διά: Difference between revisions

|Definition=poet. [[διαί]] (Aeol. [[ζά]], [[quod vide|q.v.]]), Prep. governing gen. and acc.—Rad. sense,<br><span class="bld">A</span> [[through]]; never anastroph. [Prop. δῐᾰ: but Hom. uses ῑ at the beginning of a line, Il.3.357, 4.135, al.: also ᾱ, metri gr., freq. in Hom., for which A. uses διαί in lyr., ''Ag.''448, al.]<br><span class="bld">A</span> WITH GEN.<br><span class="bld">I</span> of [[place]] or Space:<br><span class="bld">1</span> of motion [[in a line]], from one end to the other, [[right through]], in Hom. freq. of the effect of weapons, διὰ μὲν ἀσπίδος ἦλθε… ἔγχος καὶ διὰ θώρηκος… Il. 3.357; δουρὶ βάλεν Δάμασον κυνέης διά 12.183; δι' ὤμου… ἔγχος ἦλθεν 4.481; in Prose, τιτρώσκειν διὰ τοῦ θώρακος X.''An.''1.8.26; <b class="b3">διὰ τοῦ ὀρόφου ἐφαίνετο πῦρ</b> ib.7.4.16: also of persons, <b class="b3">διὰ Σκαιῶν πεδίονδ' ἔχον ὠκέας ἵππους</b> [[out through]] the Scaean [[gate]], Il.3.263; <b class="b3">δι' ἠέρος αἰθέρ' ἵκανεν</b> [[quite through]] the lower air even to the ether, Il.14.288, cf. 2.458; <b class="b3">διὰ Τρώων πέτετο</b> [[straight through]] them, 13.755; δι' ὄμματος… λείβων δάκρυον [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Coloneus|OC]]''1250, etc.: also in Compos. with [[πρό]] and ἐκ, v. [[διαπρό]], [[διέκ]]: in adverbial phrases, <b class="b3">διὰ πασῶν</b> (''[[sc.]]'' [[χορδῶν]]), v. [[διαπασῶν]]: [[διὰ πάσης]] [[throughout]], Th.1.14; διὰ κενῆς [[idly]], Id.4.126, etc. (cf.111.1.c).<br><span class="bld">2</span> of [[motion]] [[through]] a space, but [[not in a line]], [[throughout]], [[over]], ἑπόμεσθα διὰ πεδίοιο Il.11.754; δι' ὄρεσφι 10.185, al.; <b class="b3">ὀδύνη διὰ χροὸς ἦλθε</b> [[through all]] his frame, 11.398; τεῦχε βοὴν διὰ ἄστεος Od.10.118; δι' ὁμίλου Il.6.226, etc.; θορύβου διὰ τῶν τάξεων ἰόντος X.''An.''1.8.16, cf. 2.4.26, etc.; later, in quoting an authority, ἱστορεῖ διὰ τῆς δευτέρας in the course of .., Ath.10.438b.<br><span class="bld">3</span> [[in the midst of]], Il.9.468; κεῖτο τανυσσάμενος διὰ μήλων Od.9.298; [[between]], διὰ τῶν πλευρέων ταμόντα Hp.''Morb.''2.61: hence, of [[pre-eminence]], ἔπρεπε καὶ διὰ πάντων Il.12.104; τετίμακε δι' ἀνθρώπων Pi.''I.''4(3).37; εὐδοκιμέοντι διὰ πάντων [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]6.63, cf. 1.25, etc.<br><span class="bld">4</span> in Prose, sometimes of extension, [[along]], παρήκει διὰ τῆσδε τῆς θαλάσσης ἡ ἀκτή Id.4.39 (but <b class="b3">πέταται διὰ θαλάσσας</b> [[across]] the [[sea]], Pi.''N.''6.48); λόφος, δι' οὗ τὸ σταύρωμα περιεβέβληντο X.''HG''7.4.22.<br><span class="bld">5</span> in Prose, of Intervals of Space, <b class="b3">διὰ τριήκοντα δόμων</b> [[at intervals of]] thirty layers, i.e. [[after every]] thirtieth layer, [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]1.179; <b class="b3">διὰ δέκα ἐπάλξεων</b> [[at every]] tenth battlement, Th.3.21; cf. infr. 11.3: of a single interval, <b class="b3">διὰ πέντε σταδίων</b> [[at a distance of]] five stades, [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]7.30, cf. 198; <b class="b3">διὰ τοσούτου μᾶλλον ἢ διὰ πολλῶν ἡμερῶν ὁδοῦ</b> [[at]] so short a [[distance]], etc., Th.2.29; <b class="b3">διὰ πολλοῦ</b> [[at]] a great [[distance apart]], Id.3.94; διὰ πλείστου Id.2.97; δι' ἐλάσσονος Id.3.51; ὕδατα διὰ μακροῦ ἀλόμενα Hp.Aër.9, etc.<br><span class="bld">II</span> of [[time]],<br><span class="bld">1</span> of [[duration]] from one end of a period to the other, [[throughout]], <b class="b3">διὰ παντὸς [τοῦ χρόνου]</b> [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]9.13; δι' ὅλου τοῦ αἰῶνος Th.1.70; δι' αἰῶνος S.''El.''1024; δι' ἡμέρας ὅλης Ar.''Pax'' 27; δι' ὅλης τῆς νυκτός X.''An.''4.2.4, etc.: without an Adj., <b class="b3">δι' ἡμέρης</b> [[all]] day [[long]], [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]1.97; διὰ νυκτός Th.2.4, X.''An.''4.6.22 (but <b class="b3">διὰ νυκτός</b> [[in the course of]] the night, [[by]] night, ''Act.Ap.''5.19, ''PRyl.''138.15 (i A. D.), etc.); διὰ νυκτὸς καὶ ἡμέρας Pl.''R.''343b; <b class="b3">δι' ἐνιαυτοῦ, δι' ἔτους</b>, Ar.''Fr.''569.8, ''V.''1058; διὰ βίου Pl.''Smp.''183e, etc.; διὰ τέλους [[from beginning to end]], [[Aeschylus|A.]]''[[Prometheus Vinctus|Pr.]]''275, Pl.''R.''519c, etc.: with Adjs. alone, διὰ παντός [[continually]], A.''Ch.''862 (lyr.), etc.; <b class="b3">δι' ὀλίγου</b> [[for]] a short time, Th.1.77; διὰ μακροῦ [[Euripides|E.]]''[[Hecuba|Hec.]]''320; ὁ διὰ μέσου χρόνος [[Herodotus|Hdt.]] 8.27.<br><span class="bld">2</span> of the interval which has passed [[between]] two points of [[time]], <b class="b3">διὰ χρόνου πολλοῦ</b> or <b class="b3">διὰ πολλοῦ χρ.</b> [[after]] a long time, Id.3.27, Ar.''Pl.''1045; διὰ μακρῶν χρόνων Pl.''Ti.''22d: without an Adj., <b class="b3">διὰ χρόνου</b> [[after]] a time, S.''Ph.''758, [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''1.4.28, etc.; <b class="b3">δι' ἡμερῶν</b> [[after]] several days, ''Ev.Marc.''2.1; and with Adjs. alone, δι' ὀλίγου Th.5.14; οὐ διὰ μακροῦ Id.6.15,91; διὰ πολλοῦ Luc.''Nigr.''2, etc.: with Numerals, δι' ἐτέων εἴκοσι [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]6.118, cf. ''OGI''56.38 (iii B. C.), etc.: but <b class="b3">διὰ τῆς ἑβδόμης</b> [[till]] the seventh day, Luc.''Hist.Conscr.''21: also distributively, <b class="b3">χρόνος διὰ χρόνου προὔβαινε</b> time [[after]] time, S.''Ph.''285; ἄλλος δι' ἄλλου [[Euripides|E.]]''[[Andromache|Andr.]]''1248.<br><span class="bld">3</span> of successive Intervals, <b class="b3">διὰ τρίτης ἡμέρης</b> every other day, [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]2.37; <b class="b3">διὰ τρίτου ἔτεος</b> ib.4, etc.; <b class="b3">διὰ πεντετηρίδος</b> every four years (with inclusive reckoning), Id.3.97; <b class="b3">δι' ἔτους πέμπτου</b>, of the Olympic games, Ar.''Pl.''584 (but <b class="b3">δι' ἑνδεκάτου ἔτεος</b> [[in the course of]] the eleventh year, [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]1.62).<br><span class="bld">III</span> causal, [[through]], [[by]],<br><span class="bld">a</span> of the Agent, <b class="b3">δι' ἀλλέλων</b> or <b class="b3">-ου ἐπικηρυκεύεσθαι, ποιεῖσθαι</b>, by the mouth of .., Id.1.69,6.4, cf. 1.113; δι' ἑρμηνέως λέγειν X.''An.''2.3.17, etc.; τὸ ῥηθὲν ὑπὸ Κυρίου διὰ τοῦ προφήτου ''Ev.Matt.''1.22; δι' ἑκόντων ἀλλ' οὐ διὰ βίας ποιεῖσθαι Pl.''Phlb.''58b; <b class="b3">πεσόντ' ἀλλοτρίας διαὶ γυναικός</b> [[by]] her [[doing]], [[Aeschylus|A.]]''[[Agamemnon|Ag.]]''448 (lyr.); ἐκ θεῶν γεγονὼς διὰ βασιλέων πεφυκώς [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''7.2.24; <b class="b3">δι' ἑαυτοῦ ποιεῖν τι</b> [[of oneself]], [[not by another's agency]], ib.1.1.4, etc.; but also, [[by oneself alone]], [[unassisted]], D.15.14, cf. 22.38.<br><span class="bld">b</span> of the Instrument or Means, <b class="b3">διὰ χειρῶν</b> [[by]] hand (prop. [[by holding between]] the hands), δι' ὁσίων χ. θιγών S. ''OC''470; also <b class="b3">διὰ χερῶν λαβεῖν, διὰ χειρὸς ἔχειν</b> in the hand, Id.''Ant.'' 916, 1258 (but <b class="b3">τὰ τῶν ξυμμάχων διὰ χειρὸς ἔχειν</b> to keep a [[firm]] hand on, Th.2.13); διὰ στέρνων ἔχειν [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Antigone|Ant.]]''639; ἡ ἀκούουσα πηγὴ δι' ὤτων Id.''OT''1387; διὰ στόματος ἔχειν [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''1.4.25; διὰ μνήμης ἔχειν Luc.''Cat.''9; αἱ διὰ τοῦ σώματος ἡδοναί [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Memorabilia|Mem.]]''1.5.6; <b class="b3">διὰ λόγων συγγίγνεσθαι</b> to hold intercourse [[by]] word, Pl.''Plt.''272b; διὰ λόγου ἀπαγγέλλειν ''Act.Ap.''15.27; δι' ἐπιστολῶν ''2 Ep.Cor.''10.9, ''[[Oxyrhynchus Papyri|POxy.]]'' 1070.15 (iii A. D.).<br><span class="bld">c</span> of Manner (where [[διά]] with its Noun freq. serves as an Adv.), διὰ μέθης ποιήσασθαι τὴν συνουσίαν Pl.''Smp.''176e; <b class="b3">παίω δι' ὀργῆς</b> [[through]] passion, in passion, [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Tyrannus|OT]]''807; <b class="b3">διὰ τάχους</b>, = [[ταχέως]], Id.''Aj.''822, Th.1.63 (but <b class="b3">διὰ ταχέων</b> ib.80, al.); [[διὰ σπουδῆς]] = [[in haste]], [[hastily]], E.''Ba.''212; [[δι' αἰδοῦς]] = [[with reverence]], [[respectfully]], ib.441; <b class="b3">διὰ ψευδῶν ἔπη</b> lying words, Id.''Hel.''309; <b class="b3">αἱ διὰ καρτερίας ἐπιμέλειαι</b> [[long-continued]] [[exertion]]s, [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Memorabilia|Mem.]]''2.1.20; <b class="b3">δι' ἀκριβείας, διὰ πάσης ἀκρ</b>., Pl.''Ti.''23d, ''Lg.''876c; διὰ σιγῆς Id.''Grg.''450c; διὰ ξυμφορῶν ἡ ξύμβασις ἐγένετο Th.6.10; οὐ δι' αἰνιγμάτων, ἀλλ' ἐναργῶς γέγραπται Aeschin.3.121; δι' αἵματος, οὐ διὰ μέλανος τοὺς νόμους ὁ Δράκων ἔγραψεν Plu.''Sol.''17: also with Adjs., <b class="b3">διὰ βραχέων, διὰ μακρῶν τοὺς λόγους ποιεῖσθαι</b>, Isoc.14.3, Pl.''Grg.''449b; <b class="b3">ἀποκρίνεσθαι διὰ βραχυτάτων</b> ibid. d; cf. infr. IV.<br><span class="bld">2</span> in later Prose, of Material [[out of]] which a thing is made, κατασκευάζειν εἴδωλα δι' ἐλέφαντος καὶ χρυσοῦ [[Diodorus Siculus|D.S.]]17.115; θυσίαι δι' ἀλφίτου καὶ σπονδῆς πεποιημέναι Plu.''Num.''8; βρώματα διὰ μέλιτος καὶ γάλακτος γιγνόμενα Ath.14.646e; οἶνος διὰ βουνίου Dsc. 5.46.<br><span class="bld">IV</span> <b class="b3">διά τινος ἔχειν, εἶναι, γίγνεσθαι</b>, to express conditions or states, <b class="b3">ἀγὼν διὰ πάσης ἀγωνίης ἔχων</b> extending [[through]] every kind of contest, [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]2.91; δι' ἡσυχίης εἶναι Id.1.206; <b class="b3">δι' ὄχλου εἶναι</b> to be trouble[[some]], Ar.''Ec.''888; διὰ φόβου εἶναι Th.6.59; δι' ἀπεχθείας γίγνεσθαι X.''Hier.''9.2; <b class="b3">ἡ ἐπιμέλεια διὰ χάριτος γίγνεται</b> ibid.; διὰ μιᾶς γνώμης γίγνεσθαι Isoc.4.138.<br><span class="bld">b</span> with Verbs of motion, <b class="b3">διὰ μάχης ἐλεύσονται</b> will engage in battle, [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]6.9; ἐλθεῖν Th.4.92; <b class="b3">διὰ παντὸς πολέμου, διὰ φιλίας ἰέναι τινί</b>, X.''An.''3.2.8; <b class="b3">διὰ δίκης ἰέναι τινί</b> go [[to]] law with... [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Antigone|Ant.]]''742, cf. Th.6.60; διὰ τύχης ἰέναι [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Tyrannus|OT]]''773; δι' ὀργῆς ἥκειν Id.''OC''905; <b class="b3">ἐμαυτῷ διὰ λόγων ἀφικόμην</b> I held converse with myself, E.''Med.''872; <b class="b3">διὰ λόγων, διὰ γλώσσης ἰέναι</b> come [[to]] open speech, Id.''Tr.''916, ''Supp.''112; <b class="b3">διὰ φιλημάτων ἰέναι</b> come [[to]] kissing, Id.''Andr.'' 416; διὰ δικαιοσύνης ἰέναι καὶ σωφροσύνης Pl.''Prt.''323a, etc.; <b class="b3">διὰ πυρὸς ἰέναι</b> (v. [[πῦρ]]): in pass. sense, <b class="b3">δι' ἀπεχθείας ἐλθεῖν τινι</b> to be [[hated]] by... [[Aeschylus|A.]]''[[Prometheus Vinctus|Pr.]]''121 (anap.).<br><span class="bld">c</span> with trans. Verbs, <b class="b3">δι' αἰτίας ἔχειν</b> or <b class="b3">ἄγειν τινά</b> hold in fault, Th.2.60, Ael.''VH''9.32; δι' ὀργῆς ἔχειν τινά Th.2.37, etc.; διὰ φυλακῆς ἔχειν τι Id.7.8; <b class="b3">δι' οἴκτου ἔχειν τινά, δι' αἰσχύνης ἔχειν τι</b>, [[Euripides|E.]]''[[Hecuba|Hec.]]''851, ''IT''683; διὰ πένθους τὸ γῆρας διάγειν [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''4.6.6; δι' οὐδενὸς ποιεῖσθαί τι [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Coloneus|OC]]''584.<br><span class="bld">B</span> WITH Acc.<br><span class="bld">I</span> of [[place]], only Poet., in same sense as [[διά]] c. gen.:<br><span class="bld">1</span> [[through]], ἓξ δὲ διὰ πτύχας ἦλθε… χαλκός Il.7.247; ἤϊξε διὰ δρυμὰ… καὶ ὕλην 11.118, cf. 23.122, etc.; <b class="b3">διὰ τάφρον ἐλαύνειν</b> [[across]] it, 12.62; διὰ δώματα ποιπνύοντα 1.600; ἐπὶ χθόνα καὶ διὰ πόντον βέβακεν Pi.''I.''4(3).41; φεύγειν διὰ κῦμ' ἅλιον A.''Supp.''14 (anap.).<br><span class="bld">2</span> [[through]], [[among]], in, οἴκεον δι' ἄκριας Od.9.400; ἄραβος δὲ διὰ στόμα γίγνετ' ὀδόντων Il.10.375 (but <b class="b3">μῦθον, ὃν… διὰ στόμα… ἄγοιτο</b> [[through]] his mouth, 14.91; so διὰ στόμα ὄσσαν ἱεῖσαι Hes.''Th.''65; ἀεὶ γὰρ ἡ γυνή σ' ἔχει διὰ στόμα Ar.''Lys.''855); διὰ κρατερὰς ὑσμίνας Hes.''Th.''631; νόμοι δι' αἰθέρα τεκνωθέντες [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Tyrannus|OT]]''867 (lyr.).<br><span class="bld">II</span> of [[time]], also Poet., διὰ νύκτα Il.2.57, etc.; <b class="b3">διὰ γλυκὺν ὕπνον</b> [[during]] sweet sleep, Mosch.4.91.<br><span class="bld">III</span> causal:<br><span class="bld">1</span> of persons, [[thanks to]], [[by aid of]], νικῆσαι δ… Ἀθήνην Od.8.520, cf. 13.121; διὰ δμῳὰς… εἷλον 19.154; <b class="b3">διὰ σε</b> [[by]] thy [[fault]] or [[service]], [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Coloneus|OC]]''1129, Ar.''Pl.''145, cf. 160,170: in Prose, [[by reason of]], [[on account of]], δ' ἡμᾶς Th.1.41, cf. X.''An.''7.6.33, D.18.249; οὐ δι' ἐμαυτόν And.1.144; so <b class="b3">εἰ μὴ διά τινα</b> if it had not been for .., εἰ μὴ δι' ἄνδρας ἀγαθούς Lys.12.60; Μιλτιάδην εἰς τὸ βάραθρον ἐμβαλεῖν ἐψηφίσαντο, καὶ εἰ μὴ διὰ τὸν πρύτανιν ἐνέπεσεν ἄν Pl.''Grg.''516e, cf. D.19.74; εἰ μὴ διὰ τὴν ἐκείνου μέλλησιν Th.2.18, cf. Ar.''V.''558; πλέον' ἔλπομαι λόγον Ὀδυσσέος ἢ πάθαν γενέσθαι δι' Ὅμηρον Pi.''N.''7.21.<br><span class="bld">2</span> of things, to express the Cause, Occasion, or Purpose, <b class="b3">δι' ἐμὴν ἰότητα</b> [[because of]] my will, Il.15.41; Διὸς μεγάλου διὰ βουλάς Od.8.82; <b class="b3">δι' ἀφραδίας</b> [[for]], [[through]] want of thought, 19.523; δι' ἀτασθαλίας 23.67; <b class="b3">δι' ἔνδειαν</b> [[by reason of]] poverty, X. ''An.''7.8.6; <b class="b3">διὰ καῦμα, διὰ χειμῶνα</b>, ib.1.7.6; δι' ἄγνοιαν καὶ ἀμαθίαν Pl. ''Prt.''360b, etc.: freq. also with neut. Adjs., <b class="b3">διὰ τί;</b> wherefore?; <b class="b3">διὰ τοῦτο, διὰ ταῦτα</b> [[on]] this account; <b class="b3">δι' ὅ, δι' ἅ</b> [[on]] which account; <b class="b3">διὰ πολλά</b> [[for]] many [[reasons]], etc.<br><span class="bld">3</span> = [[ἕνεκα]], to express Purpose, <b class="b3">δἰ ἀχθηδόνα</b> [[for the sake of]] vexing, Th.4.40, cf. 5.53; <b class="b3">διὰ τὴν τούτου σαφήνειαν</b> [[with a view to]] clearing this up, Pl.''R.''524c, cf. [[Aristotle|Arist.]]''[[Nicomachean Ethics|EN]]'' 1172b21; <b class="b3">αὐτή δι' αὑτήν</b> [[for]] its own [[sake]], Pl.''R.''367b, etc.<br><span class="bld">C</span> WITHOUT CASE as adverb [[throughout]], <b class="b3">διὰ πρό</b> (v. supr. A.I.I); διὰ δ' ἀμπερές Il.11.377.<br><span class="bld">D</span> IN COMPOS.:<br><span class="bld">I</span> [[through]], [[right through]], of Space, [[διαβαίνω]], [[διέχω]], [[διιππεύω]].<br><span class="bld">II</span> [[in different directions]], as in <b class="b3">διαπέμπω, διαφορέω;</b> of separation, [[asunder]], <b class="b3">διαιρέω, διαλύω;</b> of difference or disagreement, [[at variance]], <b class="b3">διαφωνέω, διαφέρω;</b> or simply mutual relation, [[one with another]], <b class="b3">διαγωνίζομαι, διάδω, διαθέω, διαπίνω, διαφιλοτιμέομαι</b>.<br><span class="bld">III</span> pre-eminence, [[διαπρέπω]], [[διαφέρω]].<br><span class="bld">IV</span> completion, [[to the end]], [[utterly]], <b class="b3">διεργάζομαι, διαμάχομαι, διαπράττω, διαφθείρω</b>: of [[time]], [[διαβιόω]].<br><span class="bld">V</span> to add strength, [[thoroughly]], [[out and out]], [[διαγαληνίζω]], etc.; cf. [[ζά]].<br><span class="bld">VI</span> of mixture, [[between]], [[partly]], especially in Adj., as [[διάλευκος]], [[διάχρυσος]], [[διάχλωρος]], etc.<br><span class="bld">VII</span> of leaving an [[interval]] or [[breach]], [[διαλείπω]], [[διαναπαύω]]. (Cogn. with [[δύο]], [[δίς]].)