τυγχάνω: Difference between revisions

|Definition=Thgn.253, Pi.''P.''3.104, ''O.''2.47, etc.:<br><span class="bld">A</span> Ep. impf. τύγχανον Od.14.231, (παρετ-) Il.11.74: fut. τεύξομαι 16.609, Od.19.314, [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[The Knights|Eq.]]''112, Lys.18.23 (also as fut. Med. of [[τεύχω]]): aor. 2 ἔτῠχον, Ep. [[τύχον]], Il.5.287,587, etc.; Ep. subj. <b class="b3">τύχωμι, -ῃσι</b>, 7.243, 11.116; later also [[τετύχῃσι]], Max.577; late Ep. opt. τετύχοιμι Man.3.299: Ep. also aor. 1 ἐτύχησα Il.15.581, al., Hes.''Fr.''15: pf. [[τετύχηκα]] (intr.) Od.10.88 (part. [[τετυχηκώς]], [[varia lectio|v.l.]] [[τετυχηώς]]. Il.17.748), Th. 1.32, (trans.) [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''4.1.2, Isoc.3.59; later also [[τέτευχα]], D.21.150 (cod. S), [[Aristotle|Arist.]]''[[Nicomachean Ethics|EN]]''1119a10, ''PA''647b15, freq. later, ''PEnteux.''6.7 (iii B. C.), ''UPZ''123.30 (ii B. C.), ''PStrassb.''98.10 (ii B. C.), ''Inscr.Prien.''108.287 (ii B. C.), etc.; Dor. pf. inf. τετεύχεν ''SIG''398.5 (Cos, iii B. C.); but Ion. plpf. ἐτετεύχεε [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]3.14; [[τέτυχα]] [[varia lectio|v.l.]] in ''Ep.Hebr.''8.6, [[varia lectio|v.l.]] in J.''BJ''7.5.4, (συν-) Aristeas 180, etc.; part. τετυχώς ''Jahresh.''29''Beibl.'' 163 (Stara Zagora):—Med., aor. 1 τεύξασθαι [[LXX]] ''2 Ma.''15.7:—Pass., impf. ἐτυγχάνετο Ant.Lib.39.3 (dub.): elsewhere in compds, aor. 1 [[ἐτεύχθην]] (ἐν-) Plb.35.6.1: pf. [[τέτευγμαι]] (ἐπι-) Id.6.53.2.<br><span class="bld">A</span> [[happen to be at]] a place, <b class="b3">εἴ πέρ τε τύχῃσι μάλα σχεδόν</b> even if [[she be]] quite near, Il.11.116; <b class="b3">μὴ σύ γε κεῖθι τύχοις</b> [[may'st]] thou not [[be]] there, Od.12.106; πέτρη τετύχηκε διαμπερὲς ἀμφοτέρωθεν 10.88; πεδίοιο διαπρύσιον τετυχηκώς Il.17.748 (but in these last two places the [[meaning]] may be '[[has been made]]' (though not by human agency), cf. [γαῖα] οὐδ' εὐρεῖα τέτυκται Od.13.243; γυναικὸς ἄρ' ἀντὶ τέτυξο Il.8.163, etc.; v. ad fin.).<br><span class="bld">2</span> of events, and things generally, [[happen to]] one, [[befall]] one, [[come to]] one's [[lot]], c. dat. pers., <b class="b3">οὔνεκά μοι τύχε πολλά</b> because much [[fell]] to me, Il.11.684; καί μοι μάλα τύγχανε πολλά Od.14.231; θέλοιμ' ἂν ὡς πλείστοισι πημονὰς τυχεῖν [[Aeschylus|A.]]''[[Prometheus Vinctus|Pr.]]''348, cf. ''Pers.''706 (troch.); οἷ' αὐτοῖς τύχοι S.''Ph.''275; εἴ τι δεσπόταισι τυγχάνει [[Euripides|E.]]''[[Alcestis|Alc.]]''138: abs., εἰ δ' αὖθ', ὃ μὴ γένοιτο, συμφορὰ τύχοι A.''Th.''5, cf. ''Ag.''347, etc.; ἄριστα πρὸς τὸ τυγχάνον E.''Hel.'' 1290, cf. ''Ion''1511.<br><span class="bld">b</span> aor. part. [[ὁ τυχών]], [[the first one meets]], [[any chance person]], Hes.''Th.''973, Pl.''R.''539d, etc.; [[οἱ τυχόντες]] = [[everyday]] [[men]], the [[vulgar]], [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Memorabilia|Mem.]]''3.9.10, etc.; εἷς ἦν τῶν τ. Isoc.10.21; <b class="b3">οὐχ ὁ τ. ἀνήρ</b>, of [[Moses]], Longin.9.9: so of things, [[τὸ τυχόν]] = [[any]] [[chance]] [[result]], Pl.''Ti.''46e; ὃν ἐξαλείφει [[πρόφασις]] ἡ τυχοῦσ' ὅλον E.''Fr.''1041; <b class="b3">οὐχ ὁ τ. λόγος</b> no [[common]] [[discourse]], [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Leges|Lg.]]''723e; σύνεσιν οὐ τὰν τυχοῦσαν Archim.Spir.Praef.; <b class="b3">οἱ τ. φόβοι</b> [[trifling]] [[fear]]s, Lycurg.37; <b class="b3">καίπερ τὸ τυχὸν καταβαλοῦσιν</b> though they may have paid a [[trifling]] [[sum]], Str.5.2.7:—Math., <b class="b3">τυχὸν σημεῖον</b> [[any]] [[point]] (at random), Euc.1.5, cf. 6.9; <b class="b3">ἄλλα, ἃ ἔτυχεν, ἰσάκις πολλαπλάσια</b> [[any]] other equimultiples [[taken at random]], Id.5.4.<br><span class="bld">3</span> in 3sg. aor. or impf., impers. (sts. also pers.) in relat. clauses, as (when, where, etc.) [[it]] ([[he]], [[she]], etc.) [[happen]]ed ([[may]] [[happen]], etc.), i.e. [[anyhow]], at [[any]] [[time]], [[place]], etc., <b class="b3">καὶ ἀρχομένοις καὶ μεσοῦσι καὶ ὅπως ἔτυχέ τῳ</b> at the beginning, middle, or [[any]] other [[point]], Th.5.20; <b class="b3">ὡς ἔτυχε ζημιοῦσθαι</b> to be [[penalize]]d [[just]] [[anyhow]], [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Memorabilia|Mem.]]''3.9.13; [[οὐχ ὡς ἔτυχεν]] = [[in no ordinary manner]], Men. ''Sam.''79, ''BMus.Inscr.''4.481*.340 (Ephesus, ii A. D.); <b class="b3">τὴν μὲν δικαίαν, τὴν δ' ὅπως ἐτύγχανεν</b> [[just anyhow]], E.''Hipp.''929; <b class="b3">ἀποτετμάσθω δύο τμάματα ὡς ἔτυχεν</b> let two [[segment]]s [[be cut off]] [[at random]], Archim. ''Con.Sph.''24; χώρᾳ γ' ἐν ᾗ ἔτυχε X.''Oec.''3.3; ὅπου ἔτυχεν Id.''Cyr.''8.4.3; ὅπου ἂν τύχῃ Pl.''Prt.''242e; ὁπότε τύχοι [[sometimes]], [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedo|Phd.]]''89b; [[ὅταν τύχῃ]] = [[sometimes]], E.''El.''1169 (lyr.); but, [[at any odd time]], Th.1.142; ἡνίκ' ἂν τ. D.1.3; [[ἂν τύχῃ]], [[εἰ τύχοι]], [[it may be]], [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Cratylus|Cra.]]''430e, ''Hp.Mi.''367a; τὸ δέ, εἰ ἔτυχεν, οὐχ οὕτως ἔχει Id.''Cra.''439c; εἰ οὕτως ἔτυχεν [[Aristotle|Arist.]]''[[Categories|Cat.]]''8b12; τὸ ὅπῃ ἔτυχεν [[mere]] [[chance]], Pl.''Phlb.''28d: with attraction of the relat. Pron., τὸ οἷς ἔτυχε [[προσκρούειν]] Plu.''Cic.''27; ὡμίλει ᾧ τύχοι Plb.26.1.3; ὧν ἔτυχε πιμπλάμενος Luc.''Vit.Auct.''9; <b class="b3">οὐδὲ γὰρ ὧν ἔτυχ' ἦν</b> they were not [[just]] [[any]] [[act]]s, D.18.130.<br><span class="bld">b</span> c. acc. et inf., ἔτυχε ὄμβρον συνεργῆσαι Plu.''Alc.''28, cf. Ael.''NA''5.6; <b class="b3">ἔτυχεν ὥστε</b> . . D.C.39.12.<br><span class="bld">4</span> sometimes the Verb agrees in person and number with the subject of the principal clause, perhaps by assimilation, <b class="b3">ἀπαίροντες ἀπὸ τῆς Πελοποννήσου ὁπόθεν τύχοιεν</b>, for <b class="b3">ὁπόθεν τύχοι</b>, Th.4.26, cf. 93, 5.56, 7.70, [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Theaetetus|Tht.]]'' 179c; <b class="b3">ὅ τι ἂν τύχωσι, τοῦτο λέγουσι</b> they [[say]] [[just]] [[anything]], Id.''Prt.'' 353a; ὅ τι ἂν τύχωσι, τοῦτο πράξουτιν Id.''Cri.''45d, cf. ''Grg.''522c, ''Smp.'' 181b; ἀναφύονται ὁπόθεν ἂν τύχῃ ἕκαστος Id.''Tht.''180c; ὡς ἐτύγχανον ἕκαστοι, ηὐλίζοντο X.''An.''2.2.17, cf. 3.1.3; τάχ' ἄν, εἰ τύχοιεν, σωφρονέστεροι γένοιντο D.15.16; [[δουλεύειν]] μᾶλλον ἢ μεθ' ὁποτέρου ἂν τύχωσι τούτων ἐλευθέρους εἶναι Th.8.48; <b class="b3">πρὸς ὀργὴν ἥν τινα τύχητε ἔστιν ὅτε σφαλέντες τὴν τοῦ πείσαντος μίαν γνώμην ζημιοῦτε</b> [[yield]]ing to the [[impulse]] of the [[moment]], Id.3.43; εἶτ' οὐκ ἐλήρουν ὅ τι τύχοιμ' Ar. ''Ra.''945: with [[attraction]] of the relat. Pron., οὓς ἂν τύχῃς ἐπαινῶν Isoc.12.206.<br><span class="bld">5</span> neut. part. [[τυχόν]], used abs. like [[ἐξόν]], [[παρόν]], etc., [[since]] it so [[befall|befell]], οὕτως τ. Luc.''Symp.''43.<br><span class="bld">b</span> as adverb, [[perchance]], [[perhaps]], Isoc.4.171, X.''An.''6.1.20, Pl.''Alc.''2.140a, 150c, D.18.221, 21.41, Men.''Pk.''184, ''1 Ep.Cor.''16.6; τ. ἴσως Epich.277, E.''Fr.''953.9, Men. ''Epit.''287, Plb.2.58.9; <b class="b3">τυχὸν μὲν... τυχὸν δὲ</b> . . Arr.''An.''1.10.6, etc.<br><span class="bld">II</span> joined with the part. of another Verb to [[express]] a [[coincidence]], <b class="b3">τύχησε γὰρ ἐρχομένη νηῦς</b> a ship [[happened to be]], i.e. was [[just]] [[then]], [[start]]ing, Od.14.334; ξεῖνος ἐὼν ἐτύχησε παρ' ἱπποδάμοισι Γερηνοῖς Hes.''Fr.''15.3, cf. Semon.7.19, Pi.''N.''1.49; πρυτανεία ἣ ἂν τυγχάνῃ πρυτανεύουσα ''IG''12.63.27, cf. 52; <b class="b3">τὰ νοέων τυγχάνω</b> what I [[happen]] to have, i.e. [[have at this moment]], in my [[mind]], [[Herodotus|Hdt.]] 1.88, cf. 8.65,68.ά; ἐτετεύχεε ἐπισπόμενος Id.3.14; <b class="b3">ὃ τυγχάνω μαθών</b> which I have [[just]] learnt, S.''Tr.''370; <b class="b3">παρὼν ἐτύγχανον</b> I was by [[just]] [[then]], Id.''Aj.'' 748; <b class="b3">τυγχάνει καθεύδων</b> he is [[sleep]]ing [[just]] [[now]], Ar.''V.''336 (troch.); <b class="b3">ἔτυχον στρατευόμενοι</b> they were [[just then]] [[engage]]d in an [[expedition]], Th.1.104; <b class="b3">ἔτυχε κατὰ τοῦτο καιροῦ ἐλθών</b> he came [[just]] at this point of time, Id.7.2; <b class="b3">ἥτις δέ τοι μάλιστα σωφρονεῖν δοκεῖ, αὕτη μέγιστα τυγχάνει λωβωμένη</b> she is [[just]] the one [[who]]... Semon.7.109; but freq. [[τυγχάνω]] cannot be translated at all, especially in phrase <b class="b3">τυγχάνω ὤν</b>, which is simply = [[εἰμί]], [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Ajax|Aj.]]''88, Ar.''Pl.''35, Pl.''Prt.''313c, etc.<br><span class="bld">2</span> the part. [[ὤν]] is sometimes omitted, ὁ γὰρ [[μέγιστος]] τυγχάνει δορυξένων S.''El.''46; <b class="b3">εἴ σοι χαρτὰ τυγχάνει τάδε</b> ib.1457; <b class="b3">νῦν δ' ἀγροῖσι τυγχάνει</b> ib.313; ἔνδον γὰρ ἄρτι τυγχάνει Id.''Aj.''9; εἴ τις εὔνους τυγχάνει Ar.''Ec.''1141; εἰ σὺ τυγχάνεις ἐπιστήμων τούτων Pl.''Prt.''313e, cf. ''Grg.''502b, ''R.''369b, al.: sometimes [[τυγχάνειν]] is used much like εἶναι, Σωτὴρ γένοιτ' ἂν Ζεὺς ἐπ' ἀσπίδος [[τυχών]] A.''Th.''520; <b class="b3">οὐκ ἀποδάμου τυχόντος</b> not [[being]] [[absent]], Pi.''P.''4.5 (cf. [[τόσσαις]]); ποῦ χρὴ [[τηνικαῦτα]] [[τυγχάνειν]]; E.''IA''730; <b class="b3">τ. ἐν ἐμπύροις</b> to [[be engaged]] in... Id.''Andr.''1113; freq. in Arist., δύο μέρη τετύχηκεν ἐξ ὧν ἡ πόλις ''Pol.''1318a31, cf. 1289b16, ''Top.''151b11; also in later Gr., τὰ ἑπτάμηνα γόνιμα τυγχάνειν Sor.1.55, cf. 69, al.; νέος πάνυ τυγχάνων ''PLips.''40 ii 7 (iv A. D.), etc.:—Phryn.244 rejects this usage in Attic.<br><span class="bld">b</span> [[τυγχάνον]], = τὸ ἐκτὸς [[ὑποκείμενον]], the [[external]] [[reality]], e.g. <b class="b3">αὐτὸς ὁ Δίων</b> as distinguished both from the word ([[φωνή]]) <b class="b3"> Δίων</b> and its meaning, ''Stoic.''2.48.<br><span class="bld">c</span> <b class="b3">τὰ πράγματα τυγχάνοντα καλοῦσι</b> (''[[sc.]]'' <b class="b3">οἱ Στωϊκοί</b>) <b class="b3">, τέλος γὰρ τὸ τυχεῖν τούτων</b>, ib.77.<br><span class="bld">3</span> later c. inf., <b class="b3">τυγχάνομεν ἐπιδεδωκέναι</b> we [[happen]] to have handed in... we have [[just]] [[hand]]ed in... ''PTeb.''796.13 (ii B. C.), cf. ''PSI''10.1118.8 (i A. D.), 1.39.4 (ii A. D.), Heliod. et Antyll. ap. Orib.44.8.21, 25, 44.23.21, Gal. 18(2).394.<br><span class="bld">B</span> [[gain one's end]] or [[purpose]], [[succeed]], οὐκ ἐτύχησεν ἑλίξας Il. 23.466; εἰ τύχῃ τις ἔρδων Pi.''N.''7.11, cf. 55; <b class="b3">τὸ τυχεῖν</b>, = [[νίκη]], Id.''O.''2.51; πείθειν . . τυγχάνειν θ' ἅμα [[Euripides|E.]]''[[Hecuba|Hec.]]''819; εἰ τύχοιμεν Th.4.63; [[τυχόντες]] [[if successful]], opp. [[σφαλέντες]], Id.3.39, cf. 82, Pi.''P.''10.62; τυγχάνουσι καὶ ἀποτυγχάνουσι Arist.''Po.''1450a3; [[ὀρθῶς]] [[πράττειν]] καὶ τ. Pl.''Euthd.''280a; [[gain one's request]], [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]1.213 (so <b class="b3">τυχόντα γνώμης</b> in Th.3.42); in [[speaking]], to [[be right]], τί νιν καλοῦσα . . τύχοιμ' ἄν; [[Aeschylus|A.]]''[[Agamemnon|Ag.]]''1233, cf. ''Ch.''14,317 (lyr.), S.''Ph.''223, ''OC''1580; Δίκαν νιν προσαγορεύομεν τυχόντες καλῶς A.''Ch.''950 (lyr.):—Pass., impers., <b class="b3">αὐτῷ πρὸς τὸ ἔργον οὐδὲν ἐτυγχάνετο</b> [[nothing]] went [[right]], dub. in Ant.Lib. 39.3:—in part. [[τυχήσας]] or [[τυχών]], combined with [[νύξε]], [[βάλε]], [[οὖτα]], etc., pierce, wound, etc., [[successfully]], so that the whole phrase means [[hit]], ἔγχεϊ νύξε κατὰ κληῗδα τυχήσας Il.5.579, cf. 858, 12.394; <b class="b3">βάλε δουρὶ κατὰ ζωστῆρα τυχήσας</b> ib.189; ὑπὸ στέρνοιο τυχήσας βεβλήκει 4.106, cf. 5.98,582, 13.371,397, Od.19.452, al.; also conversely, θηρητὴρ ἐτύχησε βαλών Il.15.581; βαλὼν τύχω [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]3.35; also apart from such combinations, [[hit]], c. gen., προβιβάντος Il.16.609; μηρίνθοιο 23.857; τ. τοῦ σκοποῦ [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Leges|Lg.]]''717b, cf. ''R.''523b, Th.2.35, X.''An.''3.2.19, ''Ap.''1: c. dupl. gen., εἰ . . τοῦ παιδὸς . . τύχω μέσης τῆς καρδίης [[Herodotus|Hdt.]] 3.35: abs., ἤμβροτες οὐδ' ἔτυχες Il.5.287; αἰ κε τύχωμι 7.243, Od.22.7.<br><span class="bld">II</span> [[hit upon]], [[light upon]]:<br><span class="bld">1</span> [[meet]], [[fall in with]] persons, <b class="b3">Αακεδαίμονι . . τυχήσας</b> having [[met]] [him] in [[Lacedaemon]], Od.21.13: c. gen., θρηνητοῦ [[Aeschylus|A.]]''[[Agamemnon|Ag.]]''1075; τριακτῆρος ib.172 (lyr.); ἀγαθῶν ἀνδρῶν Lys.2.5; γυναικῶν X.''Smp.''9.7: with a predicate added, μή τευ μελαμπύγου τύχῃς Archil.110; προφρόνων Μοισᾶν τ. Pi.''I.''4(3).43(61); θεῶν ἀμεινόνων τ. E.''Heracl.''351; ἐμοῦ . . οἰκητοῦ [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Tyrannus|OT]]''1450, cf. 677; ἡμῶν τ. οἵων σε χρή E.''Hel.''1300, cf. Lys.18.23; ἐρωτᾶτε αὐτοὺς ὁποίων τινῶν ἡμῶν ἔτυχον X.''An.''5.5.15; τοῦ δαίμονος . . κακοδαίμονος [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[The Knights|Eq.]]''112.<br><span class="bld">2</span> [[light on]] a thing, τύχε γάρ ἀμάθοιο βαθείης Il.5.587; [[attain]], [[obtain]] a thing, c. gen., πομπῆς καὶ νόστοιο Od.6.290; αἰδοῦς Thgn.253, cf. 256; ([[οἴκτος|οἴκτου]]) [[Aeschylus|A.]]''[[Prometheus Vinctus|Pr.]]''241; [[ξυγγνώμη]]ς Th.7.15; τῆς ἀξίας [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[The Birds|Av.]]''1223; of [[meet]]ing [[with]] [[misfortune]]s, <b class="b3">βίης τυχεῖν</b> [[meet with]], [[suffer]] [[violence]], [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]9.108; [[τραυμάτων]], [[κακός|κακῶν]], [[Aeschylus|A.]]''[[Agamemnon|Ag.]]''866, [[Euripides|E.]]''[[Hecuba|Hec.]]'' 1280; [[δίκης]], [[κρίσεως]], Pl.''Grg.''472d, ''Phdr.''249a, cf. ''Lg.''869b: abs., [[have the lot]] or [[have the fate]], ἄλλος μὲν ἀποφθίσθω ἄλλος δὲ βιώτω, ὅς κε τύχῃ Il.8.430; τὴν παρὰ Δαρείου αἰτήσας ἔτυχε μισθόν [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]5.23 (where [[τὴν]] is governed by [[αἰτήσας]]).<br><span class="bld">b</span> after Hom. also c. acc. of neut. Adj. or Pron., τὰ πρόσφορα A.''Ch.''711, cf. ''Eu.''30, [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Coloneus|OC]]''1106, ''Ph.''509 (lyr.), E.''Med.''758, ''Hec.''51: later the acc. is used more freely, τ. ἐπίστασιν ''Sammelb.''5235.15 (i A. D.); ὑπογραφήν ''BGU''615.23 (ii A. D.); βοήθειαν ''PGoodsp.Cair.''15.14 (iv A. D.); εὐκαιρίαν ''PSI''9.1082.5 (iv A. D.); τὰ γυναίκια δεσμὸν οὐδένα βούλεται τυγχάνειν Sor.1.70b.<br><span class="bld">c</span> after either case a gen. pers. may be added, [[obtain]] a thing [[from]] a person, ὧν δέ σου τυχεῖν ἐφίεμαι S.''Ph.''1315; σου τοῦτο τ. Id.''OC''1168; or the pers. may be added with a Prep., τ. ἐπαίνου ἔκ τινος Id.''Ant.''665; παρὰ σεῖο τ. φιλότητος Od.15.158; τιμίαν ἕδραν παρ' ἀνδρῶν A.''Eu.''856 (dub.); αἰδοῦς ὑπό τινος [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''1.6.10, cf. ''Mem.''4.8.10, etc.: abs., χρὴ πρὸς μακάρων τυγχάνοντ' εὖ πασχέμεν Pi.''P.''3.104.<br><span class="bld">d</span> c. inf., οἶμαί σου τεύξεσθαι μεθεῖναί με Pl.''Phlb.''50d; ἐὰν ψαῦσαι τοῦ νεκροῦ τύχωμεν Plu.''Pel.''33; <b class="b3">οὐ τυχὼν ἐπιδείξειν</b>(= [[ἐπιδεῖξαι]]) not having [[succeed]]ed in [[proving]], ''PPetr.''3p.153 (iii B. C.). (<b class="b3">Τυ-γ-χ-άνω</b>, with [[ἐτύχησα]], [[τετύχηκα]], is formed from the aor. τυχεῖν, which was orig. the aor. Pass. (with act. form) of [[τεύχω]] '[[make]]'; [[ἔτυχε]] = [[factum est]], as [[ἔτραφον]] = [[I was nourished]] (v. [[τρέφω]]); senses A.1.1-3 are the oldest and are parallel to [[τεύχω]] II (esp.Pass.); many of the forms belong equally to both verbs; [[τιτύσκομαι]] like wise belongs to both verbs; <b class="b3">τ(ε)υχ-</b> from <b class="b3">*θ(ε)υχ-</b>, cf. [[ἀποθύσκειν]], [[ἐνθύσκει]], [[συνθύξω]], and perhaps Germ. [[taugen]] 'to [[be capable]], [[be useful]]', Engl. [[dow]], [[doughty]].)