>; Il.21.481, cf. Od.18.31; <b class="b3">δόξει δὲ π.</b>; [[Aeschylus|A.]]''[[Prometheus Vinctus|Pr.]]''261.<br><span class="bld">5</span> <b class="b3">π. δή</b>; how in the world? <b class="b3">π. δὴ φῂς πολέμοιο μεθιέμεν</b>; Il.4.351, cf. 18.364, [[Aeschylus|A.]]''[[Agamemnon|Ag.]]''543, etc.; also <b class="b3">π. γὰρ δή..</b>; Od.16.70; <b class="b3">π. δῆτα..</b>; [[Aeschylus|A.]]''[[Agamemnon|Ag.]]''622,1211, Ar.''Nu.''79, etc.<br><span class="bld">6</span> <b class="b3">π. καὶ..</b>; just how..? E.''Hec.''515, ''Ph.''1354, etc.; <b class="b3">π. δὲ καὶ..</b>; [[Aeschylus|A.]]''[[The Persians|Pers.]]'' 721, v. [[καί]] B.6; but <b class="b3">καὶ π</b>…; to introduce an objection, E.''Ph.''1348, v. [[καί]] A. 11.2: hence <b class="b3">καὶ π.</b>; alone, but how? impossible! Pl.''Alc.''1.134c, ''Tht.''163d, etc.<br><span class="bld">7</span> <b class="b3">π. οὐ..</b>; how not so..? i.e. surely it is so.., <b class="b3">π. οὐ δεινὰ εἴργασθε</b>; Th.3.66, cf. Ar.''Nu.''398, D.18.273.<br><span class="bld">8</span> <b class="b3">π. οὖν..</b>; like π. [[ἄρα]]; A.''Supp.''297,340, [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Tyrannus|OT]]''568, etc.; <b class="b3">π. ἂν οὖν..</b> with opt., [[Aeschylus|A.]]''[[The Persians|Pers.]]''243, E.''IT''98.<br><span class="bld">9</span> <b class="b3">π. ποτε..</b>; how ever..? [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Tyrannus|OT]]'' 1210 (lyr.), ''Ph.''687 (lyr.).<br><span class="bld">III</span> [[πῶς]] followed by several of the abovenamed Particles is freq. used in elliptical sentences, as,<br><span class="bld">1</span> <b class="b3">π. γάρ</b>; inserted parenthet. in a negative sentence, for how is it possible? how can or could it be? hence in emphatic denial, <b class="b3">κἀγὼ μὲν οὐκ ἔδρασα, τοῦτ' ἐπίσταμαι, οὐδ' αὖ σύ· π. γάρ</b>; Id.''El.''911; <b class="b3">οὐκ ἀπορῶν</b> (π. γάρ;), ὅς γε.. D.18.312, cf. 21.217, Pl.''Sph.''263c, etc.; <b class="b3">οὐδ' ἐπὶ τὴν ἑστίαν καταφυγών</b> (π. γὰρ ἄν;), ὅστις.. Lys.1.27; <b class="b3">π. γὰρ οὔ</b>; how can it but be? i.e. [[it must be so]], A.''Ch.''754, S.''El.''1307, [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Theaetetus|Tht.]]''160c, al.; <b class="b3">π. γάρ</b>; (''[[sc.]]'' <b class="b3">ἄλλως ἔχει</b>) is so used in [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Ajax|Aj.]]''279.<br><span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b3">π. δή</b>; how so? A.''Eu.'' 601, Ar.''Nu.''664, 673, etc.; <b class="b3">π. δῆτα</b>; [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Gorgias|Grg.]]'' 469b; <b class="b3">π. δαί</b>; Ar.''V.'' 1212.<br><span class="bld">3</span> <b class="b3">π. δ' οὔ</b>; like [[π. γὰρ οὔ]]; (v. supr. ''1''), [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Theaetetus|Tht.]]''153b, ''R.'' 457a; <b class="b3">π. δ' οὐχί</b>; [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Tyrannus|OT]]''1015, Ar.''Pax'' 1027; parenthetically, [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Tyrannus|OT]]'' 567; <b class="b3">π. δ' οὐκ ἄν..</b>; [[Aeschylus|A.]]''[[Prometheus Vinctus|Pr.]]''759.<br><span class="bld">4</span> <b class="b3">π. οὖν</b>; [[how]] then? [[how]] next? E.''Med.''1376, ''Hipp.''598, 1261, D.19.124; <b class="b3">π. οὖν ἄν..</b>; [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Memorabilia|Mem.]]''1.2.64.<br><span class="bld">5</span> <b class="b3">π. δοκεῖς</b>; parenthet., in conversation, [[how]] think you? hence (losing all interrog. force), = [[λίαν]], [[wonderfully]], Ar.''Pl.''742, ''Nu.''881, ''Ach.''24; also π. οἴει σφόδρα Id.''Ra.''54; cf. [[δοκέω]] 1.2.<br><span class="bld">IV</span> π. in indirect questions for [[ὅπως]], A.''Eu.''677, S.''Tr.''991 (anap.), [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[The Knights|Eq.]]'' 614, [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Memorabilia|Mem.]]''1.2.36, etc.; ἐθαύμαζον ἂν π… ἔδεισαν ''IG''12(3).174.28 (Cnidus, Epist.Aug.); ζητηθήσεται π. ὅτι καὶ τοῦτο ἀληθές ἐστι S.E. ''M.''8.16.<br><span class="bld">V</span> in exclamations, ὦ π. πονηρόν ἐστιν ἀνθρώπου φύσις τὸ σύνολον Philem.2; <b class="b3">π. παραχρῆμα ἐξηράνθη..</b>! ''Ev.Matt.''21.20; <b class="b3">π. δυσκόλως..</b>! ''Ev.Marc.''10.23.